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Emerald Ash Borer Readiness Plan
Copyright 2014 City of Dubuque Action Items # 4. ITEM TITLE: Emerald Ash Borer Readiness Plan SUMMARY: City Manager recommending adoption of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Readiness Plan. SUGGESTED DISPOSITION: Suggested Disposition: Receive and File; Approve ATTACHMENTS: Description Type ❑ Emerald Ash Borer Readiness Plan-MVM Memo City Manager Memo ❑ Memo to Adopt EAB Readiness Plan Staff Memo ❑ EAB Readiness Plan Supporting Documentation ❑ Information Related to EAB Supporting Documentation THE CITY OF Dubuque U E I erica .i Masterpiece on the Mississippi 2007-2012-2013 TO: The Honorable Mayor and City Council Members FROM: Michael C. Van Milligen, City Manager SUBJECT: Emerald Ash Borer Readiness Plan Adoption Recommendation DATE: December 28, 2014 Leisure Services Manager Marie Ware is recommending adoption of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Readiness Plan. Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) has been found in Jo Davies County, Illinois, at Apple Canyon Lake. This is only about 38 miles from the City of Dubuque. It has also most recently been found in Story County, Iowa. On March 28th, 2014, it was confirmed in 9 Iowa counties and that number has grown to 13 counties today. It is not a question of if EAB will arrive; it is a question of when. The information attached explains EAB and where it has been found. A comprehensive plan needs to be developed to handle the infestation when it arrives. In an effort to prepare for the arrival of EAB, Park Division Manager Steve Fehsal and City Forester Steve Pregler developed an EAB Readiness Plan. A preliminary ash tree survey has been completed. Based on a combined 2010 street tree survey and survey conducted by Steve Pregler in the spring of 2014, there are approximately 1750 city owned ash trees which includes street trees, trees in parks and recreation areas and trees on all other city owned properties. The inventory does not include ash trees in wooded areas, along park wood lines, undeveloped right of ways, and in roadside ditches and alleys. As the City implements the action plans included in the EAB Readiness Plan, the City's response to this devastating pest is strengthened. A comprehensive ash tree management plan will need to be created. City ordinances and policies will need to be reviewed and updated to include information regarding EAB. Inspections of ash trees that are public and private may be needed to help control the spread of EAB. Public education will become critical for residents of Dubuque and surrounding areas. Continuing education will be needed for staff to stay up to date on the latest information about EAB. A budget will need to be created for such things as equipment, contracts, treatments, etc. Contractual agreements may need to be made with area businesses regarding all the different aspects of dealing with EAB. With the large amount of wood being removed, utilization options need to be considered including firewood restrictions and possible marketing strategies and processing options. Treatment, removal, and replanting policies will need to be established. Over the course of the coming months these will all be brought forward for review and approval. The Park Division Forestry Activity plans to work with the Public Works Department regarding some aspects of EAB. Informational training will be held for all Park Division employees and selected Public Works employees to educate them about EAB in January of 2015. The Leisure Services Department will also work very closely with the City's Public Information Office to ensure information is provided to the public in a timely manner. An EAB page has been set up on the City's website. This website provides basic information about EAB for the public. Steve Pregler, City Forester has also been giving PowerPoint presentations at various functions regarding EAB. The Park and Recreation Commission reviewed the EAB Readiness Plan at their December meeting and unanimously recommended approval. I concur with the recommendation and respectfully request Mayor and City Council approval. Mic ael C. Van Milligen MCVM:jh Attachment cc: Barry Lindahl, City Attorney Cindy Steinhauser, Assistant City Manager Teri Goodmann, Assistant City Manager Marie Ware, Leisure Services Manager Randy Gehl, Public Information Officer Steve Pregler, Park Division Manager 2 THE CITY ODubuque AII4me1 rica City DUBi&E r Masterpiece on the Mississippi 2007-2012-2013 TO: Michael C. Van Milligen, City Manager FROM: Marie Ware, Leisure Services Manager SUBJECT: Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Readiness Plan Adoption Recommendation DATE: December 23, 2014 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this memo is to share information related to the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) and recommend adoption of the EAB Readiness Plan. BACKGROUND Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) has been found in Jo Davies County, Illinois, at Apple Canyon Lake. This is only about 38 miles from the City of Dubuque. It has also most recently been found in Story County, Iowa. On March 28th, 2014, it was confirmed in 9 Iowa counties and that number has grown to 13 counties today. It is not a question of if EAB will arrive; it is a question of when. The information attached explains EAB and where it has been found. A comprehensive plan needed to be developed to handle the infestation when it arrives. In an effort to prepare for the arrival of EAB, Steve Fehsal and Steve Pregler, City Forester needed to develop an EAB Readiness Plan first. Readiness plans include action plans for notifications as the EAB is found and identification of issues to address in future plans such as city ordinance and policy reviews and updates, inspections of trees on private and public property, public education, contractor licensing, staff education, budgeting, contract agreements, wood utilization options, firewood restrictions and more. A preliminary ash tree survey has been completed. Based on a combined 2010 street tree survey and survey conducted by Steve Pregler in the spring of 2014, there are approximately 1750 city owned ash trees which includes street trees, trees in parks and recreation areas and trees on all other city owned properties. 2010/2014 CITY TREE SURVEY RESULTS-1750 trees Street trees 1300 Park and Recreation area trees 425 Other City owned property trees 25 1 The inventory does not include ash trees in wooded areas, along park wood lines, undeveloped right of ways, and in roadside ditches and alleys. DISCUSSION The City of Dubuque EAB Readiness Plan is attached. There is no standard readiness plan for EAB for a city. This plan however was compiled using examples from other cities. This plan is specific to Dubuque's needs and areas. The Readiness Plan was also reviewed by Crenna Brumwell, Assistant City Attorney and Randy Gehl, Public Information Officer. As we institute the action plans included in the EAB Readiness Plan, we strengthen our response to this devastating pest. A comprehensive ash tree management plan will need to be created. City ordinances and policies will need to be reviewed and updated to include information regarding EAB. Inspections of ash trees that are public and private may be needed to help control the spread of EAB. Public education will become critical for residents of Dubuque and surrounding areas. Continuing education will be needed for staff to stay up to date on the latest information about EAB. A budget will need to be created for such things as equipment, contracts, treatments, etc. Contractual agreements may need to be made with area businesses regarding all the different aspects of dealing with EAB. With the large amount of wood being removed, utilization options need to be considered including firewood restrictions and possible marketing strategies and processing options. Treatment, removal, and replanting policies will need to be established. Over the course of the coming months these will all be brought forward for review and approval. In preparation for the adoption of this EAB Readiness Plan, Steve Fehsal, Park Division Manager and I have met with Don Vogt, Public Works Director and John Klostermann, Streets and Sewer Maintenance Supervisor. We have also met with Public Information Officer Randy Gehl. The Park Division Forestry Activity plans to work with the Public Works Department regarding some aspects of EAB. Informational training will be held for all Park Division employees and selected Public Works employees to educate them about EAB in January of 2015. Hands on training will also be completed to ensure as many employees as possible are trained for when EAB arrives. The Forestry Activity will train and experiment with the Public Works employees based on their expertise. Their expertise will determine the role they play as well as the role of the Public Works Department for EAB. The Leisure Services Department will also work very closely with the City's Public Information Office. Department staff will work with Randy Gehl and his staff to ensure information is provided to the public in a timely manner. A news release will be created to provide a summary of the EAB Readiness Plan and why the City is creating this plan. Other essential information will be provided to keep the citizens of Dubuque informed at all times. Additional information will be provided through the public information office and a City webpage as the EAB process progresses. 