Four Mounds Archeological SurveyPlanning Services Department
City Hall
50 West 13~ Street
Dubuque, IA 52001-4864
(563) 589-4210 phone
(563) 589-4221 fax
(563) 690-6678 TDD
planning,Qcityofdubuque.org
z~-ts crrx oe Dubuque
DUB E
Masterpiece on the Mississippi ~ I I'
2007
August 26, 2008
The Honorable Mayor and City Council Members
City of Dubuque
City Hall - 50 W. 13th Street
Dubuque, IA 52001
RE: Four Mounds Archeological Survey
Dear Mayor and City Council Members:
The Historic Preservation Commission transmits the final report for the Four Mounds
Archeological Survey for City Council review and approval.
Discussion
The State Historical Society of Iowa awarded the City of Dubuque an $8,200 Certified
Local Government (CLG) grant on behalf of the Four Mounds Foundation, to conduct a
Phase I Archeological Investigation at the Four Mounds Estate, 4900 Peru Road. The
Four Mounds Estate is owned by the City of Dubuque and managed by the Four
Mounds Foundation as part of the City's park and recreation system. It is also a locally
designated Landmark Site.
The archeological investigation was undertaken by Great Lakes Archaeological
Research Center on approximately 16 acres within the Four Mounds Estate. Students
enrolled in the Archeology and Cultural Heritage Program at Loras College assisted with
the archeological investigation. The results of the field investigation are summarized in
the final report. City Council approval of the final report will be forwarded to the State.
Recommendation
By a vote of 8 to 0, the Historic Preservation Commission recommends approval of the
final report for the Four Mounds Archeological Survey.
Respectfully submitted,
C~~`-
Christine Olson, Chairperson
Historic Preservation Commission
Enclosure
Phase I Archeological Investigation of the
Four Mounds Estate Historic District in
Dubuque County, Iowa
Township 89 North, Range 2 East,
Sections 1 and 2.
Prepared By: Michael M. Gregory, Ph.D.
Principal Investigator
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center
427 East Stewart Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53207
Prepared For: Planning Services Department
50 W. 13th Street
Dubuque, Iowa 52000
ATTENTION: Mr. David Johnson
GLARC ROI 682
SHPO R&C No. 080231048
GLARC Project 07.056
March 2008
This project has been funded with the assistance of a matching grant-in-aid from the State Historical
Society of Iowa, Sate Historic Preservation Office, through the Department of the Interior, National Park
Service, under provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966; the opinions expressed herein
are not necessarily those of the Department of the Interior.
This program received Federal funds from the National Park Service. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as
amended, the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibits unlawful discrimination in Federally Assisted
Programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. Any person who believes he or she has
been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance
should write to the Director, Equal Opportunity Program, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, D.C. 20013-7127.
Management Summary
During September through November 2007, Great Lakes Archaeological Research
Center, Inc. together with students/faculty from Loras College evaluated the archaeological
potential of approximately 16 of the 54 acres defining the Four Mounds Estate (Estate)
Historic District, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places (National
Register) as atwentieth-century gentleman's farm located north of the City of Dubuque
in Dubuque County, Iowa. The Planning Services Department of the City of Dubuque
(City), which owns this property managed by the non-profit Four Mounds Foundation,
authorized GLARC to perform the Phase I archaeological survey after receiving project
funding from the State of Iowa as part of Certified Local Government (CLG) Grant 2007-
02 and posting a "Request for Proposals" dated April 19, 2007. Within the historic district
and bordering the study area is a linear alignment of four prehistoric mounds (13DB021),
which give the property its name as well as define a second National Register listing.
Recognizing that other prehistoric archaeological deposits may exist within the 16 acre
parcel in addition to ones related to the Estate's historical occupation, the City sought
funding to perform the current study in order to determine through documentary research
as well as field investigations, the presence or absence of archaeological sites within the
borders of the study area for future planning and property management considerations.
By identifying significant or potential archaeological deposits across the study area, Four
Mounds can avoid such remains when planning or executing maintenance/improvement
projects proposed during the next five-to-ten years, thereby complying with provisions
regarding the identification, evaluation, and protection of cultural resources as stipulated
under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-665), as
amended; and CFR Part 800, which implements the Act.
