Coordinated Entry & Community Solutions of Eastern Iowa (CSEI) Street OutreachCity of Dubuque
City Council Meeting
Action Items # 011.
Copyrighted
December 19, 2022
ITEM TITLE: Coordinated Entry & Community Solutions of Eastern Iowa (CSEI)
Street Outreach
SUMMARY: City Manager providing an update on city staff's work on the issue of
unhoused in Dubuque.
Housing & Community Development Director Alexis Steger will make a
presentation.
SUGGESTED Receive and File; PresentationSuggested Disposition:
DISPOSITION:
ATTACHMENTS:
Description Type
City Manager Memo City Manager Memo
Staff Memo Staff Memo
THE C
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TO: The Honorable Mayor and City Council Members
FROM: Michael C. Van Milligen, City Manager
SUBJECT: Coordinated Entry & Community Solutions of Eastern Iowa (CSEI) Street
Outreach
DATE: December 16, 2022
City staff continues to work on multiple fronts on the issue of unhoused in Dubuque,
including further examination of the Secondary Responder Model. We will know more in
the first quarter of 2023.
Housing & Community Development Director Alexis Steger has provided a summary
update.
v
Mic ael C. Van Milligen
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CC' Crenna Brumwell, City Attorney
Cori Burbach, Assistant City Manager
Alexis Steger, Housing & Community Development Director
Jeremy Jensen, Police Chief
Mary Rose Corrigan, Public Health Director
THE CITY OF
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Masterpiece on the Mississippi
TO: Michael C. Van Milligen, City Manager
FROM: Alexis M. Steger, Housing and Community Development Director
DATE: December 16, 2022
Dubuque
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2007-2012-2013
2017*2019
RE: Coordinated Entry & Community Solutions of Eastern Iowa (CSEI) Street
Outreach
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the Continuum of Care (CoC) Program is to promote the community -wide
commitment to the goal of ending homelessness. It provides funding for efforts by nonprofit
providers, States, and local governments to quickly re -house homeless individuals and families
while attempting to minimize the trauma and dislocation caused to homeless individuals,
families, and communities by homelessness. It serves to promote access to and effective
utilization of mainstream programs by homeless individuals and families while optimizing self-
sufficiency among individuals and families experiencing homelessness.
BACKGROUND
Using the scope of the CoC Program, Community Solutions of Eastern Iowa (CSEI) has been
awarded ESG funding to operate and manage the Coordinated Entry hotline. This hotline
consists of a conglomerate of non-profit organizations in Eastern Iowa that tracks specific
family needs and matches them up with available resources. Some of the local members of
the coordinated entry providers conglomerate are: Opening Doors, CSEI, YMCA, Friends of
the Family, HACAP, and Hillcrest Family Services.
When a person/family is experiencing homelessness, they are advised to call the Coordinated
Entry Hotline (1-833-587-8322). Callers are asked to call in and answer a series of questions
to be evaluated for services. Based on their responses to the scripted questions, they are
given a priority number and added to the Regional Prioritization List. Those assessed with the
highest numbers are be pulled from the list first by any agency that has available funding and
resources and that also serves that specific population (i.e. domestic violence victims, families,
single men, etc.). Coordinated entry providers hold a weekly call to pull those in need off of
the list and provide assistance to them.
If a person/family is identified in the community as in need of housing assistance by a third
party, CSEI will accept referral emails or phone calls/voicemails that give the projected location
where the persons can be found. CSEI performs direct street outreach going to those
locations and attempting to assist by getting them on the coordinated entry list. CSEI also
performs point in time (PIT) homeless counts while delivering hygiene products and blankets to
homeless persons and families they encounter.
service People Integrity Responsibility Innovation Teamwork
The Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) that guides the management of the
Coordinated Entry Program defines a person as homeless "if persons who are living in a place
not designed or ordinarily used as regular sleeping accommodation for humans must be
counted as unsheltered homeless persons. "
Necessary components of the continuum are as follows:
• Outreach, intake, and assessment in order to identify service and housing needs and
provide a link to the appropriate level of both;
• Emergency shelter to provide an immediate and safe alternative to sleeping on the
streets, especially for homeless families with children;
• Transitional housing with supportive services to allow for the development of skills that
will be needed once permanently housed; and
• Permanent and permanent supportive housing to provide individuals and families with
an affordable place to live with services if needed.
More information about how these programs work can be found here:
(https://endhomelessness.org/resource/what-is-a-continuum-of-care/)
Community members that want to help with these efforts can donate the following items to
CSEI, as they are essential equipment for those that choose to stay unhoused:
• Backpacks to keep belongings in
• First aid kits with essentials
• Full length puffer coats
• Warm socks and boots
• Hand and foot warmers (disposable kind)
• Camping tarps for under/over sleeping bags to keep them dry
• Warm gloves
• Base layer clothes (turtle necks/long underwear)
These are also items that the Dubuque Police Department looks for at any homeless camp
that is reported in a public space. The officers will identify these as essential items that should
not be removed until the owner is notified in person that they will need to move to another
space.
Street outreach is scheduled for the next two weeks, as the weather gets colder, and is
completed by CSEI. The City of Dubuque will stay in contact with shelters and CSEI to identify
any unmet needs for the unhoused this winter.
RECOMMENDATION
This memo is for information only.
service People Integrity Responsibility Innovation Teamwork
The U.S. Department of
7 * * Houstng and Urban Development
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Acknowledgements
Authors:
Tanya de Sousa, Alyssa Andrichik, Marissa Cuellar, Jhenelle Marson, Ed Prestera, and Katherine Rush,
AN Associates
Principal Investigators:
Jill Khadduri and Tara Reed, Abt Associates
Data Collection Managers:
Sean Morris, Tanya de Sousa, and Ciara Collins, Abt Associates
Data Collectors and Reviewers:
Alyssa Andrichik, Dylan Agema, Marissa Cuellar, RJ de la Cruz, Tanya de Sousa, Andre Dias, Nathaniel
Dick, Meghan Henry, Andrew McFadden, Sean Morris, Alexis Newberry, Ed Prestera, Caroline Roddey,
Katherine Rush, Giuliana Sciuto, Meghan Shea, Colette Tano, and Victoria Lopez, AN Associates
Programmers/Analysts:
Meghan Shea, AN Associates, and Jon -Paul Oliva, GIS and Data Quality Consultant
Reviewers:
William Snow, Thomas Bates, and Molly Vetter, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Meghan Henry, AN Associates
Dennis Culhane, University of Pennsylvania
Dana Woolfolk, HUD Persons with Lived Experiences and Expertise Core Team
Donald Whitehead, Executive Director, National Coalition for the Homeless
Dr. Rajni Shankar-Brown, Ph.D., President of the National Coalition for the Homeless and Stetson
Professor and Chair of Social Justice Education
John Harrison, HUD Persons with Lived Experience and Expertise Team
Rashema Melson, CEO and Founder, Pain Into PURPOSE; Lead ofHUD Persons with Lived Experience
and Expertise Team (PLEE)
Additional persons with lived homeless experience and expertise that remain unnamed also reviewed the
About this Report section and chapters 1 and 7.
Design and Production:
David Dupree, AN Associates
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I i
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................ i
KeyFindings................................................................................................................................................iii
Definitionof Terms.......................................................................................................................................
v
Aboutthis Report ........................................................................................................................................vii
1. Estimates of Homelessness in the United States...................................................................................1
1.1 National Estimates of Homelessness................................................................................................1
1.2 Estimates of Homelessness by State.................................................................................................
6
1.3 Estimates of Homelessness by CoC.................................................................................................
8
2. Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in the United States............................................15
2.1 National Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness.....................................................15
2.2 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by State......................................................19
2.3 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category .......................................
21
3. Estimates of Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness.........................................................
28
3.1 National Estimates of Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness ..................................
28
3.2 Estimates of Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by State ...................................
32
3.3 Estimates of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by CoC....................
34
4. Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness.........................................................
40
4.1 National Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness ..................................
40
4.2 Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by State ...................................
44
4.3 Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category ....................
46
5. Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness................................................................................
53
5.1 National Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness........................................................
53
5.2 Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by State.........................................................
56
5.3 Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by CoC..........................................................
59
6. Estimates of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness in the United States ..........................
66
6.1 National Estimates of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness in the United States..
66
6.2 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Patterns of Homelessness by State .....................
68
6.3 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Patterns of Homelessness by CoC ......................
70
7. National Inventory of Beds for People Currently Experiencing Homelessness and People Transitioning
Outof Homelessness...................................................................................................................................
76
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I ii
Key Findings
On a single night in 2022, roughly 582,500 people were experiencing homelessness in the United
States. Six in ten (60%) were staying in sheltered locations —emergency shelters, safe havens, or
transitional housing programs —and four in ten (40%) were in unsheltered locations such as on the street,
in abandoned buildings, or in other places not suitable for human habitation.
There continues to be an overrepresentation of people who identify as Black, African American, or
African, as well as indigenous people (including Native Americans and Pacific Islanders) among the
population experiencing homelessness compared to the U.S. population. People who identify as Black
made up just 12 percent of the total U.S. population but comprised 37 percent of all people experiencing
homelessness and 50 percent of people experiencing homelessness as members of families with children.
Homelessness slightly increased nationwide. Between 2020 and 2022, the overall number of people
experiencing homelessness increased by less than one percent (1,996 people). This increase reflects a three
percent increase in people experiencing unsheltered homelessness, which was offset the by a two percent
decline in people staying in sheltered locations. However, between 2021 and 2022, sheltered homelessness
increased by seven percent, or 22,504 people. A possible cause for the increase in sheltered homelessness
is the easing of pandemic -related restrictions some emergency shelter providers had in place during the
2021 PIT count. These restrictions included reducing shelter capacity to allow for more space between
people sleeping in congregate settings to reduce their risk of exposure. Additionally, the national inventory
of shelter beds increased between 2021 and 2022, likely reflecting an infusion of pandemic -related funding
that supported additional non -congregate shelter beds.
The number of veterans experiencing homelessness declined by 11 percent (4,123 fewer people)
between 2020 and 2022. In 2022, 40,238 fewer veterans were experiencing homelessness than in 2009,
when these data were first reported, a drop of nearly 55 percent.
Exhibit A-1. Overview of Changes in People Experiencing Homelessness by Population and Sheltered Status,
2020-2022
Total Population (2020-
0.3%
3.1%
-6.1% -12.0% -11.1% •'
2022
Sheltered Population
-1.6%
2.7%
-7.2% -1.0% -11.3%
(2020-2022)
Unsheltered Population
3.4%
3.4%
4.0% - %-10.80/(, '
2020-2022
Sheltered Population
(2021-2022)
below less than
Key: _5% i -1% to -5% (+/-)1% 1% to 5%
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I III
Six of every 10 people experiencing unsheltered homelessness did so in an urban area (60%), with
more than half of all unsheltered people counted in the Continuums of Care (CoCs) that encompass
the nation's 50 largest cities (54%). The remaining four of every ten people who experienced unsheltered
homelessness were almost evenly split between largely suburban areas (21%) and largely rural areas (19%).
More than two thirds of all people experiencing homelessness (72%) did so in households without
children present. The number of individuals experiencing sheltered homelessness between 2021 and 2022
increased by 5 percent (10,148 people). This was the second largest year-to-year increase in sheltered
homelessness among individuals since reporting began in 2007.
About three in every ten people experiencing homelessness (28%) did so as part of a family with
children. The overall number of people in families with children who were experiencing homelessness on
a single night in 2022 decreased by about 10,500 people since 2020, following a general trend of year-to-
year declines over most of the previous several years.
On a single night in 2022, more than 30,000 people under the age of 25 experienced homelessness on
their own as "unaccompanied youth." Slightly more than half of these youth (57%) were in sheltered
locations. Most (91%) were between the ages of 18 and 24. Four percent of the unaccompanied youth
population reports identifying as transgender, not singularly female or male, or gender questioning,
compared with one percent of all individuals experiencing homeless.
Nearly one-third (30%) of all individuals experiencing homelessness in 2022 had chronic patterns of
homelessness. While there has been a steady rise in the number of individuals experiencing chronic
homelessness in both sheltered and unsheltered locations since 2016, sheltered homelessness among
individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness doubled between 2016 and 2022.
The national inventory of beds for people currently or formerly experiencing homelessness increased
by 11 percent between 2020 and 2022. The largest increases in year-round inventory in any inventory
type occurred in emergency shelters (28,548 more beds), rapid re -housing (27,166 more beds), and other
permanent housing (40,221 more beds). Within emergency shelter programs, the largest increase in
inventory was for voucher -based beds which are often single -occupancy rooms in hotels or motels (as
opposed to congregate facility -based beds), which increased by 243 percent between 2020 and 2022. This
increase reflects a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in which many communities made investments in
non -congregate forms of shelter.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I iv
Definition of Terms
Please note: Key terms are used for AHAR reporting purposes and accurately reflect the data used in this
report. Definitions of these terms may differ in some ways from the definitions found in the Homeless
Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act and in HUD regulations.
Adults refers to people age 18 or older.
Children refers to people under the age of 18.
Chronically Homeless Individual refers to an individual with a disability who has been continuously
homeless for one year or more or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last three
years where the combined length of time homeless on those occasions is at least 12 months.
Chronically Homeless People in Families refers to people in families with children in which the head of
household has a disability and has either been continuously homeless for one year or more or has
experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last three years where the combined length of time
homeless on those occasions is at least 12 months.
Continuums of Care (CoQ are local planning bodies responsible for coordinating the full range of
homelessness services in a geographic area, which may cover a city, county, metropolitan area, or an entire
state.
Emergency Shelter is a facility with the primary purpose of providing temporary shelter for people
experiencing homelessness.
Family Households refers to the total number of households made up of at least one adult age 18 or older
and one child age under 18 that were experiencing homelessness on the night of the point -in -time count.
HMIS stands for homeless management information system. CoCs use an HMIS to collect data on people
who are experiencing sheltered homelessness in their area, such as information about their characteristics
and service -use patterns over time.
Homeless describes a person who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence.
Housing Inventory Count (HIC) is produced by each CoC and provides an annual inventory of beds that
provide assistance to people in the CoC who are experiencing homelessness or leaving homelessness.
Individual refers to a person who is not part of a family with children during an episode of homelessness.
Individuals may be single adults, unaccompanied children, or in multiple -adult or multiple -child
households.
Multiple Races refers to people who self -identify as more than one race.
Other Permanent Housing is housing with or without services that is specifically for people who formerly
experienced homelessness but that does not require people to have a disability.
Parenting Children are people under age 18 who are the parents or legal guardians of one or more children
(under age 18) who are present with or sleeping in the same place as the child parent and there is no person
over the age of 18 in the household.
Parenting Child Household is a household with at least one parenting child and the child or children for
whom the parenting child is the parent or legal guardian.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I v
Parenting Youth are people under age 25 who are the parents or legal guardians of one or more children
(under age 18) who are present with or sleeping in the same place as that youth parent, where there is no
person over age 24 in the household.
Parenting Youth Household is a household with at least one parenting youth and the child or children for
whom the parenting youth is the parent or legal guardian.
People in Families with Children are people who are experiencing homelessness as part of a household
that has at least one adult (age 18 or older) and one child (under age 18).
Point -in -Time (PIT) Counts are unduplicated one-night estimates of both sheltered and unsheltered
homeless populations. The one-night counts are conducted by CoCs nationwide and occur during the last
week in January of each year.'
Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) is a housing model designed to provide housing assistance
(project- and tenant -based) and supportive services on a long-term basis to people who formerly
experienced homelessness. HUD's Continuum of Care program, authorized by the McKinney-Vento Act,
funds PSH and requires that the client have a disability for eligibility.
Rapid Re -Housing (RRH) is a housing model designed to provide temporary housing assistance to people
experiencing homelessness, moving them quickly out of homelessness and into permanent housing.
Safe Havens are projects that provide private or semi -private temporary shelter and services to people
experiencing severe mental illness and are limited to serving no more than 25 people within a facility.
Sheltered Homelessness refers to people who are staying in emergency shelters, transitional housing
programs, or safe havens.
Transitional Housing Programs provide people experiencing homelessness a place to stay combined with
supportive services for up to 24 months.
Unaccompanied Youth (under 18) are people in households with only children who are not part of a
family with children or accompanied by their parent or guardian during their episode of homelessness, and
who are under the age of 18.
Unaccompanied Youth (18-24) are people in households without children who are not part of a family
with children or accompanied by their parent or guardian during their episode of homelessness and who are
between the ages of 18 and 24.
Unsheltered Homelessness refers to people whose primary nighttime location is a public or private place
not designated for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for people (for example, the
streets, vehicles, or parks).
Veteran refers to any person who served on active duty in the armed forces of the United States. This
includes Reserves and National Guard members who were called up to active duty.
' While CoCs are only required to conduct an unsheltered and sheltered PIT count biennially per 24 CFR 578.7(c)(2), most CoCs
conduct a PIT count annually.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I vi
About this Report
The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) releases the Annual Homelessness
Assessment Report to Congress (AHAR) in two parts. Part 1 provides Point -in -Time (PIT) estimates,
offering a snapshot of homelessness —both sheltered and unsheltered —on a single night. The PIT counts
also provide an estimate of the number of people experiencing homelessness within particular populations
experiencing homelessness such as individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness and veterans
experiencing homelessness.
The one-night PIT counts are typically conducted during the last 10 days of January each year. However,
because of concerns surrounding the COVID-19 health emergency, 145 CoCs (more than one-third)
received waivers in 2022 to conduct the PIT count in late February or early March instead of the last 10
days of January. Many seasonal emergency shelter programs are still in operation during the February and
early March months, so those programs would still have reported people served in the sheltered count.
However, the sheltered count may have undercounted the number of people who would have been counted
had cold weather or warming shelters been open. Warming shelters typically only open when temperatures
drop to dangerous levels. In late February and early March, some regions' cold weather shelters may not
have needed to open.
To understand our nation's capacity to serve people who are currently or formerly experiencing
homelessness, this report also provides counts of beds in emergency shelters, transitional housing programs,
safe havens, rapid re -housing programs, permanent supportive housing programs, and other permanent housing.
In 2022, the PIT estimates of people experiencing homelessness in sheltered and unsheltered locations, as
well as the number of beds available to serve them, were reported by 387 Continuums of Care (CoC)
nationwide. These 387 CoCs covered virtually the entire United States.
To better understand how homelessness differs by geography, the AHAR study team categorized CoCs into
four groups:
1) Major city CoCs
2) Other largely urban CoCs
3) Largely suburban CoCs
4) Largely rural CoCs
First, CoCs representing the 50 most populous cities in the United States were assigned to the major city
CoC category. Next, the study team used geographic data published by the U.S. Department of Education's
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)2 to determine the urbanicity of the remaining CoCs. NCES
defines 12 geographic locales, which were collapsed into three distinct categories: urban (mapping to the
three NCES "City" locales), suburban (mapping to the three NCES "Suburban" locales, as well as the
"Town — Fringe" locale), and rural (mapping to the three NCES "Rural" locales, as well as the "Town —
Distant" and "Town — Remote" locales).' Using the percentage of each CoC's total population' living in
urban, suburban, and rural areas, based on the NCES geographic data, CoCs were classified into categories
according to their largest percentage among the three.
2 The study team used NCES data from the 2017-2019 school year (the most recent data available when the CoC categories were
developed).
3 Definitions for each of the 12 NCES locales are available in the Locale Boundaries User's Manual:
https://nces.ed. goy/programs/edge/docs/EDGE_ NCES_ LOCALE_FILEDOC.pdf
' The study team used population counts from the Census Bureau's 2010 block -level data. Census blocks are the smallest
geographic unit for which the Census reports population counts, and they are the ideal unit for this CoC analysis. Block -level
population data are only available in the decennial census reports.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I vii
In other words, a CoC where a plurality of its population lives in rural areas would be classified as a "largely
rural CoC." That would not imply, however, that all people experiencing homelessness in the largely rural
CoC were counted in rural areas. CoCs span large territories (even an entire state in some cases) and may
comprise a mixture of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Because PIT estimates are reported for an entire
CoC, each person experiencing homelessness in the CoC cannot be classified as staying in an urban,
suburban, or rural area. Rather, all people experiencing homelessness in the CoC are classified as staying
in a CoC that is largely urban, suburban, or rural.'
HUD has methodological standards for conducting the PIT counts, and CoCs use a variety of approved
methods to produce the counts. The guide for PIT methodologies can be found here:
https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/4036/point-in-time-count-methodology-guide. While
methodological standards exist, CoCs determine their own methodology, and there is no universal method
used to collect PIT data. This results in variations in how CoCs conduct their PIT counts, often based on
the size and type of CoC. For example, some CoCs conduct a full census capturing data on all people
experiencing homelessness. Others, often those with large geographic areas, use a sampling approach to
count a smaller group of people experiencing homelessness and use that sample to estimate the number and
characteristics for the entire population of people experiencing homelessness within their community.
HUD also sets several standards for what types of situations qualify as unsheltered homelessness. All
situations that qualify as unsheltered homelessness are considered places not meant for human habitation.
However, the level of connection to services and resources varies. For example, unsheltered homelessness
includes situations where a person is sleeping in public spaces possibly with no shelter or connection to
resources as well as sanctioned encampments that may have water or bathroom facilities and are attended
by outreach workers who provide connections to supportive services. Unsheltered homelessness also
includes people sleeping in cars, trucks, and recreational vehicles when it appears to the enumerators that
the purpose is not recreational but instead because of the lack of an alternative place to sleep. Some
communities have established "safe parking" programs that are similar to sanctioned encampments. They
are also considered unsheltered locations.
When collecting demographic data on people experiencing homelessness, enumerators use pre -established
categories to collect race, ethnicity, and gender. Those categories are based on current reporting standards
as defined in the fiscal year 2022 Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) Data Standards and
similar definitions used in surveys of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness. Those race, ethnicity,
and gender categories were recently updated for the 2022 PIT count and may change in the future to better
reflect the ways in which people identify themselves.