2 An EAB page has been set up on the City's website. This website provides basic information about EAB for the public. It can be found at www.cityofdubuque.org/EAB. Steve Pregler, City Forester has also been giving PowerPoint presentations at various functions regarding EAB. The Park and Recreation Commission reviewed the EAB Readiness Plan at their December meeting and unanimously recommended approval. RECOMMENDATION I respectfully recommend adoption of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Readiness Plan. Prepared by Steve Fehsal, Park Division Manager Attachments — Readiness Plan / Information Related to EAB cc: Steve Pregler, City Forester Crenna Brumwell, Assistant City Attorney Randy Gehl, Public Information Officer 3 CITY OF DUBUQUE EMERALD ASH BORER READINESS PLAN 2014 THE CITY OF DUB E Masterpiece on the Mississippi Prepared By: City of Dubuque Leisure Services Department Adopted: , 2014 I 2014 EMERALD ASH BORER READINESS PLAN Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................3 Goal.................................................................................................................................3 Objective..........................................................................................................................3 Background......................................................................................................................3 Responsibilities................................................................................................................3 AshTree Populations.......................................................................................................4 Monitoring/Detection........................................................................................................4 Prevention/Treatment Options.........................................................................................5 Removalof Trees ............................................................................................................5 Disposalof Debris............................................................................................................6 Reforestation ...................................................................................................................7 PotentialCosts.................................................................................................................7 PublicEducation..............................................................................................................8 Notification.......................................................................................................................9 CommunicationPlan......................................................................................................10 ActionPlan/Checklist.....................................................................................................10 Appendices A— Press Release.........................................................................................................13 B— E-News Submission ................................................................................................15 C— Door Hangers..........................................................................................................16 D — City of Dubuque Code of Ordinances—Trees.........................................................17 E— Street Trees and Landscaping on City ROW Policy................................................18 F— Recommended Street Trees....................................................................................19 G —Trees Not Allowed in Street Right-of-Ways.............................................................23 2 INTRODUCTION: The City of Dubuque recognizes the need to be prepared to respond to the presence of the emerald ash borer (EAB), a destructive, highly invasive, non-native insect that has the potential to affect the City's urban forest for years to come. GOAL: The goal of this Plan is to identify appropriate and effective response actions to be taken in the event that the EAB is discovered within city of Dubuque limits. These actions include prevention, detection, communication, and management activities. The City is committed to using the best available science and information about the economic, environmental, and social consequences of the available options as the basis for making appropriate management and control recommendations. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this Plan is to minimize the destructive effects of EAB on the City's ash tree population. Ash trees are a valuable component of the City's forests. They have been widely planted throughout the city on both public and private properties and grow naturally in wooded areas throughout. The EAB has recently been confirmed within thirty-eight(38) miles of the city of Dubuque border. Taking a proactive approach to this invasion will enable the City to address public and private needs in an efficient and cost effective manner. This Plan will continue to be an evolving document with revisions being made as more information becomes available on the EAB and its control. BACKGROUND: The EAB, Agrilus planipennis, is a small, slender, elongated (3/4" long, 1 1/8" wide), bright metallic green beetle, native to Asia. It likely arrived in the United States (in Michigan) from China sometime in the mid-1990s, probably traveling with ship cargo. The EAB has a one (1) year life cycle, emerging between May and July. The EAB kills trees relatively quickly and affects North American ash whether healthy or stressed. The EAB deposits eggs on the surface or in cracks of ash tree bark, which hatch in seven (7) to ten (10) days, to release larvae that feed on the tree's inner bark. Within several weeks, this feeding creates S-shaped tunnels in the tree's inner bark that wind back and forth, becoming progressively wider and disrupting the tree's ability to transport water and nutrients, eventually killing the tree. Adult EABs emerge from trees headfirst, creating very small (1/8" diameter) D-shaped exit holes that leave minimal evidence of infestation until the canopy begins to die back. Affected trees quickly decline in the second growing season and are usually dead by the third season. RESPONSIBILITIES: The City is responsible only for trees located in planting lawns, right-of-ways, parks, City owned properties, and green spaces. Street trees and trees planted on other developed publically owned properties will be the highest priority. Trees on undeveloped public right-of-ways and properties will be a lower priority. Trees planted by private property owners or trees that have naturally established themselves on the right-of-way where no sidewalk exists are the responsibility of the adjoining property owner. All trees located on private property are the responsibility of the property owner. 3 The City generally does have the authority to address and remove any possible safety risk to the public, which may be caused by an infested tree located on private property. The City may only address trees on private property which are an immediate danger to the public. ASH TREE POPULATIONS: In 2010 the City began developing a street tree inventory of ash trees. An inventory of ash trees on other City properties, including park areas and other developed properties was completed in the spring of 2014. This combined inventory is currently being updated with current tree health and condition information. The inventories do not include ash trees in: • wooded areas; • along park wood lines; • undeveloped right-of-ways; and, • roadside ditches and alleys. Information from these studies will be used to help guide the City as it addresses the EAB issue. Public Trees: The City has approximately five thousand five hundred (5,500) deciduous trees located within the planting lawns on City right-of-way; one thousand three hundred (1,300) are ash trees or twenty-four percent (24%) of the street tree population. Four hundred fifty (450) ash trees exist on other City property including parks and green space. The City's right-of-way tree population consists of more than twenty-two (22) species of trees, with maple being the most common genus. The ash tree population in Dubuque can be considered an average age urban forest, with tree diameters ranging from five inches (5")to forty-two inches (42"). The age, percentage, and number of ash trees vary significantly by subdivision. Private Trees: The City does not have an inventory of privately owned trees. Ash was a go to tree following the days of Dutch elm disease in the 1960s and was used heavily as a landscape tree throughout Dubuque. It is the responsibility of the property owners to follow the regulations and laws pertaining to the disposal of the EAB (if discovered) or the affected tree/wood. Other Trees: The City's woodlands, hills, bluffs, and river bottoms fall within the native range of three (3) ash tree species. There is no inventory of these trees. Preserving woodland trees is impractical and cost prohibitive. MONITORING/DETECTION: Given the City's unique native terrain, there will always be the potential for EAB presence. Ash trees that die back to the stump in woodland areas will re-sprout. This sucker growth will develop and eventually be re-infested by the EAB. 4 All ash trees should be routinely inspected for possible EAB infestations. Conducting debarking surveys on selected ash trees is recommended. Once the City starts prioritizing and removing higher risk ash trees, it will be required that the trees be debarked and inspected for possible EAB infestation. Appropriate City staff and contracted tree removal companies will be trained in the proper procedure for bark-stripping and identification of EAB larva, pupa, and emerging adults. Residents and local tree services are encouraged to look for signs of possible EAB infestations, and to notify the Leisure Services Department at (563) 589-4298 or the ISU Insect Diagnostic Clinic at (515) 294-0581 if they suspect that they have discovered EAB within the City. PREVENTION/TREATMENT OPTIONS: There has been confusion and debate surrounding the question of whether insecticides are an effective management option for EAB. Research and experience has shown that insecticides can protect healthy problem free ash trees from being killed by EAB. In 2011, the Coalition for Urban Ash Tree Conservation released a "consensus document" co-signed by twenty (20) researchers strongly endorsing ash tree conservation. Current EAB treatment protocols are now available that can preserve ash trees. Research suggests that the best control can be achieved when insecticide treatments are started prior to or in the earliest stages of infestation before visible symptoms are present or possibly the year before trees are infested. Insecticide treatments for all but one chemical formulation must be repeated each year. Tree-age (emamectin benzoate) gives two (2) years of protection. Any company that offers chemical treatment services must have an Iowa Pesticide Application Business License as well as Certified Pesticide Applicators License, certified in the appropriate categories, through the Iowa Department of Agriculture. Research studies have shown that systemic treatments of tree-age (emamectin benzoate) in early spring can prevent EAB infestation. Trees must be re-injected every two (2) years for the remaining useful life of the tree. It has been shown that healthy trees have a higher chance of surviving than declining trees. Due to the expense and frequency of these applications it is the recommendation of the City Forester that the City does not try to treat all of the trees. Significant, sizable, or otherwise important healthy ash trees may be primary candidates for special management, such as preventative treatment. The City's approach is to continue monitoring the progress made in research studies. The City will remove infested trees as they are identified. REMOVAL OF TREES: Public Trees., If EAB is positively identified by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources within the City, the City plans to aggressively remove these trees. Removal is an important strategy in attempting to contain the spread of EAB because removal and destruction of infested trees kills the larvae and prevents the further spread of adult EABs. Removal limits the area to which the adult EABs can easily spread, which 5 should slow the spread of any infestation. As these trees are removed, they will be disposed of following the proper protocol. The City will use an inventory of all public ash trees to manage the removal of all species of ash. The inventory will be used to establish a budget and time frame for the removals. Prioritization will be based on risk abatement, nuisance, and budget. High risk trees will be prioritized and removed first with in the City's budget. The trees will be marked and tracked for removal. Trees that need to be removed will be handled in accordance with current Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship standards, such as transportation, chipping the tree to the proper chip size recommendations, and ensuring that the logs are properly processed at their final location. Unless specifically mandated by the State of Iowa, the City does not plan to remove all healthy ash trees. In years to come, parasitic wasps and other predators like wood peckers could significantly slow the spread of the EAB. In the future, new management tools may be developed that will hold EAB populations to less damaging levels, having a reduced economic impact. Private Trees: The City Forester, or designated representative, will perform visual inspections of ash trees on private property if an EAB infestation is reported and highly suspect. Residents are urged to call the Leisure Services Department to report any suspected infestations or insects believed to be the EAB. Inspections of ash trees on private property will not continue once an initial EAB infestation is confirmed within the City. As discussed earlier, preventative insecticide treatment of ash trees has been shown, under certain conditions, to be effective in preventing EAB infestations. However, there is no treatment that is 100% guaranteed to prevent EAB infestations. The City will provide homeowners with literature, resources, and guidance on various treatments that they may consider that might help prevent EAB infestations, should they wish to treat their healthy ash trees. Most of this information will be available on the City's website with links to other state and national websites as well. In order to best manage EAB throughout the community, privately owned infested trees will have to be removed in a timely manner in accordance with City Code of Ordinances Title 6, Chapter 4, Section 6-4-3(B) Diseased or Damaged Trees or Plant Materials. This requires property owners remove and destroy infested trees within a specified period of time after notice has been served. Removals on private property will be the responsibility of the property owner. All removals shall be done in a manner compliant with the current regulations provided by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship. Any deviations from these regulations shall be reported to the proper agencies. DISPOSAL OF DEBRIS: In the event that EAB is identified within the City limits, it will be crucial to properly handle infected wood debris. The City should explore partnering with nearby private wood processing centers. 6 The City should look for potential markets to offset the cost of processing tree debris; with biomass energy production and sawmilling being two of the possible markets. Debris of trees infested by EAB shall be taken to locations specified by the City or the IDNR. REFORESTATION: The City's Leisure Services Department Forestry Activity will have oversight of all public tree replacement programs within the city limits. As the budget and planting policy guidelines permit, ash trees will be replaced with species that are appropriate to the planting site and increase overall species and age diversity of public trees. Diversification Species diversification is especially important when species-specific pest problems arrive (such as Dutch elm disease or EAB). Without diversification, our community is much more vulnerable to catastrophic losses. In general, no genus should make up more than ten percent(10%) of the City's tree population. The City will work toward this goal for its entire street tree inventory. City residents will be encouraged to plant trees to replace any ash tree removed due to EAB. Recommended replacement trees will be listed on the City's website (www.cityofdubuque.org/EAB). Tree Replacement Programs • Street Trees — The City's Leisure Services Department Forestry Activity will continue to implement the City's annual street tree replacement program. Street trees will be replaced at no cost to adjacent home owners. The current amount budgeted annually is five thousand dollars ($5,000.00). • Private Trees — The City will encourage private property owners to replace lost ash trees with site appropriate shade and evergreen trees. It is to everyone's benefit that the City maintains an overall forest canopy of forty percent(40%). POTENTIAL COSTS: The value of shade trees to City residents (appraised value and benefits) greatly exceeds their costs. Trees provide shade and lower summer temperatures by evaporating water through their leaves. Trees provide value by intercepting storm water, preventing erosion, sequestering carbon, removing air pollutants, and releasing oxygen. Trees can also have a positive psychological and sentimental value that is difficult to quantify. A. Removals: The arrival of the EAB will have a financial impact on the City. It is unlikely all ash trees would have to be removed within one (1) year; however, the City anticipates that removals would increase yearly if the EAB has established itself in Dubuque. There are approximately one thousand seven hundred fifty (1,750) ash trees located within or on City properties, including street trees, park trees, and ash trees located on other developed City properties and developed right-of-ways. The estimated cost to remove all of these trees depends on the diameter of each tree due to how the City's tree removal contract 7 is structured (see table below). The cost for this scenario would be approximately $1,541,420.00 using current tree and stump removal contract pricing. Tree Removal Budget Table DBH* Cost Per Tree Number of Trees, Total Removal Cost 0"-6" $230 554 $127,420 6"-18" $1,100 868 $954,800 18"-26+" $1,400 328 $459,200 TOTAL 1,750 $1,541,420 *Diameter at Breast Height B. Replacement: The estimated cost to replace all of the ash trees located in the City's planting lawn right-of-ways is approximately$533,750.00. Pro'ected Tree Re lacement Budget Cali er Purchase Cost Plantin Cost TreasI Total Planting Cost 1.75"-2" 1 $245 1 $60 1 1,7501 533,750 Total Removal and Replacement Budget Removal $1,541,420 Replacement $533,750 Total Cost $2,075,170 PUBLIC EDUCATION: Public outreach will be a key component for the City in managing an EAB infestation. Proper education and communication will enable the City the ability to make proper decisions and mitigate potential negative reaction. Public information campaigns will focus on asking residents to: • Stay informed and follow directives from the Iowa DNR — Check for periodic updates on these websites: www.iowadnr.govtforestry/eab www.emeraldashborer.info www.extension.iastate.edu/pme/emeraidashborer.html www.iowatreepests.com/eabregulations.htmi 8 • Attend public outreach meetings — Attend public meetings that will address the