The current study area encompasses approximately 16 acres (6.5 hectares), which
define the project's area of potential effect (APE); however, a very small portion of the
parcel bordering the southeastern side of site 13DB021 was not evaluated because it serves
as a 110 feet wide buffer zone between the mounds and field investigations. Distributed
across the project area are buildings and structures contributing to the significance of the
Four Mounds Estate Historic District, and include residences, outbuildings, and a play
house. Features present but not original to the Estate complex are grope/confidence/team
work course, natural prairie area, and graveled parking lot. Within the 16 acre tract, all areas
may be slated for maintenance or improvement projects resulting in surface disturbing
activities that could affect subsurface archaeological deposits.
Documentary research and field investigation resulted in the identification of one
previously unreported archaeological site--13DB853--within the study area, and revealed
that much of the area has been disturbed by plowing, erosion, or Estate improvements.
Fieldwork consisted of a combination of visual inspection, pedestrian survey, and shovel
testing across the 16 acres where site 13DB853 defines amulti-component site comprised
of ten (10) loci marking low-to-moderated densities of subsurface prehistoric historical
artifacts, an abandoned segment of dirt road, and a rock border/curb along drives. The
prehistoric component is represented by lithic scatters of undetermined cultural or temporal
affiliation. Related historical materials and features are associated with the occupation
and use of the Estate during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, and include
utility lines, drain pipes, and drives together with household, recreational, and agricultural
artifacts. The only known features not encountered during the study are a second child's
playhouse, which existed near the standing playhouse on the eastern side of the study area,
a pet cemetery, which exists behind the standing playhouse, and a chicken house, which
stood west of the barn and in alignment with the gardener's house.
Site 13DB853 is eligible for listing in the National Register and is considered a
contributing resource to the already listed Four Mounds Estates Historic District. Due
to the degree of site disturbance, a lack of intact deposits, and an absence of temporally
diagnostic prehistoric artifacts, many of the artifact/feature loci defining site 13DB853 are
not evaluated as significant and do not warrant further study. The four exceptions are Loci
5, which defines the rock border/curb along drives, the area's of the missing play house and
chicken house, and the pet cemetery; all of which may contribute to the significance of the
Historic District and warrant further study in order to determine the significance of each.
Similarly, the area defining a 110 ft (33.5 m) buffer zone around site 13DB021, especially
that part opposing the site and bordering the southwest side of the drive leading to the cabin,
should be given additional administrative consideration, as the mound group is a recognized
burial site. While shovel testing revealed the southwest side of the drive to be disturbed,
if maintenance or improvement work is done to the drive, such work should be planned
and executed in consultation with the Burials Program, Office of the State Archaeologist to
insure the work is performed in compliance with Iowa State statues regarding burial sites.
Table of Contents
Management Summary ................................................................................................................... iii
Part I: Project Background ................................................................................................................1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. .1
Project Location and Area of Potential Effects ............................................................................ .5
Organization of the Report ........................................................................................................... .6
Part II: Environmental and Cultural Context .................................................................................. .7
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................7
Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................ ..7
Physiography ........................................................................................................................... ..7
Floral and Fauna ...................................................................................................................... ..9
Prehistoric Period ........................................................................................................................ 10
The Paleoindian Tradition (13,000-to-10,500 B.P.) ................................................................. 10
The Archaic Tradition (10,500-to-2800 B.P.) .......................................................................... 11
The Woodland Tradition (2800 to 800 B.P.) ............................................................................ 15
The Late Prehistoric Period (1100 to 350 B.P.) ....................................................................... 18
The Historical Period ................................................................................................................. 19
Current Land Use ........................................................................................................................ 21
Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Four Mounds Estate and the National Register of Historic Places Criteria ................................ 22
Research Questions for Potential Prehistoric or Historical Resources at Four Mounds ............. 25
Part III: Research Design and Methodology ................................................................................... 29
Archaeological Methodology ...................................................................................................... 29
Theoretical Orientation ............................................................................................................... 29
Archives/Literature Research ...................................................................................................... 29
Field Methods ............................................................................................................................. 30
Visual lnspection ..................................................................................................................... 30
Pedestrian Survey .................................................................................................................... 30
Shovel Testing ......................................................................................................................... 31
Field Data Management ........................................................................................................... 31
Laboratory Procedures and Data Interpretation/Organization .................................................... 31
Part IV: Results of the Archaeological Investigations .................................................................... 33
Results of the Archives and Literature Research ........................................................................ 33
Previous Archaeological Investigations in the Region ............................................................... 33
Documented Archaeological Sites .............................................................................................. 33
Results of the Field Investigations ............................................................................................. .36
Site 13DB853 ............................................................................................................................ .39
Locus 1, Roadway Segment ................................................................................................... .42