The PIT counts of homelessness and the housing inventory information are based on data from early 2022
(the last 10 days of January into early March) and reflect the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on levels
of homelessness and characteristics of people experiencing homelessness. When the 2021 PIT count was
conducted, precautions taken to reduce the spread of the COVD-19 virus resulted in considerable changes
to the capacity of homeless service providers. To reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission, facility -based
emergency shelters with congregate settings took measures to increase physical distancing by reducing the
number of beds available for occupancy. In some cases, this reduced capacity was reported through the
Housing Inventory Count (HIC), but in other communities it was not.
Additionally, in 2021, HUD encouraged communities to determine whether conducting an unsheltered PIT
count posed a high risk of exacerbating COVID-19 transmissions, given the lack of widespread access to
s The median percentage of the population living in urban areas among major city CoCs was 70 percent. The median urban
percentage among other CoCs classified as largely urban was 58 percent. The median suburban percentage among CoCs
classified as largely suburban was 65 percent, and the median rural percentage among CoCs classified as largely rural was 71
percent.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I viii
COVID-19 vaccines at the time. Many CoCs requested and received a waiver from HUD of the requirement
to conduct an unsheltered PIT count in 2021, or conducted a partial unsheltered count, which artificially
reduced the overall count of people experiencing homelessness in the United States. As a result, in 2022,
371 CoCs conducted a full sheltered and unsheltered count and 16 CoCs conducted a sheltered -only count.
The 2021 PIT count data on the number and characteristics of people experiencing unsheltered
homelessness for these 16 CoCs was carried over for the 2022 PIT data. For three of these CoCs, this did
not include complete demographic data on people experiencing unsheltered homelessness.
Because of pandemic -related disruptions to counts of people staying in unsheltered locations in January
2021 and the drop in shelter capacity and shelter use related to the public health emergency, the findings
discussed throughout this 2022 Part 1 Report focus on comparisons between the 2020 and 2022 PIT counts
for people experiencing sheltered and unsheltered homelessness.
The effects of the pandemic on the ability to conduct unsheltered counts and on shelter capacity persisted
into 2022 in some communities. Therefore, numbers could still be artificially depressed in 2022 compared
with non -pandemic times and should be viewed with caution.
In an effort to meaningfully include people with lived experiences and expertise (PLEE) with
homelessness as a part of the AHAR process, HUD invited TA providers with lived experiences to
provide a limited review of the AHAR chapters. The process was limited due to the timeline -as people
with lived experiences and expertise were not intentionally included for the full life cycle of the process -
and was focused on the introductory material, the first chapter on all people experiencing homelessness,
and the final chapter on the national bed inventory at the exclusion of chapters 2 through 6.
This review continued a collaboration between HUD and PLEE that began with the 2020 AHAR Part 2
report. The AHAR is an important source of data used to inform policies, programmatic decisions, and
funding. HUD will continue collaboration with PLEE in development of the report as it will strengthen
and improve the usefulness of the AHAR.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I ix
1. Estimates of Homelessness in the United States
The 2021 national Point -in -Time (PIT) counts were considerably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the public health crisis, HUD encouraged communities to determine whether conducting an
unsheltered PIT count posed a high risk of exacerbating COVID-19 transmissions, given the lack of
widespread access to COVID-19 vaccines at the time. As a result, less than half of communities conducted
a full sheltered and unsheltered count. While this report includes some data on all people in sheltered
locations in 2021, incomplete unsheltered data is not included. Analysis of changes over time are generally
limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes in the sheltered population between 2021
and 2022 will be included in text boxes at the end of each chapter.
1.1 National Estimates of Homelessness
Exhibit 1-1: PIT Estimates of People Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status, 2007-2022
700,000 647,25
?539,78%30,227637,077623,78gi21,553
600,000 590,364576,45Q 64,708549,929i50,99f52,83&67,715 80,466 582,462
500,000
391,401386,361403,308103,543392,31@90,155394,698101,0513911440
400,000 a
373,571360 867358,36%56142854,386
348,636
326,126
300,000 255,857253,423
2261919733,534231,472231,398 7 26,080 233,832
195,666 96,129194,46T11,29
200,000 175,399173,268176,3571
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
♦Total Homeless Sheltered Unsheltered
Note: The data for 2021 does not display the total count of people experiencing homelessness or the count of all people experiencing
unsheltered homelessness due to pandemic -related disruptions to counts. Additionally, estimates of the number of people experiencing
sheltered homelessness at a point in time in 2021 should be viewed with caution, as the number could be artificially depressed compared with
non -pandemic times, reflecting reduced capacity in some communities or safety concerns regarding staying in shelters.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page I 1
Exhibit 1-2: Homelessness by Household Type and Sheltered Status, 2022
■ Sheltered Individuals ■ Unsheltered Individuals
I■ Sheltered People in Families ■ Unsheltered People in Families
Exhibit 1-3: Change in Number of People Experiencing Homelessness, 2007-2022
All People 1,996 0.3%-54,615
%
-8.6%
#
-64,796
%
-10.0%
Sheltered -5,756 -1.6%-54,913
-13.6%
-42,771
-10.9%
Unsheltered 7,752 3.4% 298
0.1%
-22,025
-8.6%
Exhibit 1-4: Change in Homelessness by Age and Sheltered Status, 2020-2022
IA
# % AL # % # %
ll People 1,996 0.3% -5,756 -1.6% 7,752 3.4%
Under 18 -8,120 -7.6% -7,753 -8.1 % -367 -3.4%
18 to 24 -5,066 -11.2% -1,232 -4.4% -3,834 -22.5%
Over 24 15,182 3.5% 3,229 1.4% 11,953 6.0%
On a Single Night in 2022
• 582,462 people — or about 18 of every 10,000 people in the United States — experienced
homelessness across the United States.
• Six in 10 people experiencing homelessness were staying in sheltered locations, and four in 10
were unsheltered, that is, staying in a place not meant for human habitation.
• More than two-thirds of all people experiencing homelessness were in households with only
adults (72%). Households with only adults staying in unsheltered locations comprised the largest
single segment of the total population experiencing homelessness (37%), followed by individuals
staying in shelters (35%). Twenty-eight percent of people experiencing homelessness did so as
part of a family with at least one adult and one child under 18 years of age, and most people in
families were sheltered.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 12
• Less than one percent of people experiencing homelessness, 2,804 people, were unaccompanied
children, people under 18 without a parent or guardian present.6
Changes over Time
Given that more than half of communities did not conduct full unsheltered counts in 2021, changes over
time are limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Notable changes in the sheltered population
between 2021 and 2022 are highlighted the text box at the end of this section.
The number of people experiencing either sheltered or unsheltered homelessness increased only
slightly between 2020 and 2022, increasing by 1,996 people (or less than 1%).
However, between 2020 and 2022, the number of people counted in unsheltered locations rose by
three percent or 7,752 people. The number of people staying in shelter dropped by two percent
between 2020 and 2022 (5,756 fewer people).
Despite recent increases in the unsheltered population, the number of all people experiencing
homelessness on a single night in January is ten percent lower (64,796 fewer people) than it was
in 2007, when these data were first reported. Unsheltered homelessness declined by nine percent
(22,025 fewer people) over the longer period, despite steady increases over the past seven years,
with 60,564 more people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in 2022 than in 2015, the lowest
observed estimate of people staying in places not meant for human habitation.
Exhibit 1-5: Demographic Characteristics of People Experiencing Homelessness, 2022
All People
582,462
100%
348,630
100%
233,832
100%
Age
Under 18
98,244
16.8%
87,960
25.2%
10,284
4.2%
18 to 24
40,177
6.9%
26,981
7.7%
13,196
5.6%
Over 24
444,041
76.3%
233,689
67.0%
210,352
90.1%
Gender dL
Female
222,970
38.3%
152,693
43.8%
70,277
30.0%
Male
352,836
60.6%
193,366
55.5%
159,470
68.3%
Transgender
3,588
0.6%
1,593
0.5%
1,995
0.9%
A Gender that is not
Singularly `Female' or
`Male'
2,481
0.4%
846
0.2%
1,635
0.7%
Questioning
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/Non-
Latin(a)(o)(x)
609
442,220
0.1 %
75.9%
132
269,964
0.0%
77.4%
477
NEEK-
172,256
0.2%
73.5%
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
140,230
24.1%
78,666
22.6%
61,564
26.5%
6 The point -in -time counts include children without an adult present as individuals.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 13
Race
American Indian, Alaska
Native, or Indigenous
19,618
3.4%
8,843
2.5%
10,775
4.6%
Asian or Asian American
8,261
1.4%
3,909
1.1%
4,352
1.9%
Black, African American,
or African
217,366
37.3%
154,557
44.3%
62,809
26.9%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander
10,461
1.8%
4,692
1.3%
5,769
2.5%
White
291,395
50.0%
157,637
45.2%
133,758
57.2%
Multiple Races
35,383
6.1%
18,992
5.4%
16,391
7.0%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total because three CoCs did not report complete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
Demographic Characteristics of All People Experiencing Homelessness
The AHAR has been reporting demographic information on people experiencing homelessness on a
single night since 2017. In 2022, the ways in which people identified their gender changed considerably,
expanding the gender identity categories to include "questioning" and allowing people to select more than
one gender.' As a result, any comparisons made to prior years should be viewed with caution as they are
not exact comparisons.$
• The demographic characteristics of people experiencing homelessness vary considerably by
household type and shelter status and reflect the large percentage of individuals among the total
population experiencing homelessness. Detailed characteristics are shown separately for
individuals in Section 2 of this report and for families with children in Section 3.
• More than three-quarters (76%) of all people experiencing homelessness were adults aged 25 or
older (444,041 people), 17 percent were children under the age of 18 (98,244 children). Seven
percent were young adults aged 18 to 24 (40,177 young adults).
• Among people experiencing unsheltered homelessness, nine of every ten people were adults aged
25 or older.
• Children — either in families or on their own — were most often staying in sheltered locations
(90%) with 10,284 children counted in unsheltered locations in 2022.
• Six of every 10 people experiencing homelessness were men or boys (61% or 352,836 men and
boys), 38 percent were women or girls (222,970 women and girls), and less than one percent were
transgender (3,588 people), did not identify as singularly female or male (2,481 people) or were
questioning their gender identity (609 people). More than half of all people experiencing
unsheltered homelessness who identified as transgender, not singularly female or male, or
questioning were in unsheltered locations (63% or 4,107 people).
• Nearly 4 of every 10 people experiencing homelessness identified as Black, African American, or
African (37% or 217,366 people). A higher percentage of people in shelter identified as Black
https:Hfiles.hudexchange. info/resources/documents/Reporting-Gender-for-the-PIT-Count.pdf
a For example, in previous years a person might only identify as "female" when they may have also identified as
"questioning." In 2022, that person was allowed to select both "female" and "questioning," which was then
categorized as "questioning."
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 14
(44% or 154,557 people) compared to people experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations
(27% or 62,809). Half of all people experiencing homelessness identified as White (50% or
291,395 people). A higher share of the unsheltered population identified as White (57%) than the
sheltered population (45%).
• Of the remaining 13 percent, six percent identified as more than one race, three percent identified
as American Indian, Alaska Native, or Indigenous, two percent as Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander, and one percent as Asian or Asian American.
• Almost a quarter of all people experiencing homelessness, 24 percent, were Hispanic or
Latin(a)(o)(x) (counting people of all races who identify as Hispanic or Latin(a)(o)(x)). The
proportion is slightly higher for people staying in unsheltered versus sheltered locations (27% and
23%).
Changes in Demographic Characteristics of All People Experiencing Homelessness
National increases in homelessness were driven by increases in the unsheltered population among
people over the age of 25. Between 2020 and 2022, the number of people aged 25 and older who
were experiencing unsheltered homelessness increased by 11,953 people. Meanwhile, the number
of unsheltered children (under age 18) decreased by 367 people and the number of young adults
(ages 18 to 24) decreased by 3,834 people.
Between 2020 and 2022, unsheltered homelessness rose by five percent among women and girls
(3,380 people) and by two percent among men and boys (3,057 more people). These increases
among the unsheltered population were offset by similar decreases in the sheltered population.
Sheltered homelessness declined by three percent among women and girls between 2020 and
2022 (3,988 fewer people) and one percent among men and boys (2,432 fewer people).
Between 2020 and 2022, the number of people experiencing homelessness who identified as
transgender or not singularly female or male increased in both sheltered and unsheltered
locations. The number of people who identified as transgender, not singularly female or male, or
questioning their gender who were experiencing sheltered homelessness increased by 93 percent
(407 more people), and the number of people who identified as transgender increased by 13
percent. Unsheltered homelessness increased by 60 percent among people who identified as
neither female nor male (614 more people) and 14 percent among people who identify as
transgender (246 people). However, as noted above, these comparisons — as well as those for
people identifying as any gender — should be viewed with caution due to the changed data
collection methodology.
Between 2020 and 2022, the number of people experiencing homelessness who identified as Black,
African American, or African decreased by five percent (11,430 people). The number of people who
identified as more than one race declined by one percent (297 people). The decrease in overall
homelessness among people who identify as Black reflected an eight percent decrease in sheltered
homelessness (12,648 fewer people). That decrease was partly offset by a two percent increase in
unsheltered homelessness (1,218 more people) among people who identify as Black.
Over the same time period, the number of people experiencing homelessness increased slightly
among all other racial groups, ranging from a four percent increase among American Indian,
Alaska Native, or Indigenous to a 19 percent increase among Native Hawaiians or Pacific
Islanders).
The number people experiencing homelessness who identified as Hispanic or Latin(a)(o)(x)
increased by eight percent between 2020 and 2022. This reflects a considerable increase in the
number of people who identify as Hispanic and were experiencing unsheltered homelessness,
which increased by 16 percent (8,513 people) between 2020 and 2022.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 15
1.2 Estimates of Homelessness by State
Exhibit 1-6: Estimates of People Experiencing Homelessness by State, 2022
ME, 4,411
uT2,7
N H,1,605
WI MA, 15,507
r(775 MI RI,1,577
IA 8,206 CT, 2,930
2,419 1 L OH -NJ, 8,752
9,212 IN 10,654 ODE 2369
Ow 5,449 VVV VA�7 MD,5,344
Ky 1,37565 DC,4,410
5,992 3,984
TN,10,567 NC'9'382 Number of People Experiencing
AR SC Homelessness per 10,000 People
2,459 MS AL GA 3,608 Less than 10
1,196 3,752 10,681e ■ 10-24
LA ■ 25-49
7,373 ■ 50+
5,959
i0 A.'
HI
5,967
Exhibit 1-7: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of People Experiencing Homelessness Who Are
Unsheltered, 2022
Highest Rates
California
171,521
115,491
67.3%
Mississippi
1,196
761
63.6%
Hawaii
5,967
3,743
62.7%
Oregon
17,959
11,088
61.7%
Arizona
13,553
8,027
59.2%
Lowest Rates
AL
Vermont
2,780
45
1.6%
Maine
4,411
164
3.7%
New York
74,178
4,038
5.4%
Wisconsin
4,775
301
6.3%
Delaware
2,369
154
6.5%
Note: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 16
Exhibit 1-8: Largest Changes in Homelessness by State, 2007-2022
Change
Largest Increases ir
I2007-2022
-IMF
California
9,973
6.2%
California
32,535
23.4%
Louisiana
4,200
132.4%
New York
11,577
18.5%
Tennessee
3,311
45.6%
Louisiana
1,879
34.2%
Oregon
3,304
22.5%
Washington
1,832
7.8%
Arizona
Largest Decrease
New York
2,574
-17,093
23.4%
-18.7%
Maine
Florida
1,773
-22,110
67.2%
-46.0%
Texas
-2,797
-10.3%
Texas
-15,356
-38.6%
Massachusetts
-2,468
-13.7%
Georgia
-8,950
-45.6%
District of Columbia
-1,970
-30.9%
New Jersey
-8,562
-49.5%
Florida
-1,528
-5.6%
Illinois
-6,275
-40.5%
Notes: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories. Due to methodological
changes. Colorado. North Dakota. South
Dakota, Michigan, and Wyoming were excluded from the list of largest decreases between 2007 and 2022.
On a Single Night in 2022
More than half of all people experiencing homelessness in the country were in four states:
California (30% or 171,521 people); New York (13% or 74,178 people); Florida (5% or 25,959
people); and Washington (4% or 25,211).
California accounted for half of all unsheltered people in the country (115,491 people). This is
more than nine times the number of unsheltered people in the state with the next highest number,
Washington. In the 2022 point -in -time count, Washington reported 12,668 people or just six
percent of the national total of people in unsheltered locations.
California also had the highest rate of homelessness, with 44 people experiencing homelessness
out of every 10,000 people in the state. Vermont, Oregon, and Hawaii also had very high rates,
with 43, 42, and 41 people per 10,000. While Florida and Texas contributed large numbers of
people experiencing homelessness to the national estimates, they had rates of homelessness lower
than the national average of 18 people per 10,000 (12 for every 10,000 people in Florida and 8 for
every 10,000 people in Texas).
States in the West reported some of the highest percentages of all people experiencing
homelessness in who were counted in unsheltered locations. In California, 67 percent of people
experiencing homelessness did so outdoors. Other states with more than half of their total
population of people experiencing homelessness counted in unsheltered locations were:
Mississippi (64%), Hawaii (63%), Oregon (62%), Arizona (59%), Tennessee (58%), Arkansas
(53%), Georgia (52%) and Washington (50%).
Three states sheltered at least 95 percent of people experiencing homelessness: Vermont (98%),
Maine (96%), and New York (95%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 17
Changes over Time
• Between 2020 and 2022 the number of people experiencing homelessness increased in more
states than it decreased. Homelessness increased in 27 states and decreased in 23 states and the
District of Columbia.
• States with the largest absolute increases in homelessness between 2020 and 2022 were
California (9,973 more people), Louisiana (4,200), Tennessee (3,311), and Oregon (3,304). States
with the largest percentage increases between 2020 and 2022 were: Vermont (151%), Louisiana
(132%), Maine (110%), and Delaware (103%).
• Between 2020 and 2022, states with the largest absolute decreases in people experiencing
homelessness were New York (17,093 fewer people), Texas (2,797), and Massachusetts (2,468).
Areas with the largest percentage decreases were the District of Columbia (31% fewer people),
New Mexico (23%), and New York (19%).
• Over the longer period, from 2007 to 2022, the number of people experiencing homelessness
declined in 32 states and the District of Columbia. The largest absolute decreases were in Florida
(22,110 fewer people) and Texas (15,356 fewer people). The largest percentage decreases were in
Kentucky (51%), New Jersey (50%), Florida (46%), Georgia (46%) and Maryland (44%).
• Between 2007 and 2022, the number of people experiencing homelessness increased in 18 states.
The largest absolute increases were in California (32,535 more people) and New York (11,577).
Vermont had the largest percentage increase (169%), followed by Delaware (123%) and Maine
(67%).
1.3 Estimates of Homelessness by CoC'
Exhibit 1-9: Share of All People Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category by Sheltered Status, 2022
9 Analysis of homelessness at the CoC Category level excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 18
Exhibit 1-10: Percent of All People Experiencing Homelessness that are Sheltered or Unsheltered by CoC
Category, 2022
Largely Rural CoCs
Largely Suburban CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Major Cities
0% 100/0 200/0 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 800/0 900/0 100%
■ Percent of All People Experiencing Homelessnessthat are Sheltered
■ Percent of All People Experiencing Homelessnessthat are Unsheltered
Exhibit 1-11: Percent of People Experiencing Homelessness by Household Type and CoC Category, 2022
100%
90%
80%
70% —
68% 70%
60% 79%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Major Cities Other Largely Urban CoCs Largely Suburban CoCs Largely Rural CoCs
■ People in Familieswith Children ■ Individuals
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 19
Exhibit 1-12: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of People Experiencing Homelessness in Each CoC Category,
2022
People
Experiencing
CoC Name Homelessness
Ma'or Cities
op
Experiencing
CoC Name Homelessness
Other Lar el Urban CoCs
Los Angeles City & County, CA 65,111
Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma
Coun , CA
2,893
New York City, NY
61,840
Eugene, Springfield/Lane County,
OR
2,880
Seattle/King County, WA
13,368
Oxnard, San Buenaventura/Ventura
County, CA
2,248
San Jose/Santa Clara City & County, CA
10,028
St. Petersburg, Clearwater,
Largo/Pinellas County, FL
1,985
Oakland, Berkeley/Alameda County, CA
9,747
Spokane City & County, WA
1,757
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County, CA
5,718
Texas Balance of State
7,054
Louisiana Balance of State
4,731
Georgia Balance of State
5,856
Honolulu City and County, HI
3,945
Washington Balance of State
5,854
San Bernardino City & County, CA
3,333
Maine Statewide
4,411
Riverside City & County, CA
31316
Ohio Balance of State
4,075
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 110
Exhibit 1-13: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of People Experiencing Homelessness Who Are Unsheltered
in Each CoC Category, 2022
All People
op
ExperiencingPercent
Experiencing
CoC Name Homelessness Unsheltered
CoC Name Homelessness Unsheltered
Ma'or Cities
Other Lar el Urban CoCs
San Jose/Santa Clara
10,028
76.9%
Fayetteville/Cumberland
475
82.5%
City & County, CA
County, NC
Raleigh/Wake County,
1,534
75.6%
Napa City & County, CA
495
73.9%
NC
Tucson/Pima County,
2,227
74.0%
Eugene, Springfield/Lane
2,880
73.1%
AZ
County, OR
Oakland,
9,747
73.2%
Santa Rosa,
2,893
72.2%
Berkeley/Alameda
Petaluma/Sonoma County,
County, CA
CA
Sacramento City &
9,278
71.8%
Oxnard, San
2,248
60.3%
County, CA
Buenaventura/Ventura
County, CA
Lar el
Suburban CoCs
I Lar el Rural CoCs
Imperial County, CA
1,057
87.5%
Hendry, Hardee, Highlands
650
93.7%
Counties, FL
E1 Dorado County,
511
85.7%
Chattanooga/Southeast
3,392
93.5%
CA
Tennessee, TN
Fort Pierce/St. Lucie,
846
82.6%
Panama City/Bay, Jackson
378
88.4%
Indian River, Martin
Counties, FL
Counties, FL
San Luis Obispo
1,448
79.8%
Columbia, Hamilton,
488
83.4%
County, CA
Lafayette, Suwannee
Counties, FL
Vallejo/Solano
1,179
78.0%
Jackson/West Tennessee,
906
81.3%
County, CA
TN
Exhibit 1-14: Change in Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2020-2022
PeopleAllUnsheltered
Sheltered
#
%
#
%
# %
Total
2,064
0.4%
-5,781
-1.6%
7,845
3.5%
Major Cities
-9,984
-3.3%
-17,030
-9.3%
7,046
6.0%
Other
1,497
4.0%
-120
-0.5%
1,617
13.4%
Largely
Urban CoCs
Largely
4,778
3.5%
5,483
6.2%
-705
-1.5%
Suburban
CoCs
Largely
5,773
5.7%
5,886
10.4%
-113
-0.3%
Rural CoCs
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 111
Continuums of Care (CoC) were Divided into Four Geographic Categories
1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United
States. In two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the
largest US cities are located in the same CoC.