discovery of EAB in Eastern Iowa. EAB identification and preventative tree treatments will be reviewed. • Review and distribute EAB information — EAB educational information will be available on-line at the City's website (www.cityofdubuque.org/EAB). • Help monitor and report EAB — Learn about EAB and monitor your ash trees for the pest. If you believe you have found either the insect or an infested ash tree, call the City's Leisure Services Department at (563) 589-4298; the City will respond promptly to all such calls until an EAB infestation has been positively confirmed within the city of Dubuque. • Care for ash trees — Care for your private trees routinely and stay abreast of treatment information. If EAB is within fifteen (15) miles, consider treatment as a care option. It is recommended that residents use ISA-certified arborists when hiring tree rare companies. • Plant for diversity — Do not plant ash trees on your property. Plant underutilized tree species instead. The City's website has a posting of specific species for you to consider(www.cityofdubuque.org/EAB). As of February 2014, all 99 counties in Iowa have been quarantined by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship to slow the movement of this destructive pest to non-quarantined areas/states. There is no longer a legal restriction moving ash and ash products within the state of Iowa. DO NOT TRANSPORT FIRE WOOD OUT OF THE STATE OF IOWA. NOTIFICATION: If notification is received reporting the possible discovery of the EAB within the City limits: • The City Forester or designated representative will investigate the complaint as soon as possible. • If the City Forester or designated representative believes the tree is infested with EAB, the Iowa DNR Urban Forestry Division shall be contacted at (515) 281- 5600. A branch debarking sample shall be taken and submitted to: STATE ENTOMOLOGISTS OFFICE 2230 South Ankeny Blvd. Ankeny, IA 50023 (515) 725-1470 • The City Manager shall notify the City Council about the possibility of the presence of the EAB within the City limits. Upon positive identification: • The City Forester or designated representative will notify the City Manager about the positive identification. • The City Manager shall share the information about the positive identification with the City Council. • A press release will be prepared and sent to media contacts. 9 • E-News article will be prepared and posted on City website. • Door hangers will be prepared and distributed to neighboring properties. • Trees within two (2) miles of positive find will be assessed for EAB activity within a reasonable time frame. If an additional EAB infestation is discovered, an expanded survey will be initiated per the new find. • Wood from EAB infested trees must be taken to a pre-approved location for disposal. • Regulatory and control activities will be initiated as necessary. COMMUNICATION PLAN: If the EAB is positively identified within City residents, landowners, and businesses, the immediate area will have a need for pertinent, current information. The public will be notified only after the presence of EAB has been confirmed by the proper authorities. Communications will take place via the following: Press Release: The City will prepare an initial press release within two (2) days of confirmation of the EAB that will include: • Announcement of find • Summary of events leading to find • The latest regulatory issue/what happens now? • Partners in response (relevant agency officials if any) An example press release copy is attached to this Plan as Appendix A. E-News: Information about the finding will be posted on the City's website. An example press release copy is attached to this Plan as Appendix B. Door Hangers: Information about the finding will also be included in a handout/door hanger to distribute to properties of the infested tree. An example door hanger copy is attached to this Plan as Appendix C. DUBUQUE —EAB ACTION PLAN/CHECKLIST: • Determine the City's comprehensive ash tree plan. c A comprehensive plan describes how the City intends to manage ash trees in a variety of scenarios and directs the decision making process with regards to the following issues: ➢ Public Ash Trees ➢ Private Ash Trees ➢ Treatment Options ➢ Woodlot Management ➢ Monitoring ➢ Wood Debris and Disposal • Replanting Plan 10 ➢ Public Education and Communication • Update and revise appropriate public ordinances. o Review current ordinance, address both public and private trees. o The City will need to establish its authority in the removal of all dead, dying, or diseased ash trees on private property. o Declare ash trees, whether living infected or dead, a public nuisance. o Prohibit the planting of ash trees. o Establish authority to inspect ash nursery stock and ash products. o Establish authority to inspect private ash trees. o Establish authority to require removal of public ash tree. o Affirm authority of the City Forester for maintenance and management decisions regarding ash trees. o Define a penalty for the violation of above provisions. o Define provisions by which public ash trees can be treated and preserved at the expense of the private property owner, as opposed to possible removal. o License those engaged in the business of caring for trees. Require proof of adequate liability and workman's compensation insurance. • Create an electronic and comprehensive public tree inventory, which includes street trees, park trees, green spaces, and trees on all other publically owned properties. o A computerized inventory is a priority. It is critical that the inventory be kept up to date. o Locate all public ash trees with GPS coordinates, measure diameter at breast height(DBH), and record species. o Establish a condition rating, planting lawn width, and proximity to overhead power lines. • Train in house Forestry personnel, tree contractors, and Leisure Services Department staff. Conduct surveys to look for EAB. o Identify and educate the core internal team. Provide staff training to Forestry, Parks, Public Works, and other local tree authorities. o Explore opportunities for professional service work/contract with a Certified Arborist. o Educate Mayor, City Council, and other City officials; advise them on the potential for tree loss in the community and the potential cost of tree loss and replacement programs. • Locate a possible processing facility for large quantities of wood and develop procedures for dealing with infested material. o Explore opportunities and partnerships with other local business, governments, and communities. o Explore wood utilization and marketing opportunities. o Fire wood restrictions. Cut and burn locally and purchase properly labeled firewood. o Determine costs associated with processing and shipping of infested material. 11 • Establish replanting program. o Review current tree planting programs. o Update recommended street tree species planting guide. o Research a private tree removal/replacement hardship program o Explore new planting program opportunities. o Explore program funding sources. o Development of a replanting program budget. • Develop and strengthen community education and outreach. o Develop a local outreach program to inform citizens of local protocols. o Develop and add EAB informational web page on City website. o Network by attending meetings and workshops for ongoing education and information. o Include public officials and decision makers in public awareness and training events when appropriate. • Tree Removals. o Review in-house equipment needs. o Review in-house labor and training needs. o Evaluate insurance rate associated with mass tree removal operations. o Review current tree removal contracts. o Develop contract specifications. o Develop a Request for Proposal/bid document. o Development of a tree removal budget. o Research tree service permit requirement process. o Tree injections. o Determine how many and which trees are good candidates for possible treatment. o Explore in-house vs. contractual treatment options. o License companies providing tree removal and health care services. o Explore and adopt a public ash tree program. o Create a public ash tree treatment permit. • Budgeting. o Identify possible funding sources and start budgeting for those early anticipated costs. o In the fifth year of an infestation trees will die rapidly and removal costs will sky rocket according to cities that have been affected already. o The cost of dealing with an emerald ash borer management plan can be spread out over time by identifying unhealthy trees and removing them early, treating the healthier ash trees, and doing some of the work in house. 