Locus 2, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter ............................................................... .42
Locus 3, Historical Artifact Scatter ........................................................................................ .45
Locus 4, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter ............................................................... .45
Locus 5, Stone Border of Drive .............................................................................................. .46
Locus 6, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter ............................................................... .49
Locus 7, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter ............................................................... .49
Locus 8, Historical Artifact Scatter ........................................................................................ .51
Locus 9, Historical Artifact Scatter ........................................................................................ .51
Locus 10, Isolated Prehistoric Lithic Artifact ......................................................................... .52
Play Houses and Pet Cemetery Area ...................................................................................... .52
Summary .....................................................................................................................................54
Part V: Summary and Recommendations ......................................................................................55
References Cited .............................................................................................................................57
Appendix A: Request for Proposals/Scope of Work .......................................................................63
Appendix B: Shovel Test Unit Inventory and Descriptions ............................................................71
Appendix C: Artifact Inventory from Positive Shovel Tests ........................................................107
Appendix D: Site Form for 13DB853 ...........................................................................................129
Appendix E: NADB Form ............................................................................................................139
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Location of the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation Project study area
within Iowa .................................................................................................................................... ...2
Figure 1.2 The Four Mounds Archeological Investigation Project study area showing project
boundary and surrounding area ...................................................................................................... ...3
Figure 1.3 Aerial view of the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation Project area and
bordering prehistoric mound group (13DB021) ............................................................................ ...4
Figure 2.1 Location of the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation Project relative to
the physiographic provinces of Iowa (after Prior 1991) ................................................................ ...8
Figure 2.2 Early twentieth-century landscape south of the Grey House, Four Mounds,
Dubuque, Iowa ............................................................................................................................... .21
Figure 4.1 Locations of previously reported archaeological sites within one mile of the
Four Mounds Archeological Investigation Project area at Four Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa........... .34
Figure 4.2 Archaeological survey coverage of the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation
Project area, Four Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa ...................................................................................37
Figure 4.3 Site 13DB853 boundary and defining feature and artifact loci at Four Mounds,
Dubuque, Iowa ...............................................................................................................................43
Figure 4.4 Photograph taken during November 2007 looking west-southwest along the
service drive, which straddles at least one side of the rock border/curbing at Four
Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa ................................................................................................................. 46
Figure 4.5 Historical views of the service and front drives of the Grey House at Four
Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa showing rock border/curbing ................................................................. 47
Figure 4.6 Historical views of the service and front drives of the Grey House at Four
Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa with the rock border/curbing absent ....................................................... 48
Figure 4.7 Historical and recent views of the children's playhouses area at Four Mounds,
Dubuque, Iowa ............................................................................................................................... 53
List of Tables
Table 4.1 Buried utility and drainage features encountered during the Four Mounds Archeological
Investigation Project at Four Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa ..................................................................39
Table 4.2 Site 13DB853 loci descriptions and recommendations, Four Mounds, Dubuque,
Iowa .................................................................................................................................................40
Table 4.3 Loci artifact inventories for Site 13DB853 at Four Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa ................41
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Part I: Project Background
Introduction
During September through November 2007, Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, Inc.
(GLARC) together with students and faculty from Loras College performed a Phase I archaeological survey
of 16 acres within the Four Mounds Estate Historic District, which is atwentieth-century gentleman's
farm listed in the National Register of Historic Places and consists of 54 acres located north of the City of
Dubuque in Dubuque County, Iowa (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The Planning Services Department of the City of
Dubuque (City), which owns this property managed by the non-profit Four Mounds Foundation, authorized
GLARC to perform the study after receiving funding through Certified Local Government (CLG) Grant
2007-02 awarded by the State of Iowa and posting "Request for Proposals, Four Mounds Archeological
Investigation, April 19, 2007 " (Appendix A). Due to the presence of a linear alignment of four prehistoric
mounds (13DB021), which give the property its name as well as define a second National Register listing,
the City recognized that unrecorded prehistoric archaeological deposits, as well as historical ones associated
with the occupation of the Estate, may exist within the 16 acre parcel. As a result, the City secured grant
funding in order to perform the archaeological study for the purpose of determining through documentary
research and field investigation, the actual or potential presence/absence of archaeological deposits within
the borders of the study area for future planning and property management considerations. By identifying
significant or potential archaeological resources across the area, such resources may be avoided during the
planning and execution of a maintenance or improvement project. In accordance with a stipulation in the
scope-of-services (Appendix A) and prior to performing the field investigation, GLARC coordinated with
Loras College faculty overseeing the Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Interpretation Program for the
participation of students in the archaeological field investigation of the 16 acres (6.5 hectares) that define
the project's area of potential effects (APE).