2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=58) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an
urbanized area within the CoC's principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of
the nation's 50 largest cities.
3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=167) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in
suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within
10 miles of urbanized areas.
4. Largely rural CoCs (n=109) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban
clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census -defined rural areas.
Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education's National
Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For information on how they were applied
to CoCs, see the About this Report section of this report.
On a Single Night in 2022
• Half of all people experiencing homelessness were in one of the nation's 50 largest cities. One -
quarter of people experiencing homelessness were in predominantly suburban CoCs, 18 percent
were in largely rural CoCs, and the remainder (7%) were in largely urban CoCs that do not
contain one of the 50 largest cities.
• Two of every ten people experiencing homelessness in the United States did so in either Los
Angeles or New York City. In New York City, a slight majority (52%) of people experiencing
homelessness were individuals (people in households without children). In Los Angeles, 84
percent of people either counted in unsheltered locations or in shelters were individuals.
• Major City CoCs had the largest percentage of people experiencing homelessness in unsheltered
locations, 43 percent, followed by largely rural CoCs, 41 percent.
• In two major city CoCs, more than 75 percent of people experiencing homelessness were
unsheltered: San Jose, CA (77%) and Raleigh, NC (76%).
• Eleven largely rural CoCs reported unsheltered rates of 75 percent or higher, two with
unsheltered rates above 90 percent: Hendry, Hardee, and Highlands Counties, which are located
along the central Gulf Coast of Florida (94%) and the Chattanooga/Southeast Tennessee CoC
(94%). Eight largely suburban CoCs had unsheltered rates of 75 percent or higher, with Imperial
County, CA — on the southern border of California — reporting the highest rate of its category
(88%).
Changes over Time
Between 2020 and 2022, homelessness increased across all geographic categories except major
cities, which saw a three percent decrease in homelessness.
Major cities experienced the largest changes in homelessness between 2020 and 2022, with an
overall decrease of nearly 10,000 people or three percent. This drop was driven by the nine
percent decline in the number of people staying in shelters in major cities (or 17,030 people). This
pattern likely reflects pandemic -related shifts in bed capacity in urban areas, some of which
persisted into early 2022. Meanwhile, major cities experienced a considerable growth in the
number of people sleeping outdoors (7,046 more people or 6%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 112
Other largely urban CoCs experienced changes similar to those in major cities between 2020 and
2022 — with drops in the numbers of people in shelter and increases in the number of people in
unsheltered locations. However, in this case, the increase in the number of people sleeping
outdoors (13%) outpaced the drop in people staying in shelters (1%).
Largely suburban areas had patterns that were different from those of major cities and other
largely urban CoCs. Overall, the number of people experiencing homelessness in these CoCs
increased by four percent. This increase, however, was driven by an increase in the sheltered
population. Sheltered homelessness increased by 5,483 people or six percent. Partly offsetting
this increase was a two percent decline in the number of people experiencing unsheltered
homelessness in suburban areas (705 fewer people).
Largely rural areas experienced the largest overall percentage change, increasing by six percent
between 2020 and 2022. Like suburban areas, this increase was driven by relatively large
increases in the shelter population. Between 2020 and 2022, the number of people staying in
shelters during the point -in -time count increased by 10 percent, while the unsheltered population
remained relatively stable (decreasing by 113 people).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 1 13
Changes in the Sheltered Population during the Pandemic (2021-2022)
The number of people experiencing sheltered homelessness increased by seven percent between 2021 and
2022 (or 22,504 more people). Increases were observed across all demographic categories. The increase in
sheltered people slightly outpaced the increase in the number of beds available to people experiencing
homelessness, which increased by six percent nationally between 2021 and 2022. Occupancy rates of beds
in emergency shelter (ES), transitional housing (TH), and safe havens (SH) declined between 2020 and
2021 as shelters reduced the number of people served to meet physical distancing requirements. Both
occupancy rates and inventory increased between 2021 and 2022 indicating some rebound in emergency
shelter capacity since the height of the pandemic.
Exhibit 1-15: Year -Round Bed Inventory and Occupancy Rates of Programs for People in Sheltered
Locations, 2020-2022
2020 2021 2022
i Occupancy Bed Occupancyi Occupancy
—InventoryRate Inventory Rate InventoryRate
Total ES,
SH, and TH 396,149 89.5% 396,466 82.3% 418,642 83.3%
Inventory
Note: Occupancy rate is based on year-round beds and does not include seasonal or overflow beds.
Major cities experienced a slight decline in the number of all people experiencing sheltered homelessness,
while all other geographic categories experienced increases. Rural areas had the largest percentage increase,
with 18 percent more people in shelters in 2022 than in 2021. These increases are likely due to a restoration
of shelter capacity across the country as vaccinations were more widely available and programs were able to
use COVID-related shelter resources.
Exhibit 1-16: Change in Beds and People in Sheltered Locations by Geographic Category, 2021-2022
2 0 18.096
16.696
15%
11.596
10.5%
10% 7.8%
5% 4. 2%
2.096 .
0%
-1.79fi
-5%
Major C yr Other Urban Largely Suburban Largey Rural
■Sheltered Change ■ ESJTHJSH Beds
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 114
2. Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in the United
States
The 2021 national Point -in -Time (PIT) counts were considerably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the public health crisis, HUD encouraged communities to determine whether conducting an
unsheltered PIT count posed a high risk of exacerbating COVID-19 transmissions, given the lack of
widespread access to COVID-19 vaccines at the time. As a result, less than half of communities conducted
a full sheltered and unsheltered count. While this report includes some data on individuals in sheltered
locations in 2021, incomplete unsheltered data is not included. Analysis of changes over time are generally
limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes in the sheltered population between 2021
and 2022 will be included in text boxes at the end of each chapter.
2.1 National Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness
Exhibit 2-1: PIT Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status, 2007-2022
700,000
647,25F639,784b30,227637,077
623,798621,553
600,000 56755
590,364576,45 80,466 582,462
7085 �6471
49,92i550,996552,830
500,000
412,7004041525392 131395,140387396,045408,891
421,392
,613382,156 ,
400,000 368,171360,18B58,422355,212366,585372417
300,000
213,073204,855215,995212,218205,834199,159203,127209,148205,616,98,008193,14*94,340199,531199,478194,74R04,897
200,000
199,627199,670 196,514209,413 216,495
176,136182,9�181,779
182,997
173,441178,077
165,04 151,041152,806157,204
100,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
♦Total Homeless --*—Total Individuals --*—Sheltered Individuals ♦Unsheltered Individuals
Note: The data for 2021 does not display the total count of individuals experiencing homelessness or the count of individuals experiencing
unsheltered homelessness due to pandemic -related disruptions to counts. Additionally, estimates of the number of individuals experiencing
sheltered homelessness at a point in time in 2021 should be viewed with caution, as the number could be artificially depressed compared with
non -pandemic times, reflecting reduced capacity in some communities or safety concerns regarding staying in shelters.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 115
Exhibit 2-2: Change in Numbers of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness, 2007-2022
Exhibit 2-3: Changes in the Number of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by Age and Sheltered Status,
2020-2022
All Individuals
2020-2022
Sheltered Individuals
I I I22
Unsheltered
2020-20
Individuals
Under 18 -794
-22.1%
-207
-11.4%
-587
-32.8%
18 to 24 -3,750
-11.4%
-327
-1.9%
-3,423
-21.9%
Over 24 17,045
4.6%
5,953
3.3%
11,092
5.8%
On a Single Night in 2022
421,392 people experienced homelessness as individuals —that is, people in households that were not
composed of both adults and children. Individuals made up 72 percent of the total population of
people experiencing homelessness in 2022.
Slightly over half of all people who experienced homelessness as individuals were staying in
unsheltered locations, 51 percent or 216,495 people.
Just under a third (30%) of all individuals experiencing homelessness had chronic patterns of
homelessness, meaning that they experienced homelessness for extended periods of time and have a
disability. (These individuals are discussed in detail in Section 6.)
Changes in Individual Homelessness over Time
Given that more than half of communities did not conduct full unsheltered counts in 2021, changes over
time are limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Notable changes in the sheltered population
between 2021 and 2022 are highlighted the text box at the end of this section.
Between 2020 and 2022, individuals experiencing homelessness increased by three percent
(12,501 more people). Increases were experienced across sheltered and unsheltered homelessness,
which increased by about three percent each, or 5,419 more sheltered and 7,082 more unsheltered
people. These increases follow a pattern of increases in homelessness among individuals over the past
several years.
The overall increase in people experiencing homelessness as individuals between 2020 and 2022 was
made up entirely of adults over the age of 24. Homelessness for people 25 and older increased by
five percent (or 17,045 people). Homelessness decreased among children and young adults ages 18 to
24 (by 22% and 11%).
The 2022 Point -in -Time count marks the first time that the number of people experiencing
homelessness as individuals is higher than it was when reporting began in 2007. From 2007 to 2022,
individual homelessness increased by two percent (8,692 more people). This increase is driven by an
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 116
eight percent increase in the unsheltered population (16,868 more people). The sheltered population
decreased by four percent.
Exhibit 2-4: Demographic Characteristics of individuals Experiencing Homelessness, 2022
All Individuals Sheltered Individuals Unsheltered Individuals
All Individuals 421,392
100.0% 204,774
100.0% 216,146 1100.0%
Age
Under 18
2,804
0.7%
1,604
0.8%
1,200
0.6%
18 to 24
29,147
6.9%
16,905
8.3%
12,242
5.7%
Over 24
389,441
92.4%
186,388
91.0%
203,053
93.8%
Gender
Female
126,852
30.1%
65,808
32.1%
61,044
28.2%
Male
288,262
68.4%
136,755
66.7%
151,297
70.0%
Transgender
3,440
0.8%
1,510
0.7%
1,930
0.9%
A Gender that is not
Singularly `Female' or
`Male'
2,297
0.5%
719
0.4%
1,578
0.7%
Questioning
563
0.1%
105
0.1%
458
0.2%
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/Non-
Latina o x
328,799
78.0%
170,029
83.0%
158,770
73.3%
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x) 92,581
Race
22.0%
34,868
17.0% 57,713 26.7%
American Indian, Alaska
Native, or Indigenous
15,491
3.7%
5,626
2.7%
9,865
4.6%
Asian or Asian American
6,559
1.6%
2,624
1.3%
3,935
1.8%
Black, African American, or
African
137,638
32.7%
79,180
38.6%
58,458
27.0%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander
6,429
1.5%
2,172
1.1%
4,257
2.0%
White
230,839
54.8%
105,680
51.6%
125,159
57.8%
Multiple Races
24,458
5.8%
9,615
4.7%
14,843
6.9%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total because three CoCs did not report complete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
Demographic Characteristics of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness
The AHAR has been reporting demographic information on individuals experiencing homelessness on a
single night since 2017. In 2022, the ways in which people identified their gender changed considerably,
expanding the gender identity categories to include "questioning" and allowing people to select more than
one gender.10 As a result, any comparisons made to prior years should be viewed with caution as they are
not exact comparisons.' 1
https:Hfiles.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/Reporting-Gender-for-the-PIT-Count.pdf
For example, in previous years a person might only identify as "female" when they may have also identified as
"questioning." In 2022, that person was allowed to select both "female" and "questioning," which was then
categorized as "questioning."
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 117
• The typical person experiencing homelessness as an individual in 2022 was 25 years of age or older
(92%), male (68%), identified as White (55%), and was non-Hispanic/non-Latin(a)(o)(x) (78%).
• Very few people experiencing homelessness as individuals were young adults aged 18 to 24, just
seven percent or 29,147 people. These young adults accounted for a slightly larger share of people
experiencing sheltered than unsheltered homelessness (8% vs. 6%).
• Three in ten individuals experiencing homelessness were women (30%), and just over one percent of
individuals identified as transgender, a gender other than singularly female or male, or gender
questioning. By comparison, six in ten people experiencing homelessness in families with children
were women (60%).
• Women were a slightly larger percentage of individuals experiencing homelessness in sheltered
locations than in unsheltered locations (32% vs. 28%).
• Individuals who identified as transgender, not singularly female or male, or gender questioning were
a larger percentage of individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness than sheltered homelessness
(2% vs. 1%).
• More than five in ten people experiencing homelessness as individuals identified their race as White
(55%), and a third, 33 percent, identified as Black, African American, or African. Black, African
American, and African individuals accounted for a higher percentage of sheltered individuals (39%)
than of unsheltered individuals (27%).
• Twenty-two percent of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals in 2022 were Hispanic or
Latin(a)(o)(x). Hispanic individuals were more likely to be in unsheltered locations than in sheltered
locations, making up 27 percent of unsheltered individuals compared with 17 percent of sheltered
individuals. In contrast, among people experiencing homelessness in families with children, people
who were Hispanic made up a higher percentage of the sheltered population (30% sheltered vs. 22%
unsheltered).
Changes in Demographics over Time
• Between 2020 and 2022, the population of individuals experiencing homelessness became slightly
older, slightly more Hispanic or Latin(o)(a)(x), with a higher percentage of people identifying as a
gender other than male.
• The increase in the number of individuals experiencing homelessness between 2020 and 2022 was
driven by the increase in unsheltered individuals ages 25 and older, which increased by five percent
(or more than 17,000 people).
• Both the number and percentage of women experiencing homelessness as individuals increased at a
greater rate than men between 2020 and 2022. Homelessness increased among women by 6,837
people or six percent (compared to an increase of 3,663 men or 1%).
• Sixteen percent more people identifying as Hispanic or Latin(a)(o)(x) experienced homelessness as
individuals in 2022 than in 2020 (12,410 more people). This overall increase reflects an 18 percent
increase in unsheltered Hispanic individuals and an 11 percent increase in sheltered Hispanic
individuals.
• The number of people experiencing homelessness as individuals who identified as White increased by
five percent overall and by three percent for individuals staying in unsheltered locations.
• Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders experienced a 23 percent rise in individual homelessness (or
1,201 more people) and a 31 percent rise in unsheltered individual homelessness (or 1,003 people).
• Asians and Asian Americans also experienced a large percentage increase in sheltered and
unsheltered individual homelessness, both of which rose by 13 percent (or 768 people). Individuals
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 118
who identified as American Indian, Alaska Native, or Indigenous experienced the largest percentage
increase in sheltered homelessness, at just over 11 percent (or 571 people).
The number of Black, African American or African individuals experiencing homelessness decreased
in sheltered locations by 2,246 people (or 3%). This was offset by an increase in the number of
unsheltered individuals who identified as Black (by 2,170 people or 4%).
2.2 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by State
Exhibit 2-5: Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by State, 2022
F- N H,1,064
-MA, 5,531
— RI, 1,071
CT, 2,007
5,807
1,065
, 3,591
Percent of All People Experiencing
Homelessness that are Individuals
0-49
■ 50-64
65-74
■ 75-100
'�
HI
4,479
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 1 19
Exhibit 2-6: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in
Unsheltered Locations, 2022
State All Individuals Unsheltered Unsheltered
Highest Percentages
Hawaii
4,479
3,431
76.6%
California
145,983
111,206
76.2%
Arizona
10,707
7,341
68.6%
Mississippi
1,091
747
68.5%
Georgia
7,905
5,131
64.9%
Lowest Percentages
Vermont
1,923
39
2.0%
Maine
2,457
164
6.7%
Wisconsin
2,886
245
8.5%
New York
39,373
4,031
10.2%
Wyoming
458
58
12.7%
Note: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories.
Exhibit 2-7: Largest Changes in the Number of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by State, 2007-2022
i.ige 2020-2022 ChangeII I
State # % State #
Largest Increases
California
10,212
7.5%
California
35,031
31.6%
Oregon
2,591
21.6%
New York
11,317
40.3%
Tennessee
2,534
44.7%
Washington
5,436
40.9%
Washington
2,527
15.6%
Oregon
4,715
47.8%
Arizona
2,427
29.3%
Minnesota
1,688
51.6%
Largest Decreases
New York
-3,910
-9.0%
Florida
-13,521
-40.9%
Texas
-2,536
-12.0%
Texas
-7,727
-29.4%
Maryland
-839
-18.9%
Georgia
-4,616
-36.9%
Florida
-825
-4.1%
New Jersey
-3,165
-35.3%
New Mexico
-769
-30.1%
Massachusetts
-2,761
-33.3%
Notes: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories. Due to methodological changes, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Michigan, and Wyoming were excluded from the list of largest decreases between 2007 and 2022.
On a Single Night in 2022
• More than one of every three people in the United States experiencing homelessness as an individual
was found in California, 35 percent. California accounted for more than half (52%) of all individuals
counted in unsheltered locations.
• Other states with large numbers of individuals experiencing homelessness were New York (9% of the
national total or 39,373 people), Florida (5% or 19,519 people), and Washington (5% or 18,725).
• In two states, more than 70 percent of individuals experiencing homelessness were staying in
unsheltered locations: Hawaii (77%) and California (76%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 120
• In contrast, four states shelter at least 90 percent of people experiencing homelessness as individuals
in their state: Vermont (98%), Maine (93%), Wisconsin (91 %), and New York (90%).
Changes over Time
• The number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased in just over half (28) of all states
between 2020 and 2022. The largest absolute increase was in California (10,212 people), followed by
Oregon (2,591 people) and Tennessee (2,534 people). The states with the largest percentage increases
were Vermont (161%), Maine (91%), and Rhode Island (48%).
• Between 2020 and 2022, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness declined in 22 states
and the District of Columbia. The largest absolute declines occurred in New York (3,910 fewer
people), Texas (2,536 fewer people), and Maryland (839 fewer people). The largest percentage
declines were in New Mexico (30%), South Carolina (20%), and Maryland (19%).
• Over the longer period, 2007 to 2022, the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased
in 26 states. The largest absolute increases were in California (35,031 more people or 32%) and New
York (11,317 more people or 40%), while the highest rates of increase were in Vermont (221%) and
Maine (116%).
• Over the same period, 24 states and the District of Columbia experienced a decline in the number of
people experiencing homelessness as individuals. The largest declines were reported in Florida
(13,521 fewer people or 41%) and Texas (7,727 fewer people or 29%).
2.3 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category12
Exhibit 2-8: Share of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2022
All Individuals
Sheltered Individuals
Unsheltered Individuals
Major City CoCs
51.7%
47.8%
55.4%
Other Largely Urban CoCs
7.3%
8.6%
6.0%
Largely Suburban CoCs
22.9%
25.0%
21.0%
Largely Rural CoCs
18.1%
18.7%
17.6%
12 Analysis of homelessness at the CoC Category level excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 121
Exhibit 2-9: Percent of all Individuals Experiencing Homelessness that are Sheltered and Unsheltered by CoC
Category, 2022
Largely Rural CoCs
Largely Suburban CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Major Cities
0% 100/0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 800/0 900/0 100%
■Sheltered Individuals Unsheltered Individuals
Exhibit 2-10: Demographic Characteristics of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category, 2022
MajorOther Largely Largely Suburban
Cocs Urban
All Individuals 216,316 30,483 95,333 75,815
Age
Under 18
0.6%
0.8%
0.5%
1.0%
18 to 24
6.7%
7.1 %
6.8%
7.7%
Over 24
92.7%
92.0%
92.7%
91.3%
Gender
Female
28.2%
29.2%
31.1 %
34.9%
Male
69.8%
69.8%
68.0%
64.2%
Transgender
1.2%
0.6%
0.4%
0.4%
A Gender that is not
Singularly `Female' or
`Male'
0.7%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
Questioning
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/Non-
Latin(a)(o)(x
71.4%
87.4%
82.6%
89.1 %
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
28.6%
12.6%
17.4%
10.8%
Race
American Indian, Alaska
Native, or Indigenous
3.4%
4.7%
2.5%
5.6%
Asian or Asian American
1.9%
1.2%
1.5%
0.7%
Black, African American,
or African
42.0%
25.8%
28.1 %
14.9%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander
1.4%
0.9%
2.0%
1.0%
White
44.9%
61.5%
60.6%
73.7%
Multiple Races
6.3%
6.0%
5.4%
4.2%
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 122
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total because three CoCs did not report complete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
Exhibit 2-11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category,
2022
All Individuals
All Individuals
CoC Name Experiencing
oC Name Experiencing
MLHomelessness
Homelessness
Major City CoCs
her Lar el Urban CoCs
ISan
Los Angeles City &
54,4690
ta Rosa,
2,738
County, CA
aluma/Sonoma County,
CA
New York City, NY
32,308
Eugene, Springfield/Lane
2,301
County, OR
Seattle/King County, WA
9,776
Oxnard, San
1,980
Buenaventura/Ventura
County, CA
San Jose/Santa Clara City
9,130
St. Petersburg, Clearwater,
1,536
& County, CA
Largo/Pinellas County FL
Oakland,
8,903
Spokane City & County,
1,467
Berkeley/Alameda
WA
County, CA
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Santa Ana,
4,517
Texas Balance of State
5,270
Anaheim/Orange County,
CoC
CA
Honolulu City and
3,018
Georgia Balance of State
4,267
County, HI
CoC
San Bernardino City &
2,917
Washington Balance of
4,259
County, CA
State CoC
Richmond/Contra Costa
2,880
Oregon Balance of State
3,208
County, CA
CoC
Riverside City & County,
2,826
Ohio Balance of State
2,768
CA
CoC
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 123
Exhibit 2-12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness who were
Unsheltered by CoC Category, 2022
All
CoC Name Individuals Percent
All
CoC Name Individuals Percent
Experiencing Unsheltered
Experiencing Unsheltered
Homelessness
Homelessness
Major City CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
San Jose/Santa
9,130
82.9%
Fayetteville/Cumber
424
91.3%
Clara City &
land County, NC
County, CA
Los Angeles City
54,469
81.6%
Napa City &
467
77.5%
& County, CA
County, CA
Raleigh/Wake
795
79.1%
Santa Rosa,
2,738
76.1%
County, NC
Petaluma/Sonoma
County, CA
Sacramento City
7,901
78.4%
Amarillo, TX
504
75.4%
& County, CA
Oakland,
8,903
76.5%
Eugene,
2,301
70.3%
Berkeley/Alameda
Springfield/Lane
County, CA
County, OR
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Imperial County,
816
96.0%
Hendry, Hardee,
568
100.0%
CA
Highlands Counties,
FL
Fort Pierce/St.