12 APPENDIX A — PRESS RELEASE ***(Date)*** City of Dubuque Discovers the Presence of Emerald Ash Borer The City of Dubuque is the latest community to discover the presence of the highly destructive insect known as the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB). The EAB is a small, metallic green, non-native invasive pest whose larvae feast on the trunks of ash trees, ultimately disrupting their ability to transport nutrients and causing the tree's eventual decline and death. The EAB infestation in Dubuque was discovered at (location) on (date) when (circumstances). The EAB was first discovered in North America in 2001 in the Detroit and Ontario areas. It is unclear how the pests arrived, but they most likely arrived with ship cargo. Since their arrival, the pests have spread to sixteen (16) states and tens of millions of ash trees have been lost. The City has been preparing for the eventual arrival of the EAB by formulating an EAB Readiness Plan. Dubuque Park Division Manager Stephen Fehsal stated, "In preparation for the Emerald Ash Borer's arrival, the City has inventoried trees on right- of-ways and other public property. During this inventory, it was found that ash trees make up approximately 24% of the City's total street tree canopy, so this infestation could be devastating to our community's tree population. Right now, the City is working to monitor the progression of the infestation, manage the public ash tree population, and educate our residents as to their options regarding their privately owned ash trees. Fortunately, as a Tree City, Dubuque discontinued planting ash trees in public right-of- ways in recent years and ash trees are not advised in any new developments." The EAB Team comprised of officials from Iowa State University, Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, and the Department of Natural Resources are targeting efforts at slowing the spread of the disease throughout the State. The EAB team will work with the City to determine what steps will be required to control the spread of EAB. Unlike some other communities that are choosing to remove and eliminate perfectly healthy ash trees from their neighborhoods, the City of Dubuque will remove ash trees on public property after positive confirmation of an EAB infestation, or as they begin to decline. Healthy problem free ash trees will be considered for treatment. Since it was previously thought that the ash tree was a very hardy, easy to care for species, many neighborhoods host large populations of the trees and these neighborhoods could see dramatic changes in their landscape over the next few years. Residents concerned about their privately owned ash trees can check for the following symptoms since these symptoms are usually apparent before the bugs are spotted: • Canopy/crown dieback 13 • 1/8" D-shaped exit holes on trunk or branches Irregular branching with suckers sprouting at the back of the trunk • Woodpecker flecking activity on tree branches Residents can contact an ISA Certified Arborist with questions or for confirmation of suspected EAB. For more information please refer to the City of Dubuque website at www.cityofdubuque.org/EAB. 14 APPENDIX B - E-NEWS SUBMISSION Emerald Ash Borer Discovered in City The City of Dubuque is the latest community to discover the presence of the highly destructive insect known as the Emerald Ash Borer(EAB). The EAB is a small, metallic green, non-native invasive pest whose larvae feast on the trunks of ash trees, ultimately disrupting their ability to transport nutrients and causing the tree's eventual decline and death. The infestation in Dubuque was discovered at (location) on (date) when (circumstances). Ash trees make up a large portion (approximately 24%) of Dubuque's total canopy, so this infestation could be devastating to our community's tree population. The City of Dubuque will act quickly to remove ash trees on public property after positive confirmation of the EAB, or as they begin to decline. Residents concerned about their privately owned ash trees can check for the following symptoms, since these symptoms are usually apparent before the bugs are spotted: Canopy/crown dieback 1/8" D-shaped exit holes on trunk or branches • Irregular branching with suckers sprouting at the back of the trunk • Woodpecker flecking activity on tree branches Residents can contact an ISA Certified Arborist with questions or for confirmation of suspected EAB. For more information please refer to the City of Dubuque website at www.cityofdubuque.org/EAB. 15 APPENDIX C — DOOR HANGERS City of Dubucue Discovers the Presence of Emerald Ash Borer Dear Neighbor: On (date), the City of Dubuque discovered the presence of the highly destructive insect known as the Emerald Ash Borer(EAB). The EAB is a small, metallic green, non-native invasive pest whose larvae feast on the trunks of ash trees, ultimately disrupting their ability to transport nutrients and causing the tree's eventual decline and death. The EAB infestation in Dubuque was discovered at (location) when (circumstances). While the EAB does not pose any health risk, it does threaten our ash tree population. The Iowa DNR is the lead agency in creating policy related to the EAB. The Department's primary efforts are targeted at slowing the spread of the disease throughout the State. The Iowa DNR will work with the City of Dubuque to determine what steps will be required to control the spread of EAB. Unlike some other communities that are choosing to remove and eliminate perfectly healthy ash trees from their neighborhoods, the City of Dubuque will remove ash trees on public property only after positive confirmation of the EAB, or as they begin to decline. Please help us combat the EAB infestation by doing the following: • Inspect all ash trees on your property and look for symptoms of EAB. o If you suspect that EAB has infested your tree, contact a private arborist to remove the tree(s). o If you see no signs of the EAB, you may want to consider treating ash trees with a preventative pesticide. While there is some controversy about the effectiveness of pesticide, it is currently the only available option to attempt prevention. Go to www.emeraldashborer.info for more information. • Do not move firewood; the EAB can easily be transported in firewood. Addressing the presence of the EAB in the City will be an involved process. Currently, the only effective method of stopping the spread of the pest is to remove and destroy all infested ash trees in an area. 16 APPENDIX D — CITY OF DUBUQUE CODE OF ORDINANCES Chapter 8 TREES AND WEEDS 6-8-1: TREES AND LANDSCAPING: A. Planting And Removal; Permission Required: It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to plant or remove trees in the public right of way without the written permission of the city manager or the city manager's designee, and upon such terms and conditions as the city manager shall require. B. Street Tree And Landscaping On Public Right Of Way Policy: The city manager shall develop, with the approval of the city council, a written street tree and landscaping on public right of way policy which shall govern the planting, maintenance and removal of trees and shrubs in the public right of way. 17 APPENDIX E - CITY OF DUBUQUE STREET TREE AND LANDSCAPING ON CITY RIGHT-OF-WAY POLICY New Policy to be attached when approved. 19 APPENDIX F — RECOMMENDED STREET TREE LIST Special Note: This recommended street tree listing is a compilation of tree varieties chosen to meet the Citys street tree planting needs. Selections were made based upon tree size and stature, crown development, hardiness, disease resistance, fruit/seed production, and urban tolerance. This list is intended to be used by the forester when making placement decisions. It is not a shopping list to be used by anyone other than the forester, thinking that one size or selection fits all potential locations. Genus/Species Subculture Size Hx Common Name Acer cam estre 30x30 Hedge maple Acerfreemanii Freeman maple *Armstrong 50x15 Autumn Blaze 50x40 *Celebration 40x20 Sienna Glen 5005 Acer ginnala Amur maple *Embers 20x15 Flame 20x20 Acer miyabie Mi able maple State Street 50x35 Acer ni rum Black maple *Green Column 50x20 Acer platanoldes Norway maple *Crimson Sentry 25x15 *Columnar 35x15 *Conquest 40x20 *Easy Street 40x20 Emerald Luster 45x40 Emerald Queen 50x40 Fairview 4505 Parkway 40x25 Ro al Red 40x30 Acer rubrum Red maple Autumn Spire 40x25 *Bowhall 40x15 Brandywine 40x30 *Kar ick 40x20 Northwood 4005 Redpointe 45x30 Red Sunset 4505 *Scarlet Sentinel 40x20 Acer saccharum Sugar maple *Apollo 25x10 Autumn Fest 5005 19 Commemoration 50x35 *Endowment 50x20 Fiesta 50x40 Green Mountain 50x40 Wright Brothers 50x35 Acer tatadcum Tatarian maple Tatarian 25x20 Acer truncatum X Hybrid maple latanoides Norwegian 35x25 Sunset Pacific Sunset 35x25 Crimson Sunset 35x25 Amelanchier laevis Serviceber *Cumulus 25x12 *Snow Cloud 25x15 *Spring Flurry 35x20 Carpinus carolinia Hornbeam Native Flame 30x20 Zone 5 Celtis occidentalis 45x35 Hackberry *Prairie Sentinel 45x12 Crataegus crusgalli Thornless hawthorn inermis Cockspur 25x25 Crusader 15x15 Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo Golden Colonade 45x25 *Princeton Sentry 40x15 Gleditsia tricanthos Honey locust inermis Imperial 35x35 Moraine 50x35 Northern Acclaim 45x35 Sunburst 40x35 Skyline 45x35 Street Keeper 45x20 True Shade 4005 G mnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffee Tree Espresso 50x35 Liriodendron tulipifera I Tulip Tree Emerald City 55x25 (Zone 5 Malus Ornamental crab *Adirondack 18x20 *Centurion 20x15 *Harvest Gold 22x18 20 *Liset 20x15 *Marilee 24x10 *Prairifire 20x20 *Prairie Gold 40x15 *Royal Raindrops 20x15 *Sentinel 20x12 Spring Snow 20x20 Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo Red Rae 35x20 Zone 5 Ostrya vir iniana American gOx25 Hophombeam Ironwood Pyrus callerana Ornamental pear Aristocrat 40x28 Autumn Blaze 30x25 *Chanticleer 40x15 Rancho 35x25 Red Spire 35x25 Syringe reticulata Tree lilac *Ivory Silk 20x15 Quercus macrocarpa Hybrid Urban Pinnacle 55X35 Quercus robur xAs'es Hybrid *Rosehill 40x20 Quercus robur x alba Hybrid *Crimson Spire 45x15 *Streetspire 45x15 Quercus robur x bicolor Hybrid *Re al Prince 45x18 Quercus rubra 50x45 Red oak Tilia americana Big leaf linden American Sentry 45x30 Boulevard 50x25 Redmond 35x25 Legend 40x30 Tilia cordata Little leaf linden *Chancellor 35x20 *Corinthian 45x15 Glenleven 50x30 Green Spire 40x30 Harvest Gold 40x30 Shamrock 4000 Ulmus Elm Everclear 40x15 Zone 5 21 Emerald Prairie 40x30 Zone 5 Emerald 35x25 Sunshine Frontier 40x30 New Horizon 50x35 Patriot 50x40 Prospector 40x30 Regal 50x30 Zelcova serrata Zelcova Green Vase 45x30 Zone 5 Halka45x35 Zone 5 Musashino 45x15 Zone 5 Indicates a more upright form. Updated: March 2011 22 APPENDIX G -TREES NOT ALLOWED IN STREET RIGHT OF WAYS Not allowed — due to their susceptibility