585
93.2%
Chattanooga/Southe
2,637
95.2%
Lucie, Indian
ast Tennessee, TN
River, Martin
Counties, FL
San Luis Obispo
1,020
87.5%
Panama City/Bay,
356
93.0%
County, CA
Jackson Counties,
FL
El Dorado
493
87.2%
Tehama County,
231
92.6%
County, CA
CA
Marin County,
897
82.4%
Columbia,
383
85.9%
CA
Hamilton,
Lafayette,
Suwannee Counties,
FL
Exhibit 2-13: Change in the Number of Individuals Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC
Category, 2020-2022
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 124
Continuums of Care (CoQ were Divided into Four Geographic Categories
Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In
two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities
are located in the same CoC.
2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=58) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an
urbanized area within the CoC's principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the
nation's 50 largest cities.
3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=167) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in
suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10
miles of urbanized areas.
4. Largely rural CoCs (n=109) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban
clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census -defined rural areas.
Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education's National
Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they
were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report.
On a Single Night in 2022
• Nearly 6 of every 10 individuals experiencing homelessness did so in urban areas. Most (52%) were
in one of the nation's largest cities. Seven percent were in other largely urban areas. Nearly one -
quarter of individuals experiencing homelessness (23%) were in largely suburban areas. The
remaining 18 percent of individuals were in largely rural areas.
• Within major city and largely rural CoCs, at least half of all people experiencing homelessness as
individuals did so in unsheltered locations (55% and 50%). Other largely urban CoCs (those that do
not contain one of the nation's largest cities) had the highest rate of sheltered homelessness at 58
percent.
• In six major city CoCs, more than 75 percent of individuals experiencing homelessness were
unsheltered: San Jose, CA (83%), Los Angeles (82%), Raleigh, NC (79%), Sacramento, CA (78%),
Oakland, CA (76%), and Tucson, AZ (76%).
• Nine largely suburban CoCs reported a share of individuals who were unsheltered greater than 80
percent, with two reporting shares over 90 percent: Imperial County, CA (96%) and Ft. Pierce, FL
(93%).
• Several largely rural CoCs reported large shares of individuals experiencing unsheltered
homelessness, with Hendry, Hardee, and Highlands Counties (which abut Lake Okeechobee in
Florida) reporting all individuals experiencing homelessness staying in unsheltered locations. Three
other CoCs reported shares greater than 90 percent: Chattanooga/Southeast Tennessee (95%), Jackson
County, in Florida's panhandle (93%), and Tehama County in north central California (93%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 125
Demographic Differences by CoC Category
• Individuals experiencing homelessness in largely rural CoCs were somewhat more likely to be
women (35%) than those in a major city (28%), other largely urban (29%), or largely suburban CoCs
(31 %).
• Individuals that identified as Black, African American, or African accounted for 42 percent of
individuals experiencing homelessness in major cities compared with 15 percent in rural areas.
Conversely, nearly three in four people experiencing homelessness as individuals in largely rural
areas were White (74%) compared with 45 percent in major city CoCs.
• In largely rural CoCs, nearly six percent of individuals experiencing homelessness were American
Indian, Alaska Native, or Indigenous, the highest percentage of indigenous people across the
geographic categories.
• In major city CoCs, more than a quarter of individuals experiencing homelessness were Hispanic or
Latin(a)(o)(x) (29%), a higher proportion than were reported in other largely urban, largely suburban,
and largely rural CoCs, which ranged from 11 to 17 percent.
Changes over Time by CoC Category
• Homelessness among individuals increased across all CoC categories and most shelter statuses. The
largest absolute increase was in major cities, where 5,694 more individuals were counted in 2022 than
in 2020, an increase of 3 percent. Largely rural areas experienced the largest percentage increase, 6
percent or 4,322 people.
• Major cities and other largely urban CoCs drove the overall increase in the number of unsheltered
individuals. Major cities reported 6,422 (or 6%) more individuals staying outside, while largely urban
CoCs reported 1,194 (or 10%) more unsheltered individuals. These increases more than offset modest
declines in the unsheltered homelessness among individuals in largely suburban and largely rural
CoCs.
• Largely rural CoCs experienced the largest absolute and percentage increases in the number of
sheltered individuals, with 4,516 people more individuals counted in 2022 than 2020, an increase of
13 percent. Only major cities saw a decline (728 fewer people) in the sheltered population.
• While the number of individuals experiencing homelessness increased nationally, 52 percent of
communities (198 CoCs) experienced decreases or no change in the number of individuals
experiencing homelessness between 2020 and 2022.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 126
Key Changes in the Sheltered Individual Population, 2021-2022
The number of individuals experiencing sheltered homelessness between 2021 and 2022 increased by 5
percent (10,148 people). This was the second largest increase in sheltered homelessness among
individuals since reporting began in 2007. Of the 10,000 more individuals experiencing sheltered
homelessness in 2022, about 9,000 were over the age of 24. The increase in the number of beds
dedicated to individuals during this time slightly outpaced the increase in sheltered individuals, with 7
percent more beds in 2022 than 2021.
Major cities experienced slight decline in the number of individuals experiencing sheltered
homelessness (2%), while all other geographic categories experienced increases. Rural areas had the
largest percentage increase in individuals experiencing sheltered homelessness, with 18 percent more
individuals in shelters in 2022 than in 2021. These increases are likely due to a restoration of shelter
capacity across the country as vaccinations were more widely available and programs were able to use
COVID-related shelter resources. The change in inventory in largely suburban CoCs mirrored increases
in the number of individuals experiencing sheltered homelessness between 2021 and 2022.
Exhibit 2-14 Change in Individuals in Sheltered Locations and Beds Dedicated to Individuals by
Geographic Category, 2021-2022
20% 18.3%
15%
10.5% 9.y%
0 8.96
7.2% 6.9%
5.996
5.�96
5%
0% = I I I I I I I ,
-1.7%
-596
Major Gies other Largely Urban LargekSuburban Larg ft Rural CoCs Total
COCS CoCs
■ Sheltered Indio id uals ■ B eds a edicated to Indiyidu als
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 127
3. Estimates of Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness
The 2021 national Point -in -Time (PIT) counts were considerably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the public health crisis, HUD encouraged communities to determine whether conducting an
unsheltered PIT count posed a high risk of exacerbating COVID-19 transmissions, given the lack of
widespread access to COVID-19 vaccines at the time. As a result, less than half of communities conducted
a full sheltered and unsheltered count. While this report includes some data on people in families with
children in sheltered locations in 2021, incomplete unsheltered data is not included. Analysis of changes
over time are generally limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes in the sheltered
population between 2021 and 2022 will be included in text boxes at the end of each chapter.
3.1 National Estimates of Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness
Exhibit 3-1 PIT Estimates of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered
Status, 2007-2022
300,000 —
250,000 234,558235,259238,096241,937236,175239,397
�f. 222,190216,261
206,286
194,716
200,000 184,411180,413
171,670171,575
187313191,325186,482190,996191,571191,903185,824 161,070
,178,328181,506 175,563
150,000 167,723164,023156,891154,90
143,733
131,377
56,230 53,753 50,783 50,612 49,693 48,401
50,000 30,619
24,358 20,462 19,153 16,688 16,390 14,779 16,667 17,337
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
TPersons in Families Sheltered Persons in Families ♦Unsheltered Persons in Families
Note: The data for 2021 does not display the total count of people in families with children experiencing homelessness or the count of people in
families with children experiencing unsheltered homelessness due to pandemic -related disruptions to counts. Additionally, estimates of the
number of people in families with children experiencing sheltered homelessness at a point in time in 2021 should be viewed with caution, as
the number could be artificially depressed compared with non -pandemic times, reflecting reduced capacity in some communities or safety
concerns regarding staying in shelters.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 128
Exhibit 3-2: Change in the Number of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by
Sheltered Status, 2007-2022
Change 2020-2022
Change
I I I2007-2022
People in Families-10,505
with Children
-6.1%
-80,867
-33.4%
-73,488
-31.3%
Sheltered People in-11,175
Families
-7.2%
-47,592
-24.9%
-34,595
-19.4%
Unsheltered People 670
in Families
4.0%
-33,275
-65.7%
-38,893
-69.2%
Family Households -2,972
-5.5%
-28,675
-36.1%
-27,768
-35.4%
On a Single Night in 2022
• 161,070 people experienced homelessness as part of a family with at least one adult and one child
under the age of 18, 28 percent of the total population experiencing homelessness.
• Nine in ten people experiencing homelessness in families with children were sheltered, 143,733
people. Ten percent of people in families with children, 17,337 people, were found in unsheltered
locations in 2022.
• The average family size was 3.2 people, and about 51,000 family households were experiencing
homelessness nationwide.
Changes in Family Homelessness over Time
Given that more than half of communities did not conduct full unsheltered counts in 2021, changes over
time are limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes in the sheltered population between
2021 and 2022 are presented at the end of this chapter.
The overall number of people in families with children who were experiencing homelessness on a
single night decreased by more than 10,500 from 2020 to 2022, continuing a downward trend that
began in 2012.
The number of people in families who were experiencing homelessness in 2022 was 31 percent
lower (73,488 fewer people) than it was in 2007. The number of family households that were
experiencing homelessness dropped by 35 percent over that same period.
The overall decline in family homelessness between 2007 and 2022 reflects steady decreases in
families experiencing both sheltered and unsheltered homelessness. However, in recent years
declines have been driven by reductions in sheltered family homelessness. Unsheltered family
homelessness increased by four percent (670 more people) between 2020 and 2022 while sheltered
family homelessness declined by seven percent (11,175 fewer people).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 129
Exhibit 3-3: Demographic Characteristics of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness,
2022
All People opPeople in
Families Families Families
All People in Families
111,010
100.0% 143,733
100.0% 17,337 100.0%
Age
Under 18
95,440
59.3%
86,356
60.1%
9,084
52.4%
18 - 24
11,030
6.8%
10,076
7.0%
954
5.5%
Over 24
54,600
33.9%
47,301
32.9%
7,299
42.1%
Gender
Female
96,118,
59.7%
86,885
60.4%
9,233
53.3%
Male
64,574
40.0%
56,611
39.4%
7,963
45.9%
Transgender
148
0.1%
83
0.1%
65
0.4%
A Gender that is not
Singularly Female' or
`Male'
184
0.1%
127
0.1%
57
0.3%
Questioning
1 46
0.0%
27
1 0.0%
19
1 0.1%
Ethnicity
or
Non-Hispanic/Non-
Latin(a)(o)(x)
113,421
70.4%
99,935
69.5%
13,486
77.8%
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
47,649
29.6%
43,798
30.5%
3,851
22.2%
Race
American Indian,
Alaska Native, or
Indigenous
4,127
2.6%
3,217
2.2%
910
5.2%
Asian or Asian
American
1,702
1.1%
1,285
0.9%
417
2.4%
Black, African
American, or African
79,728
49.5%
75,377
52.4%
4,351
25.1%
Native Hawaiian or
Pacific Islander
4,127
2.5%
2,520
1.8%
1,512
8.7%
White
60,556
37.6%
51,957
36.2%
8,599
52.2%
Multiple Races
10,925
6.8%
9,377
6.5%
1,548
9.4%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total
because three CoCs did not report complete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
Exhibit 3-4: Number of People in Parenting Youth Households Experiencing Homelessness, 2022
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 130
Demographic Characteristics of Family Homelessness
The AHAR has been reporting demographic information on people experiencing homelessness on a single
night since 2017. In 2022, the ways in which people identified their gender changed considerably,
expanding the gender identity categories to include "questioning" and allowing people to select more than
one gender.13 As a result, any comparisons made to prior years should be viewed with caution as they are
not exact comparisons. 14
• Children under the age of 18 made up 59 percent of people experiencing homelessness in families
with children in 2022. Another 34 percent were adults over the age of 24, and seven percent were
young adults between 18 and 24 years of age.
• Fewer people in families with children in unsheltered locations were under the age of 18, 52 percent
compared with 60 percent in shelters. However, unsheltered families with children were more likely
to have more than one adult, so the sizes of unsheltered families with children are similar to those
in shelter.
• 91 percent of all children under 18 experiencing homelessness in families with children (86,356
children) can be found in sheltered locations, compared to 57 percent of children under 18
experiencing homelessness as an individual (1,604 children).
• A majority of 18- to 24-year-olds in families with children were parents (about 58% or 6,348 total
parenting youth). Just under 1 of every 10 children under 18 years of age in families experiencing
homelessness is the child of a parenting youth.
0 Six in 10 people in families with children were women and girls, and about four in 10 were men
and boys.
• Of people in families with children experiencing homelessness in 2022, 50 percent were Black,
African American, or African and 38 percent were White. In the total U.S. population, just 14
percent of all people in families with children identified as Black and 57 percent identified as White.
People of multiple races made seven percent of all families with children experiencing
homelessness, followed by American Indians, Alaska Natives and Indigenous persons (3%), Native
Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders (3%), and Asian or Asian Americans (1%).
• People identifying as Black, African American, or African made up 52 percent of sheltered families
with children but just 25 percent of unsheltered families, whereas people in families who identified
as White made up 36 percent of sheltered families and 50 percent of unsheltered people in families.
• Nearly three in 10 people in families with children experiencing homelessness were Hispanic or
Latin(a)(o)(x) (30% or 47,649 people). This is higher than the percentage of individuals
experiencing homelessness in 2022 that were Hispanic or Latin(a)(o)(x) (22%).
Changes in Demographics of Family Homelessness over Time
Between 2020 and 2022, family homelessness declined for all age groups, with an overall decline
of 6 percent (10,505 fewer people). Nearly all of this decline was driven by a reduction in the
number of people in families with children experiencing sheltered homelessness which declined by
7 percent (11,175 fewer people).
Though the number is small, between 2020 and 2022, there was a 57 percent increase in the number
of people in families with children experiencing homelessness who identify as transgender (54
more people). By comparison, there was a 12 percent increase in the number of people experiencing
homelessness as an individual who identify as transgender (373 more people).
13 h!Ws:Hfiles.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/Reporting-Gender-for-the-PIT-Count.pdf
14 For example, in previous years a person might only identify as "female" when they may have also identified as
"questioning." In 2022, that person was allowed to select both "female" and "questioning," which was then
categorized as "questioning."
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 131
• Family homelessness decreased by five percent among people who were Hispanic or Latin(a)(o)(x)
(2,528 fewer people) and seven percent among Non -Hispanic or Non-Latin(a)(o)(x) people (7,966
fewer people).
• Experiences of family homelessness declined by 13 percent (11,354 fewer people) for people who
identify as Black, African American or African, and stayed essentially the same for people who are
White (516 more people). Family homelessness increased by the largest percentage among people
who are Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, by 13 percent (or 466 more people).
3.2 Estimates of Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by State
Exhibit 3-5: Estimates of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by State, 2022
OMOM
RI
3,373
NV O
798
U `CO
1,078
CA 2,151
25,538
AZ NM
2,846 774
AK
560
HI
1,488
ND
171
SD
418
NE
574
KSI
643
OK
788
TX
5,853
Ld
ME, 1,954
VT, 85
53 IL OI 1
2,968 IN 3,21
1,523 1%N
MO KY 137
1,680 94AVA_
AR
TN, 2,360 "`
SC
328 AL 866
M5 1,270 GA,
105
�N
6,440
N H, 541
MA, 9,976
RI, 506
—CT, 923
JJ, 2,945
E,1,304
D,1,758
1,004
Percent of All People
Experiencing Homelessness
that are in Families with Children
0-24
■ 25-34
■ 35-44
■ 45-100
Exhibit 3-6: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of People in Families with Children who are
Unsheltered, 2022
All People in
ExperiencingState Families Unsheltered Unsheltered
Homelessness
Highest Rates
Oregon
3,373
1,991
59.0%
Idaho
765
360
47.1 %
Tennessee
2,360
1,040
44.1 %
Arkansas
328
126
38.4%
Alabama
1,270
451
35.5%
Lowest Rates
Maine
1,954
0
0.0%
District of Columbia
1,004
0
0.0%
Connecticut
923
0
0.0%
Rhode Island
506
0
0.0%
New York
34,805
7
0.0%
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 132
Exhibit 3-7: Largest Changes in the Number of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness
by State, 2007-2022
Change 2020-2022 Change II I
State # % State # %
Largest Increases An -
Louisiana
3,732
641.2%
Massachusetts
3,141
46.0%
Maine
1,146
141.8%
Louisiana
1,793
71.1%
Delaware
876
204.7%
Delaware
959
278.0%
Tennessee
777
49.1%
Maine
452
30.1%
Oregon
713
26.8%
Vermont
421
96.6%
Largest Decreases ' or
New York
-13,183
-27.5%
Florida
-8,589
-57.1%
Massachusetts
-1,766
-15.0%
Texas
-7,629
-56.6%
District of
Columbia
-1,427
-58.7%
New Jersey
-5,397
-64.7%
Florida
-703
-9.8%
Oregon
-4,346
-56.3%
Illinois
-468
-13.6%
Georgia
-4,334
-60.9%
Note: Due to methodological changes. Colorado. Michigan. North
Dakota. South
Dakota. and Wvoming were
excluded from the list of largest decreases between 2007 and 2022.
On a Single Night in 2022
A little under half of all people experiencing homelessness as part of a family with children were
in four states: New York, California, Massachusetts, and Washington. About two in ten (22%) were
in New York (34,805 people), and they were essentially all sheltered. Six percent (9,976 people)
were in Massachusetts and, similarly, virtually all were sheltered.
California accounted for 16 percent of people in families with children experiencing homelessness
in the U.S. This was a much lower percentage than for people experiencing homelessness as
individuals, 35 percent of whom were in California. In California, 17 percent of people
experiencing homelessness as part of a family were unsheltered (4,285 people).
Oregon, Washington, Texas, and Tennessee also have a substantial number of people in families
with children found in unsheltered locations: 1,991 in Oregon (59%), 1,640 in Washington (25%),
1,189 in Texas (20%), and 1,040 in Tennessee (44%). Idaho and Arkansas have smaller numbers
of people experiencing homelessness as part of a family but high rates at which families
experiencing homelessness were found in unsheltered locations (47% and 38%).
Changes over Time
Between 2020 and 2022, homelessness experienced by people in families with children increased
in 26 states. The largest absolute increases were in Louisiana (3,732 more people or 641%), Maine
(1,146 more people or 142%), and Delaware (876 more people or 205%).
Family homelessness dropped between 2020 and 2022 in 24 states and the District of Columbia.
The largest absolute decrease was in New York, with 13,183 fewer people experiencing
homelessness part of a family in 2022 than in 2020.
Over a longer period, 2007-2022, family homelessness increased in only 10 states. The largest
percentage increases were in Delaware (278%, 959 more people), Vermont (97%, 421 more
people), and Louisiana (71%, 1,793 more people). The largest absolute increase was in
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 133
Massachusetts with 3,141 more people in families with children experiencing homelessness in 2022
than 2020.
• Between 2007 and 2022, family homelessness dropped in 40 states and the District of Columbia.
The largest absolute decreases were in Florida (8,589 fewer people) and Texas (7,629 fewer
people).
3.3 Estimates of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness
by COC15
Exhibit 3-8: Share of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category and
Sheltered Status, 2022
Exhibit 3-9: Percent of all People in Families Experiencing Homelessness that are Sheltered and Unsheltered
by CoC Category, 2022
Largely Rural CoCs
Largely Suburban CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Major Cities 83A
0% 100/0 201/0 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 800/0 900/0 100%
■ Sheltered ■ Unsheltered
" Analysis of homelessness at the CoC Category level excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 134
Exhibit 3-10: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of People Experiencing Family Homelessness by CoC
Category, 2022
People
Families with
CoC Name Children1
Experiencing1
sHomelessness
Major City CoCs
People
Families with
Name Children
Homelessness
Other Largely Urban CoCs
New York City, NY
29,532
Eugene, Springfield/Lane County, 579
OR
Los Angeles City & County, CA
10,642
Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN
455
Seattle/King County, WA
3,592
St. Petersburg, Clearwater,
Largo/Pinellas County, FL
449
Boston, MA
2,894
Anchorage, AK
318
Phoenix, Mesa/Maricopa County, AZ
1,946
Spokane City & County, WA
290
Largely Suburban CoCs
Lareelv Rural CoCs
Louisiana Balance of State
3,480
Maine Statewide
1,954
Massachusetts Balance of State
2,302
Texas Balance of State
1,784
Nassau, Suffolk Counties, NY
1,865
Washington Balance of State
1,595
Springfield/Hampden County, MA
1,734
Georgia Balance of State
1,589
Delaware Statewide
1,304
Wisconsin Balance of State
1,351
Exhibit 3-11: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of People Experiencing Family Homelessness who are
Unsheltered by CoC Category, 2022
People
Families Percent
People
CoC Name1
Unshelteredwith
1
Children
Chil1
Major City CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Raleigh/Wake
739
71.9%
Eugene, Springfield/Lane
579
84.3%
County, NC
County, OR
Portland,
668
67.8%
Little Rock/Central
150
73.3%
Gresham/Multnomah
Arkansas CoC
County, OR
Tucson/Pima
467
66.6%
Durham City & County,
130
26.9%
County, AZ
NC
Austin/Travis
1,088
65.1%
Augusta -Richmond
103
23.3%
County, TX
County, GA
Oakland,
844
38.2%
Fayetteville/Northwest
122
8.2%
Berkeley/Alameda
Arkansas CoC
County, CA
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Yuba City &
465
77.2%
Chattanooga/Southeast
755
87.7%
County/Sutter
Tennessee CoC
County, CA
Clackamas County,
193
62.7%
Central Oregon CoC
373
86.3%
OR
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 135
Exhibit 3-12: Change in the Number of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness by
Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2020-2022
All People in Families NWSheltered
with Children
I]JIIILUnsheitered
Total
I-10,869
-6.4%
1 -11,353
-7.3%
484
3.2%
Major Cities
-15,678
-17.4%
-16,302
-19.3%
624
11.2%
Other Largely Urban CoCs
-23
-0.3%
-446
-5.8%
423
114.6%
Largely Suburban CoCs
3,504
8.2%
4,144
10.5%
-640
-19.0%
Largely Rural CoCs
1,451
5.0%
1,370
5.9%
81
1.4%
Continuums of Care (CoC) were Divided into Four Geographic Categories
Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In two
cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities are
located in the same CoC.