to storm damage, disease, their limited hardness, or because they are considered unusually messy due to dropped fruit and/or limbs, the following tree species will not be allowed to be planted in any street right-of- way within the City of Dubuque: Ulmus americana—American Elm Catalpa speciosa - Catalpa Ulmus pumila— Siberian Elm Quercus palustris— Pin Oak Sorbus aucuparia— European Mountain Ailanthus altissima—Tree of Heaven Ash Fruit Trees Elaeagnus angustifolia— Russian Olive Nut Trees Robina pseudoacacia— Black Locust Fraxinus americana—White Ash Acer saccharinum—Silver Maple Fraxinus pennsylvanica—Green Ash Populus—Poplar(cotton bearing) Gleditsia triacanthos— Honeylocust Populus nigra italica— Lombardy (thorny) Poplar Betula pendula laciniata—Weeping Populus alba—White Poplar European Birch Morus rubrum- Mulberry Salix species-Willows Maclura pomifera—Osage Orange (Hedge Populus alba bolleana—Bolleana Apple) Poplar Acer negundo— Boxelder All evergreens (firs, spruces, conifers) 23 Iowa Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Infestation Status LYON OSCEOLA DI ET WINNEBAGO WORTH MITCHELL HOWARD WINNESHIEK ALLAMAKEE KOSSUTH Sioux CLAY. PALO ALTO HANCOCK CERROGORDO FLOYD CHICKASAW BREMER FAYETTE CLAYTON PLYMOUTH CHEROKEE BUENAVISTA POCAHONTAS HUMBOLDT WRIGHT FRANKLIN BUTLER N �r BUCHANAN DELAWARE DUBUQUE OODBURY IDA SAC WEBSTER CALHOUN HAMILTON HARDIN GRUNDY BLACK HAWK JACKSON MONONA E JONESCRAWFORD TAMA BENTON LINN CARROLL GREENE MARSHALL BOONE CLINTON 4` JOHNSON 7CEDARHARRISON SHELBY AUDUBON GUTHRIE DALLAS PLKPOWESHIEK IOWA SSCOTT MUSCATINE �_ POTTAWATTAMIE CASS ADAIR MADISON WHASKA KEOKUK WASHINGTON LOUISA JEFFERSON HENRY MILLS MONTGOMERY gDAMS ❑ CLARKEEWAPELLO � DES MOINES NION FREMONT PAGE TAYLOR VAN BUREN RINGGOLO DECATURE DAVIS LEE >s The entire state of Iowa is under quarantine. \I + ocvaRmENr or ,AGRICULTURE', Beetle Detected Only Confirmed EAB Infestation aoolo Iowa Department of Agriculture & Land Stewardship, Entomology& Plant Science Bureau, Entomology@lowaAgriculture.gov, 515-725-1470 Updated December 15, 2014 U_ United States Cooperative Emerald Ash Borer Project _ Department of Y December 1, 2014 Agriculture Initial county EAB detections in Nath America i Ago �m �t�aab�pa� s eveemm�� Vy��`�'���r f'�i• �me��a asm t II �� orea S Stales Department of Agriculture Forex Service F611ert NortheasternNA-PR-Area State and private Ferexry Nmber 2 08 Revised September 2008 Emerald Ash Borer A beetle from Asia,Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire(Coleoptera:Buprestidae),was identified in July 2002 as the cause of widespread ash (Fraxinus slap.) tree decline and mortality in southeastern Michigan and Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Larval feeding in the tissue between the bark and sapwood disrupts transport of nutrients and water in a tree,eventually causing branches and the entire tree to die.Tens of millions of ash trees in forest,rural,and urban areas have already been killed or are heavily infested by this pest. A.planipennis has been found throughout Michigan,across much of Ohio,and in parts of Indiana, Illinois,Maryland,Missouri,Pennsylvania,Virginia,West Virginia and Wisconsin.Infestations have also been found in more areas of Ontario and in the province of Quebec.The insect is likely to be found in additional areas as detection surveys continue. Evidence suggests that A.planipennis is generally established in an area for several years before it is detected. The broad distribution of this pest in the United States and Canada is primarily due to people inadvertently transporting infested ash nursery stock,unprocessed logs, firewood,and other ash commodities.Federal and state quarantines in infested states now regulate transport of these products. Identification Adult beetles are generally larger and brighter green (Fig. 1) than the native North American Agrilus species.Adults are slender,elongate,and 7.5 to 13.5 mm long.Males are smaller than females and have fine hairs,which the females lack on the ventral side of the thorax.Adults are usually bronze, golden, or reddish green overall,with darker, metallic emerald green wing covers.The dorsal side of the abdomen is metallic purplish red and can be seen when the wings are spread (Fig. 2).The prothorax, the segment behind the head and to which the first pair of legs is attached,is slightly wider than the Figure 1.Adult emerald ash borer. head and the same width as the base of the wing covers. Larvae reach a length of 26 to 32 mm,are white to creamcolored,and dorso-ventrally Flattened (Fig. 3). The brown head is mostly retracted into the prothorax, and only the mouthparts are visible.The abdomen has 10 segments,and the last segment has a pair of brown, pincer-like appendages. Biology A.planipennis generally has a 1-year life cycle. In the upper Midwest, adult beetles begin emerging in May or early lune.Beefle activity peaks between mid June and early July, and continues into August. Beetles probably live for about 3 weeks, although some have survived for more than 6 weeks in the laboratory. Beetles generally are Figure 2.Purplish red abdomen on adult beetle. most active during the day, particularly when it is warm and sunny. Most beetles appear to remain in protected locations in bark crevices or on foliage during rain or high winds. Throughout their lives beetles feed on ash foliage, usually leaving small, irregularly shaped patches along the leaf margins. At least a few days of feeding are needed before beetles mate, and an additional 1 to 2 weeks of feeding may be needed before females begin laying eggs. Females can mate multiple times. Each female probably lays 3060 eggs during an average lifespan,but a long-lived female may lay more than 200 eggs. Eggs are deposited individually in bark crevices or under bark Flaps on the trunk or branches, and soon darken to a reddish brown. Eggs hatch in 7 to 10 days. Figure 3.Second,third,and fourth stage larvae. After hatching, first instar larvae chew through the bark and into the phloem and cambial region. Larvae feed on phloem for several weeks, creating serpentine (5-shaped) galleries packed with fine sawdust-like frass.As a larva grows, its gallery becomes progressively wider(Fig. 4). Beetle galleries often etch the outer sapwood. The length of the gallery generally ranges from 10 to 50 cm. Feeding is usually completed in autumn. - Prepupal larvae overwinter in shallow chambers, roughly 1 cm deep, excavated in the outer sapwoodor in the bark on thick-barked trees. Pupation begins in ' Figure 4.Gallery of an emerald ash borer larva. solate April or May. Newly eclosed adults often remain in the pupal chamber or bark for 1 to 2 weeks before emerging head-first through a Dshaped exit hole that is 3 to 4 mm in diameter (Fig. 5). Studies in Michigan indicate 2 years may be required for A. planipennis to develop in newly infested ash trees that are relatively healthy. In these trees, many A. planipennis overwinter as early instars,feed a second summer,overwinter as prepupae,and emerge the following summer. In trees stressed by physical injury,high A.planipennis densities,or other problems, all or nearly Figure S.D-shaped hole where an all larvae develop in a single year. Whether a 2-year life cycle will occur in warmer southern adult beetle emerged. states is not yet known. Distribution and Hosts l : A. planipennis is native to Asia and is found in China and Korea. It is also reported in Japan, Mongolia, the Russian Far East, and Taiwan. In China, high populations of A. planipennis occur I primarily in Fraxinus chinensis and F. rhynchophylla, usually when those trees are stressed by drought or injury.Other Asian hosts IF mandshurica var.japonica,Ulmus davidiana vac japonica, /uglans mandshurica var. sieboldiana and Pterocarya rhoifolia) may be colonized by this or a related species. In North America A.planipennis has attacked only ash trees. Host preference of A.planipennis or resistance among North American ash species may vary. Green ash IF pennsylvanica) and black ash IF nigra),for example, appear to be highly preferred, while white ash IF americana) and blue ash IF quadrangulaw) are less preferred.At this time all species and varieties of native ash in North America appear to be at risk from this pest Figure 6.lagged holes left by Signs and Symptoms woodpeckers feeding on larvae. It is difficult to detect A. planipennis in newly infested trees because they exhibit few, if any, external symptoms.lagged holes excavated by woodpeckers feeding on late instar or prepupal larvae may be the first sign that a tree is infested (Fig. 6). D-shaped exit holes left by emerging adult beetles may be seen on branches or the trunk, especially on trees with smooth bark (Fig 5). Bark may split vertically over larval feeding galleries. When the bark is removed from infested trees, the distinct,frass-filled larval galleries that etch the outer sapwood and phloem �`r•, are readily visible(Fig.4 and Fig. 7).An elliptical area of discolored sapwood, usually a result of •� secondary infection by fungal pathogens,sometimes surrounds galleries. As A. planipennis densities build, foliage wilts, branches die, and the tree canopy becomes increasingly thin. Many trees appear to lose about 30 to 50 percent of the canopy after only a few years of infestation.Trees may die after 3 to 4 years of heavy infestation (Fig. 7). Epicormic shoots may arise on the trunk or branches of the tree(Fig.8),often at the margin of live and dead tissue.Dense root sprouting sometimes occurs after trees die. A.planipennis larvae have developed in branches and trunks ranging from 2.5 cm(1 inch)to 140 cm(55 inches) in diameter.Although stressed trees are initially more attractive to A.planipennis `i. than healthy trees are,in many areas all or nearly all ash trees greater than 3 cm in diameter have Figure 7.Ash tree killed by been attacked. emerald ash borer.Note the Resources serpentine galleries. $ For more information on the emerald ash borer and related topics... •Visit the following Web sites: Published by: Multi-agency Emerald Ash Borer Web Site: USDA Forest Service www.emeraldashborecinfo Northeastern Area USDA Forest Service:www.na.fs.wd.us/fhp/eab/ Slate and Private Forestry USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Newtown Square,PA 19073 www.aphis.usda.gov/planLhealth/ www.na6.led.us (,. •Contact your state Department of Agriculture,State Forester,or � Fed1edl Rr,,ineFProgram :).. Cooperative Extension Office. yc paper. Prepared by: Deborah G.McCullough,professor,Departments of Entomology and Forestry,Michigan State University Noel F.Schneeberger, Forest Health Program leader,and Steven A.Kaw ich,forest entomologist, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry,USDA Forest Service I Photo credits: David L Cappaert and Howard Russell,Michigan State University,www.forestryimages.org _ Steven A.Katovich,USDA Forest Service,www.forestryimages.org Edward Czerwinski,Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,www.forestryimages.org Figure 8.Epicormic branching on a heavily infested ash tree. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Ash trees(Fraxinus spp.)are no longer recommended Other ash problems are often mistaken for emerald far planting in the Midwest because of the threat ash barer infestation,so ash trees may be needlessly of the emerald ash borer(EAB),a highly-destructive removed or treated with pesticides as a result.This • woad-boring insect pest.However,ash trees remain diagnostic guide is intended to help you distinguish important as up to 6 percent of woodland trees and up emerald ash borer injury from other common problems to 70 percent of urban trees are ash species. of ash. Ash Tree IDENTIFICATION l� rt 7.Leaves are compound and composed 2.Seeds on female trees are paddle shaped. of 5 to 11 leaflets. 3.Branches and buds are in pairs directly across 4.Mature bark has diamond-shaped ridges. from each other(opposite branching). IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY SUL21 January 2011 University Extension SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS of Emerald Ash Borer 5.Branches in canopy decline and die. 8.Suckers grow on trunk and branches below EAB activity. . r 3 � w n " 7. EAB adult beetle. 8.D-shaped 1/8 inch exit holes are made through bark by EAB adults. K, n ' 7— r"jr1 9.Winding tunnels under the bark are caused by 10. Fully-grown EAB larva in gallery under bark as it EAB larvae. would appear In the fall. Ash trees have other problems in addition to EAB including decline,other insects,and diseases. Decline •A gradual,generally irreversible decline in tree health. Symptoms include reduced growth,branch \ � q dieback,and a thinning canopy. •Environmental stress and poor site conditions may contribute to decline. •To prevent decline avoid injuring the trunk, soil compaction,and disturbance near the tree. +It a tree is in decline,have it evaluated periodically tf by a trained arborist to make certain it is not �3E` a hazard. S9ryi _ PROBLEMS that can be contused with Emerald Ash Borer 11.Weed trimmer damage to trunk. 12.Damage by vehicle and poor site conditions. �y 13.Planting too deeply can lead to decline.The trunk 14.Limited rooting area and site disturbances such should flare out like a bell where it meets the ground. as construction activity can lead to decline. OTHERINSECTS BORERS In addition to EAB, there are native insects that Prevention: Keep the tree healthy by providing water feed beneath the bark of ash.These borers tend to during dry periods, removing dead or storm-injured attack only stressed ash trees, unlike EAB that also branches,and by reducing or preventing stress. will attack healthy trees. Symptoms and signs include Control: Insecticides do not provide good control tree decline, exit holes, and insects under the bark. of wood-boring insects. Have the tree evaluated by an arborist to determine if it is a hazard tree. 15.Ash/lilac borer larvae create deep tunnels 16.Ash bark beetles are small insects that create low in the trunks and limbs of ash, lilac, and privet. winding tunnels beneath ash tree bark and buckshot- This insect causes a gradual decline of the tree over size exit holes in the bark. several years. Pill i►rrvv- 17.Flatheaded appletree borers are white, 18.Roundheaded borer larvae tunnel deeply into legless larvae that feed under the bark, hollowing the wood with no apparent pattern.Adults make out the inner bark in a small area.Adults leave a large round exit holes.Two common roundheaded D-shaped exit hole that is larger in size than the borers feeding on ash are the redheaded ash borer EAB. Flatheaded appletree borers can kill newly and banded ash borer. transplanted, young trees. SAP FEEDERS and GALL MAKERS Several insects and mites attack ash trees and cause stress, discoloration or deformation. These pests harm only the appearance of trees and do not warrant control measures. 19.Leafcurl ash aphids feed on leaflets as they ex- 20.Oystershell scales live under a protective pand in the spring.The insect's body is covered waxy cover on the bark of trees and feed on plant in white, waxy strands. Feeding causes leaflets to sap, producing a sparse canopy, reduced tree growth, twist and curl. In addition, aphids secrete clear,sticky and branch dieback.Treatments should be timed with honeydew,which can speckle anything under the egg hatch in the spring.Treat the infested plant with tree. Natural enemies usually control the aphids. horticultural oil or insecticidal soap; repeat in 7 days. 21.Ash plant bug adults and nymphs feed on 22.Ash flower gall mites feed on the developing ash leaflets in early May as they unfold,producing flowers of male ash trees in early spring causing speckled areas on the leaflets. Later they appear flower buds to form unattractive galls.These galls as brown areas. Severe infestations may cause start out green,then turn brown to black and persist premature leaf drop, but new leaves are formed over the winter.These galls are considered harmless by mid-summer. because they do not affect the growth or survival of the tree. DISEASES r" .;r d t 23.Ash anthracnose produces irregular brown spots 24.Leaves fall from anthracnose-infected trees in the on twisted leaflets. spring.Trees generally produce another set of leaves in 4 to 6 weeks. No treatments are recommended. C 25.Verticillium wilt can be fatal to ash trees. Leaves 26.Verticillium wilt-infested branches show streaks on affected branches wilt and die, usually in July and of green to brown discoloration under the bark.There August. Branches of infected trees die or decline over are no effective treatments. Replace with a tree that is several years. not susceptible to this disease. 27.Ash rust produces slightly raised, bright orange 28.Close-up of ash rust sporulating. areas on leaves, petioles,and green twigs. No treatments are recommended. Use this chart to compare common symptoms of Emerald Ash Borer infestation with other problems of ash trees. SYMPTOM COMPARISON CHART for Emerald Ash Borer infestation and other problems of ash trees SYMPTOMS Emerald ash borer ©©©©© Pfo deeply Try O©© Pp ©©© A O Ash rust As Ash sa� La� O Ash' Oystershell scale -©- Ash/lilac borers=- Eastern ash bark beetl�, -- Hotheaded borers -� Roundheaded borers ®_® r ••r . ..;.. —• v �} y_ t IV fall Bay ry A. wq ly I Check the ISU Extension store for other publications and sources of information. wkinnyrextension.rastatel u store IC 0415 Scale Insects on Ornamental IC 0417 Insect Galls on Trees and Shrubs SUL2 Understanding Decline PM 1280 Anthracnose of Shade-finseadds SUL 16 Verticillium Wilt ofWoody Plants PHOTO CREDITS 1,2,4 Paul Wray,Iowa State University,Bugwood.org 3,11,12,13,14,23,20 Laura Jesse,Iowa State University. 5,26 Joseph O'Brien.USDA Forest Service,Bugwood.org 6,17,25 Mark Shear,Iowa State University 7 David Cappaert,Mid State 0 Jesse Randall,Iowa State University 9 An Wagner,USDA APHIS PPO,Bugwood.org /0 www.emeraldashborencom 15,16,21 James Solomon,USDA Forest Service,Bugwood.org 10 Gyorgy,Csoka,Hungary Forest Research Institute,Bugwood.org 19 Lacy L Hyche,Auburn University,Bugwood.org 20 Jeff Witcosky,USDA Forest Service—Rocky Mountain Region Archive,Bugwood.org 22 A.Steven Munson,USDA Forest Service,Bugwood.org. 24 Joseph O'Brien,USDA Forest Service,Bugwood.org 27 Edward L Barnard,Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,Bugwood.org page 3 Jeff Iles,Iowa State University .ndiomdm,al me LLa oepamnant of Boardroom lUnnalpm bis discrimination in all N pmgnms and armada Prepared by Iowa State University Extension staff:Laura Jesse,extension m,m.waw,of—..aaladdtiondone,oAdd.,,,dlaid,.a..suffix Trial dmm entomologist Mark Shout,extension entomologist Mark Gleason arkmann.aad-ml marm,e..d.