2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=58) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an
urbanized area within the CoC's principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the
nation's 50 largest cities.
3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=167) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in suburban
areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10 miles of
urbanized areas.
4. Largely rural CoCs (n=109) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban clusters
that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census -defined rural areas.
Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the USDepartment of Education 's National Center
for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied
to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report.
On a Single Night in 2022
A little under half (47%) of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness in the
United States did so in one of the nation's 50 largest cities. However, 39 percent of all unsheltered
people in families with children were counted in major cities nationwide (or 6,188 people of the
15,766 unsheltered persons in households with at least one adult and one child).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 136
• New York City has the largest number of people in families with children experiencing
homelessness in the nation, at 29,532 people (or 18% of all families experiencing homelessness in
the nation).
• Unsheltered homelessness among families with children occurs more often in largely rural areas
than in other areas. One -fifth of all people in families with children experiencing homelessness in
rural areas were unsheltered. This is much higher than the rates within other geographic types. In
largely suburban areas, for example, six percent of all families with children experiencing
homelessness were unsheltered. In major cities it was eight percent.
• While 19 percent of all people experiencing unsheltered homelessness were located in rural areas
in 2022, 39 percent of the nation's population of unsheltered families with children were found
there.
• Of major city CoCs, four reported that more than 50 percent of people in families with children
were unsheltered (Raleigh/Wake County with 72%, Portland, Gresham/Multnomah County with
68%, Tucson/Pima County with 67%, and Austin/Travis County with 65 percent families with
children staying outside). The top five largely rural CoCs with the highest unsheltered rates among
families with children experiencing homelessness, as well as largely suburban CoCs, exceed 58
percent.
Changes over Time by CoC Category
• Between 2020 and 2022, family homelessness increased in largely rural and largely suburban areas
and decreased in major cities. The number of families experiencing homelessness in largely urban
areas that were not one of the nation's largest cities remained relatively flat.
• The overall increase in family homelessness in largely suburban areas (8%) was driven by an 11
percent increase in the number of people in families with children staying in sheltered locations.
The number of unsheltered families declined by 19 percent (or 640 people).
• In rural areas, the five percent overall increase of people in families with children experiencing
homelessness was the result of increases in both sheltered (6% or 1,370 people) and unsheltered
homelessness (1% or 81 people).
• Family homelessness declined in major cities by 17 percent (15,678 fewer people), driven by a 19
percent decrease in the sheltered population. However, the number of people found sleeping outside
in major cities increased by 11 percent (or 624 people).
Exhibit 3-13: Demographic Characteristics of People in Families with Children Experiencing Homelessness
by CoC Category, 2022
Other
Characteristic Major City CoCs Largely Urban , ,,Largely
Number of People 74,407 8,024 46,172 30,628
Age
Under 18
58.8%
60.1%
59.9%
59.9%
18 to 24
7.9%
5.9%
6.1%
5.5%
Over 24
33.4%
33.9%
34.0%
34.6%
Gender
Female
59.9%
61.3%
59.8%
58.9%
Male
39.8%
38.5%
40.0%
40.8%
Trans ender
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 137
Other
Characteristic Major Ci
Lareely Urban
b.
A Gender that is not
Singularly `Female' or
`Male' 0.1%
0.1%
0.10/,,
0.1%
Questioning 0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/Non-
Latin a o x
61.7%
83.1%
73.3%
82.8%
His anic/Latina o x
38.3%
16.9%
26.7%
17.2%
Race
American Indian,
Alaska Native, or
Indigenous
1.9%
2.9%
1.4%
6.0%
Asian or Asian
American
1.0%
1.3%
0.8%
0.6%
Black, African
America, or African
63.5%
42.2%
47.1%
23.8%
Native Hawaiian or
Pacific Islander
1.3%
2.6%
2.3%
1.5%
White
26.6%
42.2%
41.0%
59.9%
Multiple Races
5.7%
8.8%
7.3%
8.1%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total
because three CoCs did
not report complete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
Demographic Characteristics by CoC Category
• The race and ethnicity of people in families with children experiencing homelessness vary
geographically. People that identify as Black, African American, or African make up 24 percent of
people in rural CoCs, and 64 percent in major cities. Meanwhile, 60 percent of families with
children experiencing homelessness in rural CoCs identified as White, but only 27 percent of
families experiencing homelessness identified as White in major cities.
• Racial composition does not vary much across geographic areas for other racial groups, with the
exception of largely rural CoCs, where the percentage of people who identify as American Indian,
Alaska Native, or Indigenous is substantially higher than in the other three geographic areas (6%
vs. 1-3%).
• A higher percentage of Hispanic or Latin(a)(o)(x) people experience homelessness in major cities
(38%) than in the other geographic areas (17% in other largely urban areas, 27% in suburban CoCs,
and 17% in rural CoCs).
• Age and gender characteristics of people in families with children experiencing homelessness are
similar across geographic categories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 138
Changes in the Sheltered Family Population during the Pandemic (2021-2022)
Between 2021-2022, the number of people in families with children experiencing sheltered homelessness
increased by nine percent (or 12,356 more people), and the number of family households increased by 17
percent (7,480 more households). This is likely due to a combination of factors, including a restoration of
shelter capacity and the expiration of eviction moratoria that were critical in reducing the number of people
accessing shelter during the pandemic. This increase in people far outpaces the increase in beds for people
in families with children (3%).
CoCs with a major city were the only geographic category to experience a decrease in sheltered people in
families with children. Largely suburban areas had the largest increase, with 27 percent more people in
families accessing shelter in 2022 than in 2021, and 15 percent more beds dedicated to them.
Exhibit 3-14. Change in Sheltered People in Families with Children and Dedicated Family Beds by
Geographic Category, 2021-2022
M% 27.1%
25%
2096 17.6%
14.9%
15%
10.996
9.4%
1096 7.5%
596 1.8' 2.8%
0A _
-5% -1.996
-5.2%
-10%
Major Cities Other Largely Ur ban LargeYSub urban Larg ely Rural CoCs Total
COCS Co Cs
■ Sheltered People in Famiieswith Children ■ Beds aedicated to People in Familieswi:h Children
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 139
4. Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness
The 2021 national Point -in -Time (PIT) counts were considerably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the public health crisis, HUD encouraged communities to determine whether conducting an
unsheltered PIT count posed a high risk of exacerbating COVID-19 transmissions, given the lack of
widespread access to COVID-19 vaccines at the time. As a result, less than half of communities conducted
a full sheltered and unsheltered count. While this report includes some data on unaccompanied youth in
sheltered locations in 2021, incomplete unsheltered data is not included. Analysis of changes over time are
generally limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes in the sheltered population
between 2021 and 2022 will be included in text boxes at the end of each chapter.
HUD's Point -in -Time (PIT) count data collection includes information on the number of young adults and
children, people under the age of 25, who are experiencing homelessness "unaccompanied" —that is,
without a parent or guardian present. Children and youth who experience homelessness on their own are 22
percent of all people under the age of 25 experiencing homelessness. HUD and its federal partners selected
the PIT counts from January 2017 as the baseline measure of homelessness among unaccompanied youth.
In addition to not experiencing homelessness with a parent, unaccompanied youth are not themselves
parents experiencing homelessness together with one or more children. Thus, unaccompanied youth are a
subset of the population that experiences homelessness as individuals.
4.1 National Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness
Exhibit 4-1: PIT Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status, 2017-
2022
45,000 40,799
40,000 36,361 35,038
34,210
35,000
30,090
30,000
25,000 22,257
18,350 17,708 17,271
20,000 17,104
15,000 18,542 18,011 17,330 16,939
15,763
10,000 12,986
5,000
2017 2018 2019
♦Total Unaccompanied Youth
♦Unsheltered Unaccompanied Youth
2020 2021 2022
f5heltered Unaccompanied Youth
Note: The data for 2021 does not display the total count of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness or the count of unaccompanied
youth experiencing unsheltered homelessness due to pandemic -related disruptions to counts. Additionally, estimates of the number of
unaccompanied youth experiencing sheltered homelessness at a point in time in 2021 should be viewed with caution, as the number could be
artificially depressed compared with non -pandemic times, reflecting reduced capacity in some communities or safety concerns regarding staying
in shelters.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 140
Exhibit 4-2: PIT Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by Age and Sheltered
Status, 2022
UnaccompaniedAll
UnaccompaniedYouth
Unaccompanied
#
%
# %
# 66W
All Unaccompanied Youth
30,090
100.0%
17,104
100.0%
12,986
100.0%
Experiencing Homelessness
(under 25)
Unaccompanied Youth
Experiencing
Homelessness (under 18)
2,695
9.0%
1,510
8.8%
1,185
9.1%
Unaccompanied Youth
Experiencing
Homelessness (18-24)
27,395
91.0%
15,594
91.2%
11,801
90.9%
Exhibit 4-3: Population Comparisons of People Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status, 2022
Unaccompanied Youth (Under 25)
Homeless Individuals
All People Experiencing Homelessness
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
■ Sheltered ■ Unsheltered
Exhibit 4-4: Change in Numbers of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness, 2017-2022
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 141
Exhibit 4-5: Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness, 2022
UnaccompaniedAll
UnaccompaniedYouth
p.
#i
%
#
%
Total
30,090
100.0%
17,104
100.0%
12,986
100.0%
Age
Under 18
2,695
9.0%
1,510
8.8 %
1,185
9.1%
18 to 24
27,395
91.0%
15,594
91.2%
11,801
90.9%
Gender
Female
12,152
40.4%
7,290
42.6%
4,862
37.4%
Male
16,648
55.3%
8,993
52.6%
7,655
58.9%
Transgender
611
2.0%
418
2.4%
193
1.5%
A Gender that is not
543
1.8%
339
2.0%
204
1.6%
Singularly `Female' or
`Male'
Questioning
136
0.5%
64
0.4%
72
0.6%
Non-Hispanic/Non-
22,328
74.2%
13,235
77.4%
9,093
70%
7nici
Latin(a)(o)(x)
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
7,762
25.8%
3,869
22.6%
3,893
30%
Race
American Indian, Alaska
1,110
3.7%
533
3.1%
577
4.4%
Native, or Indigenous
Asian or Asian American
384
1.3%
179
1.0%
205
1.6%
Black, African American,
11,097
36.9%
7,560
44.2%
3,537
27.2%
or African
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
469
1.6%
185
1.1%
284
2.2%
Islander
White
14,560
48.4%
7,429
43.4%
7,131
54.9%
Multiple Races
2,470
8.2%
1,218
7.1%
1,252
9.6%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered
may not sum to
the total because three CoCs
did not renort comnlete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
On a Single Night in 2022
• 30,090 unaccompanied youth were reported to be experiencing homelessness in the United States.
These unaccompanied youth were 5 percent of the total population of people experiencing
homelessness and 7 percent of all people experiencing homelessness as individuals.
• Another 6,348 youth were experiencing homelessness as parents, with at least one child under the age
of 18. (More detail on parenting youth is in Section 3 of this report, People in Families with Children
Experiencing Homelessness.)
• 27,395 unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness were between the ages of 18 and 24 (91%).
The remaining 9 percent (2,695 people) were children (under the age of 18) experiencing
homelessness on their own.
• More than 4 in 10 unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness were unsheltered (43%), a
smaller percentage than individuals experiencing homelessness (51%) and a similar percentage as all
people experiencing homelessness (40%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 142
Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Youth
The AHAR has been reporting demographic information on people experiencing homelessness on a
single night since 2017. In 2022, the ways in which people identified their gender changed considerably,
expanding the gender identity categories to include "questioning" and allowing people to select more than
one gender.2 As a result, any comparisons made to prior years should be viewed with caution as they are
not exact comparisons.3
The characteristics of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness differ from those of the
overall population experiencing homelessness as individuals. Unaccompanied youth experiencing
homelessness were less likely to be White and more likely than all individuals experiencing
homelessness to be female (48% vs. 55% and 40% vs. 30%).
Youth identifying as transgender, not singularly female or male, or questioning their gender
accounted for four percent of the unaccompanied youth population, compared with only one percent
of all individuals experiencing homelessness.
Unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness were slightly more likely to be Black, African
American, or African (37%) than all individuals experiencing homelessness (33%). Black
unaccompanied youth accounted for a larger share of the sheltered unaccompanied youth population
(44%) than the unsheltered population (27%). Unaccompanied youth who identified as Black, African
American, or African were the only racial group to make up a smaller percentage of youth
experiencing unsheltered homelessness compared with sheltered homelessness.
Youth who identified as more than one race accounted for 8 percent of all unaccompanied youth
experiencing homelessness, compared with 6 percent of individuals experiencing homelessness.
Just over one -quarter of unaccompanied youth identified as Hispanic or Latin(a)(o)(x) (26%),
compared with 22 percent of all individuals experiencing homelessness. Hispanic unaccompanied
youth made up a larger percentage of the unsheltered population (30%).
Changes over Time
Given that more than half of communities did not conduct full unsheltered counts in 2021, changes over
time are limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Notable changes in the sheltered
unaccompanied youth population between 2021 and 2022 are highlighted the text box at the end of this
section.
The number of unaccompanied youth reported by communities declined by 12 percent between 2020
and 2022. The overall decline primarily resulted from a decrease in the number of unsheltered
unaccompanied youth (a decrease of 23% or 3,953 youth).
Between 2020 and 2022, the number of unaccompanied youth in sheltered locations decreased
slightly (by 1%). However, this obscures a steeper drop between 2020 and 2021 that was likely due to
contracted bed capacity during the height of the pandemic (see the box at the end of this section for
more information on changes between 2021 and 2022).
Between 2017 (the baseline year for youth experiencing homelessness in the PIT count) and 2022,
there has been a 21 percent decline in the overall number of unaccompanied youths reported
nationally (or 8,213 fewer people). This decline was driven by recent, pandemic -era declines in
unaccompanied youth. During this time, shelter capacity was reduced, which likely impacted the
number of young people accessing shelter. There were also several federal, state, and local resources
aimed at preventing homelessness among youth, most notably resources provided to communities
through the Youth Homelessness Demonstration Program (YHDP).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 143
• The overall decline in unaccompanied youth homelessness since 2017 reflects an eight percent
decline in the number of sheltered unaccompanied youth (1,438 fewer people) and a 34 percent
decline in unsheltered unaccompanied youth (6,775 fewer people). Young adults often stay in
locations that are not stable but are not also technically homeless. For example, youth staying
temporarily with friends or family, couch surfing, or doubling up are not included in this estimate.
4.2 Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by State
Exhibit 4-6 Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by State, 2022
]&a
HI
184
1,88
365
61
13
Percent of All Individuals
Experiencing Homelessness
that are Unaccompanied Youth
0-5
■ 6-10
■ 11-14
■ 15 and over
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 144
Exhibit 4-7: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing
Homelessness who were Unsheltered, 2022
State All Unaccompanied Unsheltered Unsheltered
Youth
Highest Rates
Hawaii
184
130
70.7%
California
9,590
6,762
70.5%
Mississippi
126
88
69.8%
Arizona
917
622
67.8%
Tennessee
518
338
65.3%
Lowest Rates
Vermont
145
1
0.7%
Maine
209
7
3.3%
Nebraska
121
5
4.1 %
Wisconsin
228
10
4.4%
New York
2,762
187
6.8%
Note: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories.
Exhibit 4-8: Largest Changes in the Number of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness, 2020-
2022
State
Largest Increases
Arizona
Change 2020-2022
#
284
%
44.9%
Tennessee
165
46.7%
District of Columbia
107
42.3%
Oklahoma
84
29.0%
Mississippi
75
1147.1%
Largest Decreases
California
-2,582
-21.2%
Florida
-320
-24%
New York
-310
-10.1%
Oregon
-248
-18.9%
Missouri
-198
-29.8%
Note: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories.
On a Single Night in 2022
• California reported the largest numbers of unaccompanied youth (9,590 people), accounting for
more than a third of all unaccompanied youth nationally (32%). Other states with large numbers
of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness were New York (2,762 or 9% of the national
total), Washington (1,802 or 6%), Texas (1,226 or 4%), Oregon (1,066 or 4%), and Florida (1,011
or 3%). Together, these six states account for nearly 6 of every 10 unaccompanied youth across
the country.
• Four states reported sheltering more than 95 percent of unaccompanied youth experiencing
homelessness: Vermont (99%), Maine (97%), Nebraska (96%), and Wisconsin (96%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 145
• California accounted for 52 percent of all unsheltered unaccompanied youth (6,762 people).
Washington (1,048), Oregon (650), and Arizona (622) had the next largest numbers of
unsheltered unaccompanied youth, with each accounting for between eight and five percent of the
national total.
• Four states reported that two-thirds or more of their unaccompanied youth experiencing
homelessness were staying in unsheltered locations: Hawaii (71%), California (71%), Mississippi
(70%), and Arizona (68%).
Changes over Time
• Homelessness among unaccompanied youth increased in 20 states and the District of Columbia
between 2020 and 2022. The largest absolute increases were in Arizona (284 more youth),
Tennessee (165 more youth), and the District of Columbia (107 more youth). The largest
percentage increases were in Rhode Island (165%), Mississippi (147%), Delaware (51%), and
Maine (50%).
• Homelessness declined for unaccompanied youth in 30 states between 2020 and 2022. The largest
absolute decrease was in California, with 2,582 fewer unaccompanied youth experiencing
homelessness in 2022. Florida had the next largest absolute decrease (320 fewer youth), followed
by New York (310 fewer youth). Hawaii experienced the largest percentage decline, with the
unaccompanied youth population dropping by 39 percent, followed by New Mexico (35%) and
Nevada (34%).
4.3 Estimates of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by CoC
Category16
Exhibit 4-9: Share of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category and Sheltered
Status, 2022
16 Analysis of homelessness at the CoC Category level excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 146
Exhibit 4-10: Percent of all Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness that are Sheltered and
Unsheltered by CoC Category, 2022
Largely Rural CoCs
Largely Suburban CoCs 37.3%
Other Largely Urban CoCs 42.7%
Major Cities
0% 100/0 200/0 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 900/0 100%
■ Sheltered ■ Unsheltered
Exhibit 4-11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by CoC
Category, 2022
CoC Name UnaccompaniedAll
Youth Major City CoCs
All
p.
Other Largely Urban CoCs Youth
New York City
2,094
Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma
County, CA
521
Los Angeles City and County, CA
2,042
Little Rock/Central Arkansas
138
San Jose/Santa Clara City &
County, CA
1,155
Anchorage, AK
133
Seattle/King County, WA
1,129
Spokane City & County, WA
116
San Francisco, CA
1,073
New Orleans/Jefferson Parish, LA
103
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Riverside City & County, CA
313
Texas Balance of State
442
Watsonville/Santa Cruz City &
County, CA
222
Oregon Balance of State
432
Richmond/Contra Costa County,
CA
209
Washington Balance of State
333
Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange
County, CA
183
Ohio Balance of State
253
San Bernardino City & County, CA
141
Georgia Balance of State
244
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 147
Exhibit 4-12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness Who
are Unsheltered by CoC, 2022
UnaccompaniedAll Percent
CoC Name Unsheltered
All Percent
p•
Youth
Youth
Major City CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
San Jose/Santa Clara
1,155
90.6%
Santa Rosa,
521
96.2%
City & County, CA
Petaluma/Sonoma
County, CA
Raleigh/Wake County,
132
84.8%
Little Rock/Central
138
57.2%
NC
Arkansas, AK
San Francisco, CA
1,073
84.1%
Spokane City &
116
37.9%
County, WA
Tucson/Pima County,
179
81.0%
Eugene,
100
32.0%
AZ
Springfield/Lane
County, OR
Austin/Travis County,
168
79.8%
New
103
29.1 %
TX
Orleans/Jefferson
Parish, LA
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Watsonville/Santa Cruz
222
97.3%
Chattanooga/Southea
190
96.8%
City & County, CA
st Tennessee, TN
Marin County, CA
126
95.2%
Salinas/Monterey,
214
94.4%
San Benito Counties,
CA
Richmond/Contra Costa
209
83.3%
Oregon Balance of
432
76.2%
County, CA
State
Riverside City &
313
74.8%
Georgia Balance of
244
75.0%
County, CA
State
Honolulu City and
136
67.6%
Central Oregon
103
73.8%
County, HI
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 148
Exhibit 4-13: Demographic Characteristics of Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Each
CoC Category, 2022
Other Largely Largely Suburban
Major City CoCs Largely
b,
All Unaccompanied 14,858 2,343 6,646 6,160
Youth
Ag
Under 18 8.5% 10.4% 6.9% 11.9%
18 to 24
91.5% 89.6%
93.1% 88.1%
Gender
Female
38.6%
39.8%
42.3%
43.1 %
Male
56.2%
56.4%
54.7%
53.3%
Transgender
2.6%
2.1 %
1.4%
1.4%
A Gender that is not 2.2%
1.5%
1.2%
1.6%
Singularly `Female' or
`Male'
0.2%
0.3%
0.6%
Questioning 0.5%
Ethnic
79.6%
76.7%
83.6%
Non-Hispanic/Non-
68.7%
Latin(a)(o)(x)
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
31.3%
20.4%
23.3%
16.4%
Race
American Indian,
3.0%
8.6%
1.7%
5.7%
Alaska Native, or
Indigenous
Asian or Asian
1.7%
0.6%
1.0%
0.7%
American
Black, African
46.1%
32.2%
36.2%
17.4%
American, or African
Native Hawaiian or
1.5%
1.4%
2.0%
1.0%
Pacific Islander
White
39.1 %
45.8%
51.3 %
68.7%
Multiple Races
8.6%
11.4%
7.7%
6.4%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total because three CoCs did not report complete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
Exhibit 4-14: Change in Unaccompanied Youth Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC
Category, 2020-2022
All Unaccompanied
Youth
Sheltered
Unsheltered
All Unaccompanied Youth -4,136
-12.1%
-166
-1.0%
-3,970
-23.5%
Major Cities -2,161
-12.7%
-176
-2.2%
-1,985
-22.2%
Other Largely Urban CoCs -40
-1.7%
-65
-4.6%
25
2.6%
Largely Suburban CoCs -1,188
-15.2%
-188
-4.3%
1 -1,000
-28.70%
Largely Rural CoCs -747
-10.8%
263
7.7%
-1,010
-29.0%
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 149
Continuums of Care (CoC) were Divided into Four Geographic Categories
➢ Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In
two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities
are located in the same CoC.
➢ Other largely urban CoCs (n=58) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an
urbanized area within the CoC's principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the
nation's 50 largest cities.
➢ Largely suburban CoCs (n=167) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in
suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10
miles of urbanized areas.
➢ Largely rural CoCs (n=109) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban
clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census -defined rural areas.
Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the USDepartment ofEducation 's National Center
for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied
to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report.
On a Single Night in 2022
• Half of all people under the age of 25 and experiencing homelessness on their own were counted in the
nation's major cities. Los Angeles and New York City had the largest numbers, reporting 2,094 and
2,042 unaccompanied youth. The major cities with the next highest numbers were all on the West Coast.
• Within geographic areas, major cities had the highest percentage of unaccompanied youth found
staying in unsheltered locations (47%), followed by largely urban CoCs (43%) and largely rural CoCs
(40%). Largely suburban CoCs had the lowest percentage of unsheltered unaccompanied youth, at 37
percent.
• Five major city CoCs had percentages of unaccompanied youth staying in unsheltered locations
exceeding 75 percent: San Jose, CA (91%), Raleigh, NC (85%), San Francisco, CA (84%), Tucson, AZ
(81%) and Austin, TX (80%).
• Three largely suburban CoCs had more than 80 percent of their unaccompanied youth found in
unsheltered locations: Santa Cruz (97%), Marin County (95%), and Contra Costa County (83%).
• Among largely rural CoCs, four CoCs had more than three in every four youth staying in unsheltered
locations: Chattanooga, TN (97%), Salinas/Monterey covering San Benito County in California (94%),
Oregon Balance of State CoC (76%), and Georgia Balance of State CoC (75%).
• In all categories of CoCs, nearly all unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness (88-93%) were
between the ages of 18 and 24. Largely rural CoCs had the highest percentage of unaccompanied
youth experiencing homelessness under the age of 18 (12%).
• In major cities, Black, African American, and African youth made up nearly half of the
unaccompanied youth population (46%), followed by Hispanic/Latin(o)(a)(x) youth (31 %). In
contrast, Black unaccompanied youth made up 17% of unaccompanied youth in largely rural CoCs,
followed by Hispanic youth (16%). White unaccompanied youth made up the largest percentage of
youth in largely rural CoCs (69%) and the lowest percentage in major cities (39%).
• Unaccompanied youth who identified as Asian or Asian American or Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander were evenly distributed across geographic areas and represented a small share of all
unaccompanied youth.
• Unaccompanied youth who identified as American Indian, Alaska Native, or Indigenous were more
likely to be in largely urban CoCs, as were youth identifying as multiracial.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 150
Changes over Time by CoC Category
• Between 2020 and 2022, the number of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness declined by
12 percent (4,120 fewer youth). Declines occurred across all geographic areas, with major cities
reporting the largest absolute decline (2,161 fewer youth) and largely suburban CoCs reporting the
largest percentage decline (15%).
• The overall decline in unaccompanied youth homelessness was driven by a reduction in unsheltered
homelessness, in which 3,953 fewer unaccompanied youth were reported between 2020 and 2022 (a
23% decline). Reductions in unsheltered homelessness among unaccompanied youth were reported
across all geographic categories except largely urban CoCs, which increased by 25 youth.
• Sheltered unaccompanied youth homelessness declined by 166 youth between 2020 and 2022. The
declines reported in major cities, largely urban CoCs, and largely suburban CoCs were offset by an
eight percent increase in largely rural CoCs (which reported 263 more youth).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 151
Changes in Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth during the Pandemic (2021-2022)
Between 2021 and 2022, the number of sheltered unaccompanied youth increased by nine percent
(1,341 more people). Increases were observed across nearly all demographic categories. The
percentage increase in sheltered unaccompanied youth slightly outpaced the increase in the number
of beds dedicated to unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness, which increased by four
percent nationally between 2021 and 2022.
The number of unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness increased in all geographic
categories except for major cities between 2021 and 2022. Increases were most pronounced in
largely suburban areas, which experienced a 22 percent increase. Largely urban areas that did not
contain one of the nation's largest cities experienced the largest increase in the number of beds
dedicated to unaccompanied youth (16%).
Exhibit 4-15: Change in Unaccompanied Youth in Sheltered Locations and Beds Dedicated to Youth
by Geographic Category, 2021-2022.
25.0%
21.5%
20.0%
16.096 16.S%
15.0%
10.0%
10.0% 9. fi 8.196
5.3%
5.0% 4.296
0.0% ,
-1.3%
-5.0%
Major Ckies Other Largely Urban Larger Suburban Larger Rural Total
■Sheltered Unaccompanied Youth ■ Beds aedicatedto UnaccompaniedYouth
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 152
5. Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness
The 2021 national Point -in -Time (PIT) counts were considerably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the public health crisis, HUD encouraged communities to determine whether conducting an
unsheltered PIT count posed a high risk of exacerbating COVID-19 transmissions, given the lack of
widespread access to COVID-19 vaccines at the time. As a result, less than half of communities conducted
a full sheltered and unsheltered count. While this report includes some data on all veterans in sheltered
locations in 2021, incomplete unsheltered data is not included. Analysis of changes over time are generally
limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes in the sheltered population between 2021
and 2022 will be included in text boxes at the end of each chapter.
Communities began reporting PIT data on veterans experiencing homelessness in 2009. As such, this report
uses 2009 is the baseline measure of veterans experiencing homelessness in the United States.
5.1 National Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness
Exhibit 5-1: PIT Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status, 2009-2022
80,000
73,367 74,087
70,000
60,000
50,000
43,409 43,437
40,000
30,000
29,958 30,650
20,000
10,000
0
5,455
60,579
55,619
49,689 47,725
40,033
35,143 34,909
32,119 31,505
25,422 25,436
471 40,020 37,878
37,085 37,252
33,129
26,404 24,690
23,312 22,740 22,048
19,750 19,565
20,710 0.
17,570 16,220 15,330 15,204
13,067 14,566 14,345 13,564
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
♦Veterans -41--5heltered Veterans ♦Unsheltered Veterans
Note: The data for 2021 does not display the total count of veterans experiencing homelessness or the count of veterans experiencing unsheltered
homelessness due to pandemic -related disruptions to counts. Additionally, estimates of the number of veterans experiencing sheltered
homelessness at a point in time in 2021 should be viewed with caution, as the number could be artificially depressed compared with non -
pandemic times, reflecting reduced capacity in some communities or safety concerns regarding staying in shelters.
Exhibit 5-2: Proportion of Adults Experiencing Homelessness Who are Veterans by Sheltered Status, 2022
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 153
Exhibit 5-3: Change in the Number of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness, 2009-2022
Change 2020-2022
Change
II' I
All Veterans -4,123
-11.1%
-40,238
-54.8%
Sheltered -2,483
-11.3%
-23,844
-54.9%
Unsheltered -1,640
-10.8%
-16,394
-54.7%
On a Single Night in 2022
• 33,129 veterans were experiencing homelessness in the U.S., approximately seven percent of all
adults experiencing homelessness.
• Of every 10,000 veterans in the United States, 20 were experiencing homelessness. It is
somewhat more common for veterans to experience homelessness than for all people in the
United States (18 people out of every 10,000).
• Nearly all veterans were experiencing homelessness as individuals, 98 percent. Of those
individuals, 28 percent (9,396 veterans) had chronic patterns of homelessness.
• About six in 10 veterans experiencing homelessness were staying in sheltered locations (59% or
19,565 veterans). This is higher than the share of all individuals experiencing homelessness who
were sheltered, 49 percent.
• Three percent of veterans experiencing homelessness (840 veterans) were in family households
with children (representing 807 households). Overall, 36,754 people experiencing homelessness
were in households that included a veteran.
• Veterans experiencing homelessness as families with children were sheltered at a higher rate than
veterans experiencing homelessness as individuals (79% vs. 59%), but at a lower rate than all
families with children experiencing homelessness (89%).
Changes in Veteran Homelessness over Time
Given that more than half of communities did not conduct full unsheltered counts in 2021, changes over
time are limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Notable changes in the sheltered veteran
population between 2021 and 2022 are highlighted the text box at the end of this section.
Between 2020 and 2022, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness decreased by 11
percent (4,123 fewer people). The decrease occurred in both sheltered and unsheltered locations.
HUD began collecting data on veterans experiencing homelessness in 2009.Overall, veteran
homelessness decreased by 55 percent between 2009 and 2022 (40,238 fewer veterans). This
decrease occurred across sheltered and unsheltered locations, both of which also decreased by 55
percent (23,844 fewer sheltered veterans and 16,394 fewer unsheltered veterans).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 154
Exhibit 5-4: Demographic Characteristics of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness, 2022
All Veterans Sheltered Veterans Unsheltered Veterans
All Veterans 33,129
100% 19,565
100% 13,564
100%
Gender 016.
Female
3,440
10.4%
1,784
9.1%
1,656
12.2%
Male
29,372
88.7%
17,705
90.5%
11,687
86.2%
Transgender
141
0.4%
42
0.2%
99
0.7%
A Gender that is not
Singularly `Female' or
`Male'
118
0.4%
27
0.1 %
91
0.7%
Questioning
38
0.1%
7
0.0%
31
0.2%
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
29,086
87.8%
17,897
91.5%
11,189
82.5%
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
4,043
12.2%
1,668
8.5%
2,375
17.5%
Race
American Indian, Alaska
Native, or Indigenous
1,034
3.1%
414
2.1%
620
4.6%
Asian or Asian American
404
1.2%
159
0.8%
245
1.8%
Black, African American, or
African
10,240
30.9%
6,733
34.4%
3,507
25.9%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander
417
1.2%
153
0.8%
264
1.9%
White
19,355
58.4%
11,408
58.3%
7,947
58.6%
Multiple Races
1,679
5.1%
698
3.6%
981
7.2%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total because three CoCs did not renort
comnlete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
Demographic Characteristics
The AHAR has been reporting demographic information on people experiencing homelessness on a
single night since 2017. In 2022, the ways in which people identified their gender changed considerably,
expanding the gender identity categories to include "questioning" and allowing people to select more than
one gender.2 As a result, any comparisons made to prior years should be viewed with caution as they are
not exact comparisons.'
• Men accounted for almost nine of every ten veterans experiencing homelessness in 2022 (89% or
29,392 veterans), which is close to the 90 percent of all veterans in the U.S. who are men.
• Women veterans experiencing homelessness were much more likely to be in a household with a
child under 18 years of age (11%) than their male counterparts (2%).
• In contrast to the population of individuals experiencing homelessness, in which women were
more likely to be sheltered, women veterans experiencing homelessness were more likely to be
found in unsheltered locations than their male counterparts (48% vs. 40%).
• The highest percentage of veterans experiencing homelessness were White (58%), followed by
veterans who were Black, African American, or African (31%). This pattern is consistent across
veterans experiencing sheltered or unsheltered homelessness.
• People who identify as Black, African American, or African were considerably overrepresented
among veterans experiencing homelessness. Black veterans comprised 34 percent of veterans
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 155
experiencing sheltered homelessness and 26 percent of veterans experiencing unsheltered
homelessness compared with 12 percent of all U.S. veterans. Conversely, while 58 percent of
veterans experiencing homelessness were White, they were underrepresented compared to their
share of all U.S. veterans (76%).
• The percentage of veterans experiencing homelessness who identify as Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
was considerably smaller than the percentage of Hispanics among people experiencing
homelessness as individuals (12% vs. 22%).
Changes in Demographics over Time
Reductions in veteran homelessness included a 16 percent decrease in veterans who identify as
Black, African American, or African (1,946 fewer veterans) and a 9 percent decrease in White
veterans (1,805 fewer veterans).
The number of veterans experiencing homelessness who were women increased by 10 percent (or
314 veterans). Increases in the number of unsheltered women veterans outpaced the increase of
women staying in sheltered locations (13% compared to 7%).
5.2 Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by State
Exhibit 5-5: Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by State, 2022
ME,243
VT,1 o0
N H,127
NY MA,534
990 RI,113
PA CT,149
P78 NJ, 479
D E, 93
M D, 303
VA'+_ DC, 208
392
Percent of All Adults
Experiencing Homelessness
that are Veterans
a-5
6-10
■ 11-14
■ 15 and over
a
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 156
Exhibit 5-6: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness who
were Unsheltered, 2022
State All Veterans Unsheltered Unsheltered
Highest Rates
Mississippi
139
104
74.8%
California
10,395
7,392
71.1 %
Washington
1,569
864
55.1 %
Georgia
664
365
55.0%
Hawaii
306
159
52.0%
Lowest Rates
Wisconsin
341
5
1.5%
Maine
243
6
2.5%
New York
990
25
2.5%
North Dakota
37
1
2.7%
Nebraska
145
5
3.4%
Note: Excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. territories.
Exhibit 5-7: Largest Changes in the Number of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by State, 2009-2022
Change I
Largest Increases
Maine
140
135.9%
Oregon
183
14.4%
Oregon
131
9.9%
Maine
120
97.5%
Mississippi
71
104.4%
Vermont
39
63.4%
Utah
41
36.0%
n/a
Alaska
40
42.6%
n/a
n/a
n/a
Largest Decreases
California
-1,006
-8.8%
California
-7,578
-42.2%
Colorado
-306
-29.3%
New York
-4,889
-83.2%
Massachusetts
-302
-36.1%
Florida
-4,856
-68.1%
New York
-261
-20.9%
Texas
-3,780
-68.8%
Texas
-237
-12.2%
Georgia
-2,096
-75.9%
Note: Figures from 2009-2020 exclude Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Michigan. All
figures exclude Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 157
On a Single Night in 2022
• California accounted for 32 percent of all veterans experiencing homelessness in the United
States (10,395 veterans) and more than half of all unsheltered veterans (55% or 7,392 veterans).
• Florida accounted for the next largest percent share of veterans experiencing homelessness at 7
percent. Every other state's share was 5 percent or less, and 25 states' shares and the District of
Columbia were less than 1 percent.
• More than seven in ten veterans experiencing homelessness in unsheltered locations were in four
states: California (55%), Washington (6%), Florida (6%), and Oregon (5%).
• In five states, more than half of all veterans experiencing homelessness were unsheltered:
Mississippi (75%) California (71%), Washington (55%), Georgia (55%), and Hawaii (52%).
• In 17 states, 90 percent or more of veterans experiencing homelessness were staying in sheltered
locations. States with very small percentages of veterans who were unsheltered were Wisconsin
(2%), Maine (3%), New York (3%), North Dakota (3%), and Nebraska (3%).
Changes over Time
• Veteran homelessness decreased in 35 states and the District of Columbia between 2020 and
2022. California, Colorado, and Massachusetts had the largest absolute decreases. The largest
percentage decrease was in New Mexico (64%), followed by Arkansas (51 %) and Hawaii (37%).
• The number of veterans experiencing homelessness increased in 15 states between 2020 and
2022. The largest absolute and percentage increase was in Maine (140 more veterans or a 136%
increase). The second largest absolute increase was in Oregon, which saw an increase of 131
veterans experiencing homelessness between 2020 and 2022 (10%). The second largest
percentage increase was in Mississippi (104%).
• Since 2009, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness has increased in only three states:
Oregon (by 183 people), Maine (by 120 people), and Vermont (by 39 people).
• Between 2009 and 2022, the number of veterans experiencing homelessness decreased in 47
states and the District of Columbia, with the largest absolute decreases in California (7,578 fewer
veterans), New York (4,889), and Florida (4,856). States with large percentage decreases were
Louisiana (84%), New York (83%), New Mexico (78%), and Georgia (76%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 158
5.3 Estimates of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by CoC"
Exhibit 5-8: Share of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category and Sheltered Status, 2022
Exhibit 5-9: Percent of all Veterans Experiencing Homelessness that are Sheltered and Unsheltered in Each
CoC Category, 2022
Largely Rural CoCs
Largely Suburban CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Major Cities
36.0%�
0% 100/0 200/0 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 800/0 900/0 100%
■ Sheltered ■ Unsheltered
17 Analysis of homelessness at the CoC Category level excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 159
Exhibit 5-10: Demographic Characteristics of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category, 2022
OtherMajor T
City COCS Urban CoCs F "..h.,
Suburban CoCs Rural CoCs
All Veterans 15,401 2,983 8,497 6,132
Gender
Female
10.3%
8.0%
10.9%
10.9%
Male
88.5%
91.0%
88.5%
88.6%
Transgender
0.6%
0.7%
0.3%
0.2%
A Gender that is not
Singularly `Female' or
`Male'
0.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
Questioning
1 0.1 %
10.0%
0.1 %
0.1 %
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/Non-
Latina o x
83.8%
93.2%
90.0%
93.0%
Hispanic/Latin(a)(o)(x)
16.2%
6.8%
10.0%
7.0%
Race
American Indian, Alaska
Native, or Indigenous
3.1%
3.6%
2.2%
4.2%
Asian or Asian American
1.7%
0.6%
1.2%
0.4%
Black, African American,
or African
37.7%
27.8%
30.2%
16.6%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander
1.4%
0.6%
1.2%
0.8%
White
50.6%
161.7%
160.9%
173.4%
Multiple Races
15.4%
15.8%
14.4%
14.5%
Note: The demographic data for unsheltered may not sum to the total because three CoCs did not report complete
demographic information for the unsheltered data used in this report.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 160
Exhibit 5-11: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by CoC Category,
2022
Veterans
CoC Name Experiencing
Homelessness
Major City CoCs
Veterans
CoC Name Experiencing
Homelessness
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Los Angeles City & County, CA
3,456
St. Petersburg, Clearwater,
Largo/Pinellas County, FL
310
Seattle/King County, WA
855
Eugene, Springfield/Lane County,
OR
283
San Diego City and County, CA
686
Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma
County, CA
191
San Jose/Santa Clara City & County,
CA
660
Reno, Sparks/Washoe County, NV
148
Sacramento City & County, CA
625
St. Louis City, MO
123
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Watsonville/Santa Cruz City &
County, CA
332
Texas Balance of State CoC
465
Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange County,
CA
280
Washington Balance of State CoC
389
Honolulu City and County, HI
198
Indiana Balance of State CoC
315
San Bernardino City & County, CA
196
Georgia Balance of State CoC
278
Riverside City & County, CA
195
Oregon Balance of State CoC
259
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 161
Exhibit 5-12: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Veterans Experiencing Homelessness who were
Unsheltered by CoC Category, 2022
Veterans Percent
Veterans Percent
CoC Name Experiencing Unsheltered
CoC Name Experiencing Unsheltered
Homelessness
Homelessness
Major City CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Santa Rosa,
San Jose/Santa Clara
Petaluma/Sonoma
City & County, CA
660
78.8%
County, CA
191
76.4%
Eugene,
Los Angeles City &
Springfield/Lane
County, CA
3,456
78.7%
County, OR
283
71.0%
Oakland,
Oxnard, San
Berkeley/Alameda
BuenaventuraNent
County, CA
550
78.2%
ura County, CA
120
59.2%
Seattle/King County,
Spokane City &
WA
855
71.0%
County, WA
111
40.5%
St. Petersburg,
Clearwater,
Largo/Pinellas
San Francisco, CA
605
66.8%
County, FL
310
26.1%
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Hawaii Balance of
Imperial County, CA
101
99.0%
State CoC
108
81.5%
Watsonville/Santa Cruz
Georgia Balance of
City & County, CA
332
93.4%
State CoC
278
80.9%
San Bernardino City &
Humboldt County
County, CA
196
84.7%
CoC, CA
202
65.3%
Jackson/Rankin,
Oregon Balance of
Madison Counties, MS
105
81.0%
State CoC
259
58.3%
Salinas/Monterey,
Santa Maria/Santa
San Benito
Barbara County, CA
117
75.2%
Counties CoC, CA
160
51.3%
Exhibit 5-13: Change in Veterans Experiencing Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC Category, 2020-
2022
ExperiencingAll Veterans
Homelessness
Total Veterans
-4,108
-11.1%
_2,484
-11.3%
-1,624
-10.8%
Major City CoCs
-2,610
-14.5%
-2,041
-20.8%
-569
-6.9%
Other Largely Urban CoCs
-57
-1.9%
-44
-2.0%
-13
-1.5%
Largely Suburban CoCs
-1,211
-12.5%
-653
-10.3%
-558
-16.7%
Largely Rural CoCs
-230
-3.6%
254
6.9%
-484
-18.0%
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 162
Continuums of Care (CoQ were Divided into Four Geographic Categories
Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In
two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities
are located in the same CoC.
2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=58) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an
urbanized area within the CoC's principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the
nation's 50 largest cities.
3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=167) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in
suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10
miles of urbanized areas.