(amar p,.mumadm.aodrno.tipmpramL)Ma,gmmnd- ah add On dada waiahla in albmm W a land.b,p➢A of ante To file a...A dm of dlronmimtlm, professor and extension plant pathologist Jesse Randall,assistant professor a.ImesaAYMaa olndl eipmm.Tom no-w,wmden eoddinan<mand Indapandand.Manor,Sax and extension forester,Jeff Iles,professor and extension horticulturist and wamins.n,DC anal orcal wamsxd. Donald Lewis,professor and extension entomologist lowed inNamara oeNOP—dal en.namnwork.AmofMay Band Jam m,uu.madr mddn anOW.uso.p.mn.m MApnaomMAMtlI¢Inumndweno,.Coopn,.dva Euxion Sm,.,lass Sm unimdn of s.iwo-.dd.And uanolosv.Area,Iowa. tit.. ,�.v DIY T T r r � tl Emerald Ash Borer Management Options The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic insect that Before using an insecticide,several factors must be is destructive to ash trees (Fraxfnus species). Although considered: the adult stage causes minor feeding damage to ash • Identify the tree as ash.For an identification aid, foliage, the larval stage feeds beneath the bark and see www.txtenstmt.iasrate.edu/forestry/iawa_trees/ disrupts water and nutrient flow within the tree, tree uLlaml which leads to tree death. Larvae are actively feeding Determine if your ash tree has EAB signs and symptoms: www.extension.imtate.edu/Publications/SUL21.pdf from early summer through fall. • Estimate the tree's value in the community(see Table 1). Some benefits of urban trees include helping clean the air, The insecticide products listed in this publication slow storm water runoff,raise property values,sequester work best as preventive treatments for healthy ash carbon,and reduce energy costs. trees planted along streets or in yard settings.Healthy trees have full crowns,elongating branches,and bark Table 1. Estimated annual economic benefit held tightly to the trunk/branches. It is not practical of ash trees for a single family residence in or cost effective to treat woodlot trees with insecticides Des Moines,Iowa' where timber production is the primary goal. Trunk Black Green white Diameter(in) Ash Ash Ash 5 $35 $34 $33 10 $88 $88 $97 15 $144 $150 $181 20 $185 $201 $270 25 $219 $254 $365 30 $213 $306 $485 35 $195 $352 $496 `Based on Nadonal Tree Benefit Calculator(w ..veebenefits.mm). PM2084 Revised September2013 IOWA STATE UNNERSITY • Evaluate tree health.If the tree is declining,storm damaged,and/or cost of treatment will exceed the landscape value,replace the time with an altemam species: � • www.eamiorr.isstate.edulpmeIPublieations/FAB/ AshAlternateSlmdetmes2013.pdf or • w ..mt rasion.imtare.edu/pme/Publications/EAB/ AshAlternamSmall-staturetrees2013.pdf • Many insecticide products most be used EACH year for the life of the tree.There is one product(Tree-Age**') that protects ash trees for two years following treatment. r • Systemic insecticides are the products of choice when dealing with the emerald ash borer.These chemicals are transported within the vascular system of the tree from the roots and trunk to the branches and leaves.Systemic • Treatments are suggested ONLY if you live within 15 miles insecticides reduce hazard such as drift of pesticides to of a confirmed FAB infestation.Known infestations are nontarget sites or applicator exposure,and have less given at rvww.emeraldashborerinfo/.Treatment outside impact on beneficial organismsthe risk zone is not prudent • When applied properly,insecticide treatments can control • Treatment before a tree is infested is most effective.Infested FAB in your ash tree. Keep in mind that storm damage, trees with less than 30 percent dieback of the crown due to other injuries to the nee,soil moisture,soil compaction, EAB feeding may respond to treatment The goal in any and other site and environmental factors can influence application would be to prevent further canopy dieback; Live uptake and product effectiveness. those branches shady killed should be removed. Table 2. Products for Homeowners - carefully follow label directions' Type of Active Tree Size—trunk circumference Time of Application Ingredient (diameter at 4.5 it[dbhl) Application' Soil drench' Imidacloprid(1.47V Up to 60"(20"dbh) early April to mid-May OR late Aug through Sept Soil drench' Imidacloprid(21.4%)' Up to 60"(20"dbh) late Aug through Sept Soil drench' Imidacloprid (0.74%)+Clothianidin(0.37%)' Up to 60"(20'd1ah) early April to mid-May OR late Aug through Sept Granular' Dinotefuran (2%1' Up to 36" (12"dbh) early April to mid-May Granular' Imidacloprid 10.55%1+Clothianidin(0.275%1' Up to 36"(12"dbhl early April to mid-May Granular' Imidacloprid(2.5%)" Upto36" (12"dbhl early April to mid-May The amount of inrecdcide required depends on the tresis eireumference m inches:see product label directions. ' If the product label has spring and fall as possible urination times,homeownes ran neat only ONCE per year. Research suggests spring applications may be preferable to fall at the low rare of imidacloprid soil applications. ' Before applying a sod drench,pull back any muldr or dead leaves 12-from the base of the tree.Replace any mulch over the treated area after the mixture has been absorbed into the snit.For runs larger than 604 circumference,enlist the services of a commercial pesticide applicator. Do not make soil applications when soil is saturated or frozen. ' Examples of products include:Bayer Advanced 12 month Tree dr Shrub Insect Control,Bonide Annual Tree&Shmb Insect Control with Systemexx,Compare N Save Systemic Tree 6r Shrub Insect Drench,Feni-Lome Systemic Insect Spray,Gordons Tree 6r Shmb Insect Killer, Grim Light Tree 6r Shrub Systemic insect Killer,Ortho Bug B Gon Year-Long Shrub lmect Control Concentrate,and Ortho Tree&Shrub Insect Killer Ready-Spray II ' An example of product is Oland Insecticide ' An example of product is Bayer Advanced 12 month Tree✓ss Shrub Protect tY Feed Concenoam II 7 Spread granules evenly on the soil around the base of the plant within 18"of the trunk.Irrigate after application with enough water in dissolve granules and move product mm root zone. ' Examples of products include:Green tight Tree&Shrub lracet Control with Salon 2G,Ortho Tree&Shrub Insect Control Granules 0 An example of product is Bayer Advanced 12 month Tree✓u Shrub Protect 6r Feed RTU Granules It 10 An example of product is Ortho Tree fa Shrub lnsea Control RTU Granules Some insecticides used to control EAB have annual per acre use limits.Refer to product labels and the following publication for more fnformation:r ..mda.state.rnn.us/plaids/pesmtmiagemnrd-/media/Files/chemicals/pesticides/eabfabelguide.mhx 2 Table 3. Products for Commercial Pesticide Applicators Product Active Application Method Time of Tree Size-trunk circumference (Formulation) Ingredient Irate a1/inch dbh) Application (diameter at 4.5 ft Idbhl) IMA-Jetr. Imidacloprid Trunk injection Spring:Full canopy All healthy ash trees Imicide® Imidacloprid Trunk injection Spring:Full canopy All healthy ash trees Merits Imidacloprid Soil injection or drench Spring:Early April All healthy ash trees (75WP,75WSP,2F) (1.49) to mid-May Merits Imidacloprid Soil injection or drench Spring:Early April All healthy ash trees (75WP,75WSP,2F) (2.8 g) to mid-May Merit' Imidacloprid Soil injection or drench Fall:Late Aug All healthy ash trees (75WP,75WSP,2F) 12.8 g1 through Sept Safari'(20SG) Dinotefuran Soil injection Spring: Mid-May Up to 36"(12"dbh) (3 to 12 g/in dbh) to mid-July Safaris(2SG) Dinoteturan Soil application Spring:Mid-May Up to 36"(12"dbh) 12 to 4 oz/in dbh) to mid-July Transtectre Dinotefuran Basal Bark Spray Spring:Early April Up to 36" (12"dbh) (70WSP) (4 to 60"above soil) to mid-May Transtectl- Dinoteturan Soil injection or drench Spring: Early April Up to 36"(12"dbh) (70WSP) to mid-May Tree-Age' Emamectin Trunk injection Full canopy in early All healthy ash trees benzoate (0.1 to 0.4 g) spring-mid-Sept with good soil moisture TreeAzinrm Azadirachtin Trunk injection Spring:Early May All healthy ash trees (5 m1-10 mlim dbh) to mid-June XytectTM Imidacloprid Soil injection or drench Spring:Early April All healthy ash trees (75WSP,2F) (1.4 g) to mid-May Xytectl- Imidacloprid Soil injection or drench Spring:Early April All healthy ash trees (75WSP,2F) (2.8 g) to mid-May XytectT"' Imidacloprid Soil injection or drench Fall: Late Aug All healthy ash trees (75WSP,2F) 12.8 g) I through Sept Notes • Trunk injections have the advantage of being absorbed and • Canopy sprays are not recommended because of limited distributed throughout the tree more quickly(1 to 4 weeks) effectiveness,the need for special equipment,spray drift, than soil applications(4 to 8 weeks),and are useful where and possible adverse effects to nontarget organisms. soil treatments are not practical(excessively wet soils, • Some insecticides used to control EAB have annual per compacted sites,or restricted surface areas).Research has acre use limits.Refer to product labels and the following shown that tree injections are tolerated in healthy green publication:www.mda.state.mn.mlplantslpeshnanagemerW ash trees,especially if treatments are applied once every _/atedictlFileslek pica[VpesticideVeabfabefgttide.mkx two years,small volumes of product are injected,and injection holes are small and shallow. Rotate annual truck For more information: injections with other management options to decrease the Contact your Iowa State University Extension and Outreach possibility of long-term damage. office or see the following website for additional information: • Before applying a soil drench,pull back any mulch or www.e+ctensioa.iasta[e.edu/pme/EmeraldAshBorerhtntl dead leaves 12"from the base of the tree.Replace any mulch over the treated area after the mixture has been prepared by Mark Shout,Laura Jesse,Donald Lewis,Extension absorbed into the soil.Do not make soil applications Entomologists;Jeff Iles,Extension Horticulturist and Jesse when soil is saturated or frozen. Randall,Extension Forester,Iowa State University. • Soil injections should be made within 12 to 18 inches of the trunk,and the solution placed 2[0 4 inches beneath e��n...e�,.•ray=w...mr..r,r�r...r.•,,,,,,,,",.r=,...r,r,r.,r.�,m..,„ra,�r, the soil surface. .,nsn.......r.rr,".,,,.w.e..r, .�na�n.�6i�u::ei;�h:roxr.noAv,.,v.,..,,�. a u.,,,.•.,,,r...,o.ma,.m....,.,�. . •. ...naa.ae.r•. ewer.•..r>m.w= ..=wsunvewse*n�,.,��uzrmaorn.m...e,olee • Emamectin benzoate has been shown to protect ash treesn .nr.roucoco...ro,ort..<w:M.,�e,rwr�.e.r..e,.=.......sw,w,a•y." nrv=mn=,vonssa:rmm uson.,,..w.r.ro.w.nrAw,,..e.mA.:. for 2 years from one application. ..rta=r,.�wre•en.�.ea rs......orm".-e�re.us.v.o•.�.��aen��•.. r.Z..w o.,.e.<w: 3