4. Largely rural CoCs (n=109) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban
clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census -defined rural areas.
Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education's National
Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they
were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report.
On a Single Night in 2022
• Veterans were less likely than all people experiencing homelessness to be in major cities (47% vs.
50%). Still, major city CoCs accounted for nearly half of the veterans experiencing homelessness
nationwide (47%) and more than half of unsheltered veterans (57%).
• Conversely, CoCs that were largely suburban accounted for just over one -quarter (26%) of
veterans experiencing homelessness, similar to the 23 percent share for all individuals.
• About 19 percent of veterans experiencing homelessness were counted in largely rural CoCs,
about the same share as all people experiencing homelessness (18%). Fewer unsheltered veterans
experience homelessness in rural areas (16%) than all people experiencing unsheltered
homelessness (19%).
• In major cities, 50 percent of all veterans experiencing homelessness were unsheltered. This is the
highest rate of any of the geographic categories. In largely suburban areas one-third (33%) of
veterans experiencing homelessness were unsheltered, and in largely rural areas just more than
one third were unsheltered (36%). CoCs that were largely urban but did not contain one of the
nation's largest cities reported the lowest rate of unsheltered homelessness among veterans, at 29
percent.
• The demographic characteristics of veterans experiencing homelessness varied by geography.
Veterans who identified as White made up a larger share of all veterans experiencing
homelessness in largely rural CoCs (73%) compared with major city CoCs (51%). Conversely,
veterans who identified as Black, African American, or African made up a larger share of
veterans experiencing homelessness in major cities (38%) than in largely rural CoCs (17%).
• Los Angeles, CA and Seattle/King County, WA, both major city CoCs, had the largest number of
veterans experiencing homelessness, with 3,456 (or 10% of all veterans experiencing
homelessness) and 855 veterans experiencing homelessness (or 3% of the national share).
• Four of the five major city CoCs with the highest percentages of veterans experiencing
homelessness in unsheltered locations were in California, and all had unsheltered rates greater
than 65 percent. San Jose/Santa Clara City and Los Angeles City and County had the highest
percentages of unsheltered veterans at 79 percent each.
• The major city with the lowest percentage of veterans experiencing unsheltered homelessness was
Philadelphia (0%), followed by New York City (2%) and Boston (3%).
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 163
• The CoC with the highest rate of veteran unsheltered homelessness was in a largely suburban
CoC, Imperial County, CA at 99 percent.
• Among largely rural CoCs, Hawaii Balance of State and Georgia Balance of State had the highest
percentages of veterans experiencing unsheltered homelessness (82% and 81%).
Changes over Time by CoC Category
Veteran homelessness declined across all geographic areas between 2020 and 2022. Nearly half
of the decline in overall veteran homelessness (4,108 fewer veterans) was driven by a decline in
the number of veterans experiencing sheltered homelessness within major cities (2,041 fewer
veterans).
Across all CoC categories, the largest decrease in the number of veterans experiencing
homelessness occurred in major cities and largely suburban CoCs, which saw decreases of 15
percent (2,610 fewer veterans) and 13 percent (1,211 fewer veterans).
The number of veterans staying in sheltered locations declined across all CoC types with the
exception of largely rural CoCs, which reported an increase of 254 sheltered veterans between
2020 and 2022. There were fewer unsheltered veterans in all geographic types in 2022 than there
were in 2020.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 164
Changes in the Sheltered Population during the Pandemic (2021-2022)
While the larger sheltered population experienced increases between 2021 and 2022 due, in large part,
to a restoration of shelter capacity, these changes did not result in a significant change in the number of
veterans experiencing sheltered homeless. Between 2021 and 2022 the number of veterans experiencing
sheltered homelessness declined by one percent (185 fewer people). However, this year-to-year decline
in sheltered veterans is more modest than those experienced in recent years.
Exhibit 5-14 Recent Changes in the Number of Sheltered Veterans
0% -
-2% M M -0.9%
-4% -25% -3.0%
-696
�Ei96
-1096
-1296 -10.4%
2018 to 2019 2019 to 2020 2020 to 2021 2021 to 2022
The decrease in the number of veterans experiencing sheltered homelessness was driven entirely by
decreases in major cities. There were 10 percent fewer veterans in shelter programs there in 2022 than
in 2021. By comparison, the number of sheltered veterans increased by 13 percent in rural areas, by six
percent in urban areas that did not contain one of the nation's largest cities, and by one percent in
largely suburban CoCs. Overall inventory dedicated to veterans among programs serving people
experiencing homelessness remained relatively stable between 2021 and 2022 (decreasing by less than
one percent). The number of emergency shelter, transitional housing, and safe haven beds set aside for
veterans increased by seven percent in largely suburban areas and declined in all other geographic
categories. However, this does not account for key resources aimed at ending veteran homelessness,
such as Supportive Services for Veterans and their Families (SSVF), VASH, and other permanent
housing programs.
Exhibit 5-15. Change in Sheltered Veterans and Dedicated Veteran Beds by Geographic Category, 2021-
2022
15% 12.6%
10% 5.56.9%
96
596 ■ 1.496 .
0%
-5% 73% -0.7% -1.0% -0.6%
-10%
-9.5%
-15%
Major Ckies Other Largely Urban Largely Suburban Largek Rural CoCs Total
CoCs CoCs
■ Sheltered Veterans ■BedsDedicated toVeterans
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 165
6. Estimates of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness
in the United States
The 2021 national Point -in -Time (PIT) counts were considerably impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the public health crisis, HUD encouraged communities to determine whether conducting an
unsheltered PIT count posed a high risk of exacerbating COVID-19 transmissions, given the lack of
widespread access to COVID-19 vaccines at the time. As a result, less than half of communities conducted
a full sheltered and unsheltered count. While this report includes some data on all people with chronic
patterns of homelessness in sheltered locations in 2021, incomplete unsheltered data is not included.
Analysis of changes over time are generally limited to those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes
in the sheltered population between 2021 and 2022 will be included in text boxes at the end of each chapter.
6.1 National Estimates of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness
in the United States
Exhibit 6-1: PIT Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness by Sheltered Status, 2007-2022
140,000
127,768
119,81120,115
120,000
07,212106,06�03,522
110,528
96,268
96,141
100,000
86,28983,98983,170
86,70588,640
78,04574,697
771486
73,417 78,615
80,000
61,62062,73364,55163,621
60,076 60,941
57,886
56,87152,78654,81552 890
60,000
40,000
41,76845,41845,59243,329
49,153
44,647
20,000
38,971
32,64729,41831,20328,355
IIIJill
35,200 37,111
26,62930,754
24,596
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2013 2014 2015 2016
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
fAll Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness
f Individuals Experiencing Sheltered Chronic Homelessness
f Individuals Experiencing Unsheltered Chronic Homelessness
Notes: The data for 2021 does not display the total count of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness or the count of individuals
experiencing unsheltered chronic homelessness due to pandemic -related disruptions to counts. Additionally, estimates of the number of
individuals experiencing sheltered chronic homelessness at a point in time in 2021 should be viewed with caution, as the number could be
artificially depressed compared with non -pandemic times, reflecting reduced capacity in some communities or safety concerns regarding staying
in shelters.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 166
Exhibit 6-2: Change in the Number of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness, 2007-2022
Change
2020-2022
Change
I I I2007-2022
%
Change
�
Total Individuals Experiencing
17,240
15.6%
21,706
20.5%
7,955
6.6%
Chronic Homelessness
Sheltered Individuals
12,042
32.4%
5,845
13.4%
7,385
17.7%
Experiencing Chronic
Homelessness
Unsheltered Individuals
5,198
7.1%
15,882
25.3%
570
0.7%
Experiencing Chronic
Homelessness
On a Single Night in 2022
• 127,768 people experiencing homelessness as individuals in January 2022 were reported to have
chronic patterns of homelessness, nearly one-third (30%) of all individuals experiencing
homelessness. This represents the highest share of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness
since these data were first reported in 2007.
• Two thirds of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were counted in unsheltered
locations (62% or 78,615).
Changes over Time
Given that more than half of communities did not conduct full unsheltered counts in 2021, changes over
time described throughout this report are primarily those between 2022 and 2020 or earlier. Key changes
in the sheltered population between 2021 and 2022 are included at the end of each chapter.
The number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness increased by 16 percent (17,240
more people) between 2020 and 2022. This overall increase reflects increases in both the sheltered
population (32%) and the unsheltered population (7%).
There has been a steady rise in the number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness in recent
years. Since 2016, the number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness increased by
about 25,000 people in both sheltered and unsheltered locations. These increases reflect a 50 percent
rise for the unsheltered population and a doubling of the number of individuals with chronic patterns
of homelessness staying in sheltered locations since 2016.
The numbers of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness in both sheltered and unsheltered
locations were higher in 2022 than they were in 2007 when these data were first reported. Overall,
chronic homelessness increased by seven percent since 2007. There were about 600 more individuals
with chronic patterns of homelessness (or 1%) staying outdoors in 2022 and 18 percent more
individuals with chronic patterns staying in sheltered locations.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 167
6.2 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Patterns of Homelessness
by State
Exhibit 6-3: Estimates of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness by State, 2022
N 341
H,
MA, 1,558
RI, 421
L}CT' 117
JJ,1,521
E,196
1 D, 899
1,257 percent of All Individuals
Experiencing Homelessness
that have Chronic Patterns of
Homelessness
0-14
■ 15-19
20-29
■ 30 and over
4L
HI
1,495
Exhibit 6-4: States with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of
Homelessness who were Unsheltered, 2022
Number of
State Experiencing Chronic Unsheltered (#) Unsheltered
Homelessness
Highest Rates
Mississippi
105
89
84.8%
California
57,760
44,120
76.4%
Tennessee
1,653
1,259
76.2%
Hawaii
1,495
1,135
75.9%
Georgia
1,354
967
71.4%
Lowest Rates
Vermont
398
14
3.5%
North Dakota
170
14
8.2%
Maine
500
76
15.2%
Indiana
470
75
16.0%
Virginia
1,142
183
16.0%
Puerto Rico and U.S. territories were excluded.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 168
Exhibit 6-5: Largest Changes in the Number of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Patterns of Homelessness
by State, 2007-2022
State Change I I I 1 22 State
Change 2007-2022
Largest Incre
California 8,948
18.3%
California
17,419
43.2%
Oregon 2,324
56.4%
Washington
4,773
183.4%
Washington 1,433
24.1%
Oregon
3,618
127.9%
Nevada 1 1,421
1 106.8%
1 Nevada
1,881
216.0%
Texas 1 950
Largest Decreases
Illinois -717
24.6%
-34.8%
Hawaii
Florida
717
-3,254
92.2%
-43.6%
New Mexico
-582
-44.9%
Texas
-3,119
-39.3%
Florida
-441
-9.5%
Illinois
-1,340
-50.0%
New York
-433
-6.7%
Ohio
-1,285
-55.7%
Maryland
-304
-25.3%
Massachusetts
-1,232
-44.2%
Notes: Puerto Rico and U.S. territories were excluded. Due to methodological changes, Colorado, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Wyoming, and Michigan were excluded from the list of largest changes 2007-2022.
On a Single Night in 2022
• Nearly half (45%) of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness in the United States were in
California (57,760 people). California also accounts for 56 percent of all unsheltered individuals with
chronic patterns of homelessness in the United States (44,120 people).
• In five states, more than 70 percent of individuals experiencing homelessness were staying in
unsheltered locations: Mississippi (85%), California (76%), Tennessee (76%), Hawaii (76%), and
Georgia (71%).
• Two states sheltered more than 90 percent of individuals experiencing chronic patterns of
homelessness: Vermont (96%) and North Dakota (92%).
• The extent to which individuals experiencing homelessness have chronic patterns varies by state. The
highest rate was in Oregon, where more than four of every ten individuals experiencing homelessness
had chronic patterns (44%). The lowest rate was in Connecticut, where less than one of every twenty
individuals experiencing homelessness had chronic patterns (6%).
Changes over Time
• Between 2020 and 2022, 35 states experienced an increase in the number of individuals with chronic
patterns of homelessness. This confirms that these increases are not the experiences of just a few
places. The increase in individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness is a nationwide issue.
• California had the largest absolute increase: in 2022, 8,948 more individuals experiencing chronic
patterns of homelessness were counted than in 2020. The next largest absolute increase was in
Oregon, where 2,324 more individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness were counted
than in 2020. Vermont had the largest percentage increase (141%, or 233 individuals), followed by
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 169
Maine (119% or 272 individuals), Rhode Island (115% or 225 individuals), and Nevada (107%, or
1,421 more people).
Fifteen states and the District of Columbia experienced a decrease in the number of individuals with
chronic patterns of homelessness between 2020 and 2022. The largest absolute decreases occurred in
Illinois, where 717 fewer people were experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness in 2022 than in
2020 and was New Mexico with 582 fewer people experiencing chronic homelessness. The largest
percentage decrease also occurred in the New Mexico (45%).
Between 2007 and 2022, 26 states and the District of Columbia recorded decreases in individuals
experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness. Florida experienced the largest decline, with 3,230
fewer individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness counted in 2022 than in 2007. Texas
had the next absolute largest decline, with 3,119 fewer individuals experiencing chronic patterns of
homelessness. Connecticut, West Virginia, and Montana had the largest percentage declines (89%,
82%, and 82%) over this longer period.
Of the 25 states that experienced increases in the number of individuals with chronic patterns of
homelessness between 2007 and 2022, the largest absolute increase occurred in California, with
17,419 more individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness in 2022 than in 2007. Other
states with large absolute increases were Washington (4,773 more chronically homeless individuals)
and Oregon (3,618).
In twelve states, the number of individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness has more
than doubled between 2007 and 2022, with the largest increases in Maine (416% more individuals
with chronic patterns of homelessness), Montana (313%), Nevada (216%), Rhode Island (214%), and
Kansas (193%).
6.3 Estimates of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Patterns of Homelessness
by CoC"
Exhibit 6-6: Share of Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness by CoC Category and Sheltered
Status, 2022
" Analysis of homelessness at the CoC Category level excludes Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 170
Exhibit 6-7: Percent of all Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness who are Sheltered and
Unsheltered by CoC Category, 2022
Largely Rural CoCs
Largely Suburban CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Major Cities
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
■ Sheltered ■ Unsheltered
65.4% mi
60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Exhibit 6-8: CoCs with the Largest Numbers of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness by CoC
Category, 2022
Individuals
Individuals
CoC Name Experiencing
CoC Name Experiencing
Chronic
Chronic
Homelessness
Homelessness
Major City CoCs
Other Largely Urban CoCs
Los Angeles City & County, CA
25,583
Eugene, Springfield/Lane County,
1,169
OR
New York City, NY
4,963
Santa Rosa, Petaluma/Sonoma
711
County, CA
Seattle/King County, WA
4,027
Saint Paul/Ramsey County, MN
632
Sacramento City & County, CA
3,955
Oxnard, San BuenaventuraNentura
600
County, CA
Portland, Gresham/Multnomah
2,970
Spokane City & County, WA
545
County, OR
Largely Suburban CoCs
Largely Rural CoCs
Santa Ana, Anaheim/Orange
2,361
Washington Balance of State CoC
1,607
County, CA
Richmond/Contra Costa County,
1,510
Texas Balance of State CoC
1,085
CA
San Bernardino City & County, CA
1,101
Oregon Balance of State CoC
909
Watsonville/Santa Cruz City &
896
Hawaii Balance of State CoC
745
County, CA
Riverside City & County, CA
812
Humboldt County, CA
715
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 171
Exhibit 6-9: CoCs with the Highest Percentages of Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness Who are
Unsheltered by CoC Category, 2022
PercentIndividuals
' ' P.
CoC Name Experiencing that are
rcent
CoC Name Experiencing that are
Chronic Unsheltered
Homelessness
Chronic Unsheltered
Homelessness
Major Cities
Other Urban CoCs
Kansas City, Independence,
Topeka/Shawnee
Lee's Summit/Jackson,
County, KS
Wyandotte Counties, MO &
KS
343
89.5%
129
87.6%
Raleigh/Wake County, NC
Savannah/Chatha
275
88.0%
m County, GA
103
86.4%
Los Angeles City & County,
Huntsville/North
CA
25,583
85.8%
Alabama, AL
112
84.8%
Long Beach, CA
Eugene,
Springfield/Lane
1,277
83.3%
County, OR
1,169
75.9%
Tucson/Pima County, AZ
Santa Rosa,
Petaluma/Sonom
661
82.5%
a County, CA
711
70.5%
Suburban CoCs
Rural
Imperial County, CA
493
99.6%
Tehama County,
112
99.1%
CA
San Bernardino City &
1,101
93.3%
Chattanooga/Sou
440
97.5%
County, CA
theast Tennessee
CoC
Murfreesboro/Rutherford
120
91.7%
Amador,
217
92.6%
County, TN
Calaveras,
Mariposa,
Tuolumne
Counties, CA
Palm Bay,
288
91.0%
Redding/Shasta,
546
89.0%
Melbourne/Brevard County,
Siskiyou,
FL
Lassen, Plumas,
Del Norte,
Modoc, Sierra
Counties, CA
Pensacola/Escambia, Santa
250
90.0%
Hawaii Balance
745
88.5%
Rosa Counties, FL
of State CoC
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 172
Exhibit 6-10: Change in Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness by Sheltered Status and CoC
Category, 2020-2022
Experiencing
All Individuals
Homelessness
Chronic
Sheltered
Unsheltered
Total
17,751
16.2%
12,066
32.6%
5,685
7.8%
Major Cities
11,555
18.7%
6,166
32.0%
5,389
12.6%
Other Largely Urban
CoCs
1,677
22.1%
1,310
37.3%
367
9.0%
Largely Suburban CoCs
2,331
9.3%
2,813
31.2%
-482
-3.0%
Largely Rural CoCs 1
2,188
1 14.4% 1
1,777 1
33.9% 1
411
1 4.1 o
Continuums of Care (CoQ were Divided into Four Geographic Categories
1. Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In
two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities
are located in the same CoC.
2. Other largely urban CoCs (n=58) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an
urbanized area within the CoC's principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the
nation's 50 largest cities.
3. Largely suburban CoCs (n=167) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in
suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10
miles of urbanized areas.
4. Largely rural CoCs (n=109) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban
clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census -defined rural areas.
Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education's National
Center for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they
were applied to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report.
On a Single Night in 2022
• Individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were more likely to be found in major city CoCs
than all individuals. Fifty-seven percent of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness were
counted in CoCs that include one of the nation's 50 largest cities, compared with 51 percent of all
individuals.
• While six of every ten individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness in unsheltered
locations were in major cities, just six percent of individuals experiencing unsheltered chronic
homelessness did so in urban areas that do not contain one of the 50 largest cities.
• Fewer individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness were staying in largely suburban or
largely rural areas than all individuals. Just over one -fifth of all individuals experiencing chronic
patterns of homelessness were in largely suburban CoCs, similar to the share of all individuals (22%).
Rural areas accounted for 18 percent of all individuals and only 14 percent of individuals with
chronic patterns of homelessness.
• The distribution of sheltered and unsheltered homelessness among individuals with chronic patterns
of homelessness varied by geographic region. Within major cities, 65 percent of individuals with
chronic patterns of homelessness were unsheltered. Largely rural and largely suburban CoCs also had
rates of unsheltered homelessness among individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness that
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 173
exceeded 50 percent (59% and 57%). In other largely urban CoCs (without one of the nation's largest
cities) this rate was less than half, 48 percent.
• Los Angeles had, by far, the largest number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness in
the country (25,583 people or 20% of the national total). New York City had the second largest
number of individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness, 4,963 people (or 4% of the
total). In Los Angeles, more than 8 in 10 individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness
are unsheltered, while in New York City less than one -fifth (17%) are unsheltered.
• Largely suburban and largely rural CoCs reported some of the highest rates of unsheltered
homelessness among individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness. The highest was in Imperial
County, CA (nearly 100%), a largely suburban CoC, and Tehama County, CA (99%), a largely rural
CoC.
• Thirty-four CoCs reported that no individuals found in unsheltered locations had chronic patterns of
homelessness.
Changes over Time by CoC Category
Chronic homelessness increased in each geographic category between 2020 and 2022. Major city
CoCs experienced the largest increase in individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness (11,555
more people or 19%). This increase was experienced by both unsheltered (5,389 more individuals)
and sheltered individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness (6,166 more individuals).
Largely suburban CoCs had the second largest increase overall (2,331 more individuals with chronic
patterns or 9%). This increase was driven by a rise in individuals with chronic patterns of
homelessness living in sheltered locations (2,813 more individuals or 31%). A small decrease in the
number of unsheltered individuals experiencing chronic patterns of homelessness only slightly offset
this rise (482 fewer people or 3%). Largely suburban CoCs were the only geographic area to report a
decline in unsheltered homelessness among individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 174
Changes in Sheltered Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness during the Pandemic (2021-
2022)
Since 2016, there have been steady increases in the number of sheltered individuals with chronic patterns of
homelessness. The number of individuals with chronic patterns of homelessness staying in sheltered
locations in 2022 was 10 percent higher than it was in 2021 (4,506 more people). While a considerable
increase, it was outpaced by increases in the number of individuals experiencing chronic patterns of
homelessness in shelter between 2020 and 2021 (20%).
Exhibit 6-11. Year to Year Increases in Sheltered Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness
2.5%
20.3%
20%
15.5% 14.5%
15%
10.1%
10°% 8.396
5.4%
596
0�6
2016 to 2017 2017 to 2018 2018 to 2019 2019 to 2020 2020 to 2021 2021 to 2022
Increases in the number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness occurred across geographic
categories and, by percent, was most pronounced in rural areas, which experienced a 27 percent rise.
Largely suburban areas had the second largest increase, with 12 percent more sheltered individuals with
chronic patterns of homelessness in 2022 than in 2021.
Exhibit 6-12. Percentage Change in Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness, 2021-2022
M%
77.196
25%
20%
15% 12.2%
10%
6.3% 5.3%
596 ■0%
Major Cities Other Largely Urban CoCs Larger Suburban CoCs Largey Rural CoCs
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 175
7. National Inventory of Beds for People Currently Experiencing
Homelessness and People Transitioning Out of Homelessness
Exhibit 7-1: Project Types for People Currently Experiencing Homelessness and People Transitioning Out of
Homelessness
*Emergency Shelter (ES): provides temporary
or nightly shelter beds to people
experiencing homelessness
*Transitional Housing (TH): provides people
experiencing homelessness a place to stay
combined with supportive services for up to
24 months
*Safe Havens (SH): provides private or semi-
private temporary shelter and services to
people with severe mental illness and are
limited to serving no more than 25 people
within a facility
Types of Programs in the National Inventory
-Rapid Rehousing (RRH): a housing model
designed to provide temporary housing
assistance to people experiencing
homelessness, moving them quickly out of
homelessness and into permanent housing
*Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH): a
housing model designed to provide housing
assistance (project- and tenant -based) and
supportive services on a long-term basis to
people who formerly experienced
homelessness. HUD's Continuum of Care
program, authorized by the McKinney-Vento
Act, funds PSH and requires that the client
have a disability for eligibility.
*Other Permanent Housing (OPH): a housing
model with or without services that is
designed specifically for people who formerly
experienced homelessness. OPH does not
have a disability requirement.
Communities across the country submit data each year on their residential programs for people experiencing
homelessness and their programs that help people end their experiences of homelessness/move into
housing. The two basic types of programs are shelter programs for people experiencing homelessness and
housing programs for formerly experiencing homelessness. Communities report the number of beds that
are available for both types of programs at the same time each January they conduct Point -in -Time counts.
The national inventory is the total number of beds in all communities, as reported through the housing
inventory count (HIC), that are available for both types of programs.
1) Shelter is intended to serve people currently experiencing homelessness and is comprised of two
main types of programs, emergency shelters (ES) and transitional housing programs (TH).
Conceptually, ES is shorter -term and provides less intensive services than TH.19 Shelter also
includes a small number of programs for individuals who have been identified as having higher
needs (such as severe mental illness), called safe havens (SH). The sheltered data only reports on
beds that are available during the entire year. While the HIC includes information on beds
available during severe weather events (storms, fires, extreme cold), seasonal timeframes (open
" Some transitional housing programs provide housing in which the individual or family may be able to stay after
the transitional period with intensive services ending (sometimes called "transition -in -place"), and some emergency
shelters have intensive services. Communities decide how to categorize their programs when reporting data to HUD.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 176
during a specific period of time), and beds made available when the number of people seeking
shelter exceeds capacity (overflow beds), the focus of this analysis is on the year-round inventory
for people experiencing homelessness. This information reflects the planned capacity
communities rely on to meet the current needs of people experiencing homelessness.
2) Permanent housing is intended to serve people who were experiencing homelessness at the time
they were enrolled in a permanent housing program. Once the program assists them in finding a
housing unit, that housing is considered permanent in the sense that they have a lease (or similar
agreement) and may be able to stay in the same housing unit long-term. This category includes
rapid rehousing (RRH), a short-term subsidy in housing the individual or family may be able to
remain in after the subsidy ends; permanent supportive housing (PSH), housing with supportive
services for people with disabilities who are transitioning out of homelessness; and other permanent
housing (OPH), which also is intended for people transitioning out of homelessness but is not
restricted to people with disabilities. The information reflects the planned capacity of communities
to use these targeted programs to help people no longer experience homelessness. Only programs
considered by the Continuum of Care to be part of the homeless services system are included in the
HIC as OPH. Communities may use other programs to help people leave homelessness.20
Exhibit 7-2: Distribution of the National Bed Inventory by Program Type, 2022
■ Emergency Shelter
Transitional Housing
■ Rapid Re -housing
■ Permanent Supportive
Housing
■ Other Permanent Housing
Note: A small percentage of safe haven beds (0.3%) are in the national inventory, but not included in the exhibit.
Rapid Re -housing includes Demonstration Programs.
The National Inventory as of 2022
• A total of 1,045,911 year-round beds were dedicated to serving people who are currently
experiencing homelessness or transitioning out of homelessness in communities across the nation.
• Six of every ten beds, 60 percent, were in permanent housing for people transitioning out of
homelessness. Four in ten beds, 40 percent, provided shelter for people currently experiencing
homelessness.
20 For example, assisted housing such as Housing Choice Vouchers and public housing may be used to help people
leave homelessness but are not always included in the HIC.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 177
• Of the 418,642 beds for people currently experiencing homelessness, 79 percent were in emergency
shelters, and 21 percent were in transitional housing programs. Less than one percent (0.6%) were
provided through safe havens. There is about a 160,000 bed shortfall in the national inventory for
people currently experiencing homelessness compared to the total number of people experiencing
homelessness on a single night in the United States (582,462 people).
• Of the 627,269 beds in programs that helped people leave homelessness, 62 percent were in
permanent supportive housing, 24 percent were in rapid re -housing programs, and 14 percent were in
other permanent housing. Other permanent housing programs include two types of permanent housing
projects: housing that also provides connection to support services but does not require the person to
have a disability to receive housing, and permanent housing with no built-in support services.
Exhibit 7-3: Inventory of Beds in Shelters and Permanent Housing, 2007-2022
4W,WU
400,000
-
387,305
369,293
372,385
376,709
361,386
353,800
350A00
340,906
329,675
318,673
307,908
30❑,282
301,127
300,OW
284,298
2861203
291,837
274,786
277,537
267,106
264,440
264,629
249,497
250,000
236,79
238,708
219,381
225,84❑
229,206
211,451 211,222 214,45
221,610
205,06
200,400 22I,205 207,589
195,724
200,fi23 201,879
197,192
188,636
185,332
171,214
149,866
150,000
159,784
137,206
144,749
20,249
112,961
122,700
109,095
100 000
93 718
90,098
77,141
101,029
60,312
95,446
92,061
86,071
86,347
52,102
49,977
50,000
37,783
37,770
36,790
39,854
24,329
53,856
9,8A3
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
tEmergency Shelter +Transitional Housing Rapid Re -housing m4P-PermarnentSupportive }lousing ♦•Other Permanent Housing
Note: The small share of Safe Haven beds (0.3%) is not included in this exhibit. Rapid Re -housing includes Demonstration
Programs.
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant changes to the national inventory. At the time of the
2021 HIC, precautions taken to reduce the spread of the COVD-19 virus resulted in considerable changes
to the capacity of homeless service providers. To reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission, facility -
based emergency shelters with congregate settings took measures to increase physical distancing by
reducing the number of beds available for occupancy. In some cases, this reduced capacity was reported
through the Housing Inventory Count (HIC), but in other communities it was not. By the time of the 2022
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 178
HIC, Congress had appropriated significant funding to support additional emergency shelter, rapid re-
housing, other permanent housing, and permanent supportive housing (see the box at the end of this
chapter for more information). As such, the discussion on changes to the national inventory is broken up
into two sections. The first compares changes to the national inventory pre -pandemic (2007-2020). The
second compares changes to the national inventory since the start of the pandemic (2020-2022).
Changes to the National Inventory, 2007-2020
The total national inventory for people experiencing homelessness (i.e., emergency shelter,
transitional housing, and safe have inventory) remained about the same between 2007 and 2020.
However, the type of housing assistance changed over that period. Between 2007 and 2020, the
number of beds in emergency shelters rose by 42 percent or 89,676 beds. This increase was matched
by a 56 percent decrease in the number of beds in transitional housing programs, which dropped
by 119,144 beds. Safe haven inventory increased by 268 beds it was first reported in 2008.
The inventory of permanent supportive housing more than doubled, rising from 188,636 beds in
2007 to 372,385 beds in 2020.
Communities began reporting data on other permanent housing programs and rapid re -housing
programs in 2014, when rapid rehousing was a relatively new program model. The number of beds
in other permanent housing programs increased from 9,843 beds in 2014 to 49,877 beds in 2020,
while the number of beds in rapid rehousing rose from 37,783 beds in 2014 to 122,700 beds in
2020.
Exhibit 7-4: Change in National Inventory of Year -Round Beds for Shelters and Permanent Housing, 2007-
2022
Change
I I
I2007-2022
Change
Total Beds
105,459
11.2%
434,619 71.1 %
Emergency Shelter
28,548
9.5%
118,224 55.9%
Transitional Housing
-5,714
-6.2%
-124,858 -59.1%
Safe Haven
318
13.8%
Rapid Re -housing
27,166
22.1
Permanent Supportive Housing
14,920
4.0%
198,669
105.3%
Other Permanent Housing
40,221
80.6%
Note: Based on Year-round beds and does not include seasonal or overflow beds.
Exhibit 7-5: Emergency Shelter Beds (Year -Round, Seasonal, and Overflow) by Bed Type, 2020-2022
Total ES Beds
2020 ES Beds
336,618
2022I
373,477
I I
10.9%
Facility -based ES beds
304,561
306,693
0.7%
Voucher -based beds
14,232
48,810
243.0%
Other ES beds
17,825
17,974
0.8%
Note: Beds based on total beds ear -round beds and seasonal/overflow beds
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 179
Exhibit 7-6: Emergency Shelter Beds (Year -Round, Seasonal, and Overflow) Funded by ESG-CV, 2021-2022
Recent Changes to the National Inventory, 2020-2022
In January 2022, communities were still responding to the ongoing COVID-19 public health crisis. Many
emergency shelters relied on hotels, motels, and other voucher -based shelter beds to reduce the possibility
of transmission and keep people staying in shelter programs safe. These policies are reflected in the changes
in the national inventory between 2020 and 2022.
• Emergency shelter beds continued to increase between 2020 and 2022, by more than 28,500 beds
or 9 percent, while beds in transitional housing programs continued to drop, by 5,714 beds or six
percent. In 2022, about one -quarter of emergency shelter beds were funded with a one-time
infusion of ESG-CV funding (see box at the end of the chapter for more discussion on this), a
funding source used specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic to help communities address
homelessness during the pandemic. This represents an increase over 2021, during which 19
percent of ES inventory used ESG-CV funding.
• Another indication of the impact of the pandemic on the national inventory is the type of
emergency shelter beds communities relied on in 2022. There are three types of emergency
shelter beds: facility -based beds, representing most beds across the country, voucher -based beds
(such as hotels and motels used by programs with their own facilities), and other beds, such as
those in church basements or other private locations not funded by HUD. Between 2020 and
2022, the number of facility -based beds remained relatively flat while the number of voucher
beds increased by 243 percent, representing the increased need for non -congregate shelter driven
by the pandemic and pandemic -related funding opportunities.
• Rapid Re -housing saw significant growth between 2020 and 2022, by 22 percent, or 27,166 beds.
Many communities used their ESG-CV funding to increase their rapid re -housing programs. In
2022, 35,825 rapid re -housing beds reported in the HIC were partially or fully funded using
Emergency Solutions Grants Coronavirus (ESG-CV) funds.
• Other permanent housing saw a more marked increase over the same time period, growing by 81
percent or more than 40,221 beds. This largely reflects communities including some of their
Emergency Housing Voucher (EHV) funding in the HIC as other permanent housing (in 2022,
30,362 OPH beds were funded using EHV funds). The EHV program, another federal response to
the COVID-19 pandemic, is administered through memoranda of understanding between CoCs
and public housing agencies.
• Permanent supportive housing also continued to grow between 2020 and 2022, by four percent or
14,920 beds.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 180
Exhibit 7-7: Inventory of Year -Round Beds for Individuals and Families, 2022
Beds for People:Year-Round
Beds for Individuals
in Families
Households
Beds
Emergency
181,786
55.1%
145,159
44.0%
2,730
0.8%
329,675
100.0%
Shelter
Transitional
46,.
o
6303 53/0
39514
,
458
.0/0
530
06
.0/0
86 , 347
100.0%
Housing
Safe Haven
2,620
100.0%V11qW
0
0.0%
2,620
100.0%
Rapid
60,430
40.3%
89,356
59.6%
80
0.1%
149,866
100.0%
Re -housing
Permanent
Supportive
262,593
67.8%
124,672
32.2%
40
0.0%
387,305
100.0%
Housing
Other
Permanent
43,366
48.1%
46,713
51.8%
19
0.0%
90,098
100.0%
Housing
Total Beds
597,098
57.1%
445,414
42.6%
3,399
0.3%
1,045,911
100.0%
Note: Safe haven beds are onlv available
for individuals. which may include child
-only households.
Beds Serving Individuals and Families in 2022
Just as this report has separate sections on people in families with children (households with at least one
adult and one child under 18) and on individuals (people experiencing homelessness who are not part of a
family), communities report on their program inventory in those categories.
• Slightly more emergency shelter beds across the nation were intended for individuals (55%)
compared to beds for people experiencing homelessness as families with children (44%). Less than
one percent were for people experiencing homelessness as children under 18 without a parent present.
• Similarly, 54 percent of transitional housing beds were targeted to individuals and 46 percent to
families with children. Fewer than one percent were for child -only households.
• While rapid re -housing was originally designed as an intervention to help families avoid going to
shelters or leave shelters for permanent housing quickly, it has increasingly been used by
communities to help individuals. As of 2022, nearly six of every ten rapid re -housing beds (60%)
were targeted to people in families with children, and the remaining four in ten beds (40%) were for
individuals. Individuals usually are experiencing homelessness on their own, so the number of beds
available for individuals is often similar to the number of housing units (e.g., apartment units). Rapid
re -housing for families, on the other hand, requires multiple beds per unit, so the share of rapid re-
housing units, as distinct from beds, for individuals is even greater.
• Over two-thirds (68%) of permanent supportive housing beds were for individuals. Individuals were
more likely to have had chronic patterns of homelessness in 2022 (30% of individuals compared to
7% of families). About a third of PSH beds (32%) are targeted to families.
• A higher share of beds in other permanent housing programs —programs without a restriction to assist
people with disabilities —were for families, 52 percent.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 181
Exhibit 7-8: Inventory of Year -Round Beds for Special Populations, 2022
Beds for People
Bed Type
Total Beds Chronic Patterns of
Beds for Veterans
Beds for
Youth
Homelessness
Emergency
329,675
4,172
1.3%
7,540
2.3%
Shelter
86,347
4;12,676
Transitional
14.7%
9,518
°
11.0%
r1/a
2,620
Safe Haven
1,588
60.6%
10
0.4%
Rapid
149,866
12,985
8.7%
7,867
5.2%
Rehousing
Permanent
Supportive
387,305 178,545
46.1%
109,143
28.2%
5,080
1.3%
Housing
Other
Permanent
90,098 N/A
2,266
2.5%
1,463
1.6%
Housing
Total Beds
1,045,911 178,545 17.1%
142,833
13.7%
31,478
3.0%
Note: Only permanent supportive housing programs funded by HUD can report dedicated beds for people experiencing
chronic patterns of homelessness on the HIC. Per the Fiscal Year 2022 HMIS data standards, "a dedicated bed is a
bed that must be filled by a person in the subpopulation category (or a member of their household) unless there are no
persons from the subpopulation who qualify for the project located within the geographic area." For more information,
see page 62 of the HMIS Data Standards Manual: hlt2s:Hfiles.hudexchanize.info/resources/documents/FY-2022-
HMIS-Data-Standards-Manual.pdf
Beds Dedicated to Veterans and Youth
• Fourteen percent of all beds in the national inventory (142,933 beds in total) were dedicated to
veterans experiencing homelessness and their family members. Nearly four in five beds for veterans
(76%) were in permanent supportive housing programs. Although the number of safe haven beds was
small (2,620 beds in total), three of every five safe haven beds (60%) were dedicated to veterans.
• In 2022, 31,478 beds were dedicated to unaccompanied youth or families with young parents (all
members of the household are under the age of 25). Of these beds, 54 percent were for youth
currently experiencing homelessness, with 30 percent in transitional housing projects and 24 percent
in emergency shelters. Overall, beds dedicated to youth represented only three percent of the total
inventory of beds available for people experiencing homelessness.
• The total number of beds dedicated to veterans continued to increase between 2020 and 2022, by
4,428 beds overall. This increase largely reflected increases in veteran -dedicated beds among
permanent supportive housing and other permanent housing programs.
• The total number of beds for youth also increased between 2020 and 2022, by 4,240 beds, or nearly
16 percent. This increase largely reflected increases in youth -dedicated beds in emergency shelter,
rapid re -housing, and other permanent housing programs.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 182
Exhibit 7-9: Inventory of PSH Beds for People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness, 2007-2022
Year
2007
Number of Beds
37,807
2008
42,298
2009
50,602
2010
55,256
2011
67,964
2012
74,693
2013
81,666
2014
94,282
2015
95,066
2016
111,390
2017
149,005
2018
168,503
2019
181,505
2020
179,569
2021
173,457
2022
178,545
Change 2020-2022
Change II I
PSH Beds for People
Experiencing Chronic
-1,024
-0.6%
140,738 372.3%
Homelessness
Beds Targeted to Individuals with Chronic Patterns of Homelessness
Permanent supportive housing programs may dedicate all or a portion of their beds to people with
chronic patterns of homelessness, and (if funded by the federal government) must serve people with
disabilities. In 2022, 46 percent of beds in permanent supportive housing programs (178,545 of the
387,305 total beds) were explicitly targeted to people experiencing chronic homelessness.
Despite a slight decline in the number of permanent supportive housing beds for people with chronic
patterns of homelessness between 2020 and 2022 (a decline of 1,024 beds), there has been an almost
four -fold increase (372%) in the number of beds dedicated to people experiencing chronic
homelessness since these data were first collected in 2007.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 183
Exhibit 7-10: Inventory of Beds by Program Type and CoC Category, 2022*
All 31.5% 14.3% 37.096
Major Cities
32.3% 12.696 39.096
Other Urban CoCs 8.8%
Suburban CoCs 28.0% 15.7% 38.5% 8.7%
Rural CoCs
0% 101/0 200/0 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 800/0 900/0 100%
■ Emergency Shelter ■ Transitional Housing ■ Rapid Re -housing
■ Permanent Supportive Housing ■ Other Permanent Housing
*Excludes safe haven inventory, which accounts for between 0.1% and 0.3% of beds across the four CoC categories.
Beds by CoC Category, 2022
Continuums of Care (CoQ were divided into four geographic categories21
➢ Major city CoCs (n=48) are CoCs that contain one of the 50 largest cities in the United States. In
two cases, Phoenix and Mesa, AZ, and Arlington and Fort Worth, TX, two of the largest US cities
are located in the same CoC.
➢ Other largely urban CoCs (n=58) are CoCs in which the population lives predominately in an
urbanized area within the CoC's principal city or cities, but the CoCs does not include one of the
nation's 50 largest cities.
➢ Largely suburban CoCs (n=167) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in
suburban areas, defined as urbanized areas outside of a principal city or urban clusters within 10
miles of urbanized areas.
➢ Largely rural CoCs (n=109) are CoCs in which the population lives predominantly in urban
clusters that are more than 10 miles from an urbanized area or in Census -defined rural areas.
Note: These definitions have been adapted from definitions used by the US Department of Education 's National Center
for Education Statistics to characterize the locations of schools. For detailed information on how they were applied
to CoCs, see the About the Report section of this report.
• The distribution of beds for people currently experiencing homelessness varies modestly across
categories of CoCs. All communities had many more emergency shelter beds than they did
transitional housing beds in 2022. The difference was greatest in major city CoCs, where 82 percent
of beds for people experiencing homelessness were in emergency shelters and only 18 percent in
21 CoCs located in Puerto Rico and U.S. Territories were excluded from the CoC Category analysis.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 184
transitional housing programs. Largely suburban CoCs had the highest percentage of transitional
housing beds, accounting for 24 percent of beds for people experiencing homelessness.
Across all CoC categories, permanent supportive housing was the dominant type of permanent
housing for people who were formerly experiencing homelessness included in the HIC. Major cities
had the highest percentage of PSH beds among the permanent housing inventory, with 65 percent,
followed closely by other urban CoCs with 64 percent. Unlike the other project types, OPH beds
accounted for a higher share of the overall bed inventory in all CoC types in 2022 than they did in
2020.
• Rapid re -housing accounted for a larger share of beds in largely rural areas (18%) than any other
geographic category. By comparison, in major cities rapid re -housing accounts for 13 percent of all
beds.
Key Changes in the National Inventory, 2021-2022
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Government passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and
Economic Security Act (CARES Act) in March 2020. As part of the CARES Act, Congress appropriated
$4 billion to the Emergency Solutions Grants - Coronavirus (ESG-CV) program to help communities to
support additional homeless assistance and prevention activities. CoCs could use ESG-CV funds to support
additional sponsor -based rental assistance, hotel or motel costs for people experiencing homelessness, and
temporary emergency shelters. In 2021, 14 percent of all inventory for people currently experiencing
homelessness was funded using ESG-CV funds and by 2022, 19 percent was. ESG-CV funds were also
used to support an increase in rapid re -housing inventory. In 2021, 10 percent of all rapid re -housing
inventory was funded using ESG-CV funds and by 2022 this had increased to 34 percent.
In March 2021, Congress passed the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) which included $1.1 billion in
funding to support Emergency Housing Vouchers (EHV). EHVs can be used to provide permanent housing
support to people experiencing homelessness or at risk of homelessness. The HIC captures data on other
permanent supportive housing (OPH) and permanent supportive housing (PSH) that was supported using
EHV funds. At the time of the 2022 HIC, 34 percent of all OPH and 1 percent of PSH inventory was
supported by EHV funding.
Exhibit 7-11: Inventory of Beds Funded by Coronavirus Relief -Related Funding, 2021-2022.
2021 I
Bed Inventory ESG-CV
0) Funded
Emergency Shelter,
Safe Haven, and 396,466 14% 418,245 19%
Transitional
Housing Inventor
RRH Inventory
137,206
10%
149,819 34%
OPH Inventory
53,856
9
90,052 34%
PSH Inventory
376,709
387,053 r 1%
Note: ESG-CV funding is only available to ES and RRH inventory and was in use by the time of the 2021 HIC. EHV funding can
be used to support OPH and PSH housing and was in use by the time of the 2022 HIC.
The AHAR Part 1, 2022 Page 185