The 16 acre (6.5 hectare) APE encompasses all original structures composing the Four Mounds Estate
Historic District and borders the Four Mounds Group, 13DB021 (Figure 1.3). Features not original to the
estate complex consist of a rope/confidence/team work course, natural prairie area, and graveled parking
lot. With the exception of a 110 feet wide buffer zone placed between the southeastern end of the mound
group and current field work, the areas around and between each of the historic features has been evaluated
through visual inspection, pedestrian survey, or shovel testing. As a result, previously unrecorded, multi-
component archaeological site 13DB853 has been identified and the entire project area is characterized as
having been disturbed by agricultural plowing, natural erosion, and estate development. Consideration of
this knowledge during planning, design, and implementation of maintenance/improvement projects will
allow City and Foundation personnel to properly plan, permit, and execute ground disturbing projects at
Four Mounds in regards to the identification, evaluation, and protection of cultural resources as stipulated
under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-665), as amended; and CFR
Part 800, which implements the Act.
Although the project has been funded with the assistance of a matching grant-in-aid from the State
Historical Society of Iowa, Sate Historic Preservation Office, through the Department of the Interior,
National Park Service, under provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966; the opinions
expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Department of the Interior. During the project, personnel
from GLARC and Loras College performed background research and field investigations. Dr. Michael M.
Gregory of GLARC conducted documentary research about the project area, and directed and participated
2 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
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Great Lakes Archaeological Resemrh Center Report o/'/nvesligntions No. 682
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4 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigntions No. 682
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Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
in the field survey. Students from Dr. Kristin Anderson-Bricker's Prehistory of the Upper Mississippi class,
including Dr.Anderson-Bricker, participated in the field investigation, with each providing 32 hours of work.
Student participants are Jon Bahl, Dale Kilburg, Scott Kalvedge, Laura Leahy, Brad London, and Heidi
Moore. Additional field work was provided by Alternative Central High School students enrolled in Mr. Ed
Bauer's class, which was on-site for other purposes during week days. Other logistical or administration
assistance was provided by Dr. Cindy Smith of Loras College, Ms. Christine H. Olson, Executive Director
of the Four Mounds Foundation, Ms. Marie Fitzgerald, Manager of the Four Mounds Inn and Conference
Center, and Mr. Jay Potter, Grounds Manager for the Four Mounds Foundation. Due to this project receiving
Federal financial assistance for the identification and protection of historic properties, under Title VI of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act
of 1975, as amended, the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibits unlawful discrimination in
Federally Assisted Programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. Any person who
believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a CITY of
Federal assistance should write to: Director, Equal Opportunity Program, U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, D.C. 20013-7127.
Currently, archaeological documentation and artifact assemblages generated by the study are curated at
GLARC, which is located at 427 East Stewart Street in the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. These materials
will be kept at this location until the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) of Iowa concurs with the
recommendations of this report, after which all records and materials will be transferred to the Four Mounds
Foundation for eventual curation or archiving at the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium in
Dubuque, Iowa.
Project Location and Area of Potential Effects
The current project area encompasses approximately 16 acres (6.5 hectares), which represent the actual
area of potential effects (APE) related to the implementation of future maintenance or improvement projects
required for the upkeep and development of Four Mounds Estate Historic District grounds and drives.
Historical structures located within the APE consist of paved and gravel drives, a root cellar, chauffeur
and gardener dwellings, a barn, a hog shed, a corn crib, a cabin, the Grey House, the White House, potting
and woodworking sheds, a rock garden and walls, stone/brick walks, two children's playhouse (only one
is standing) and the possible remains of a chicken house. In addition, a former garden area now a part of a
grassy lawn is present as a pet cemetery. More recent developments to the property are marked by a rope/
confidence/team work course, prairie garden, and gravel parking area. Within the 16 acre APE, any or all
of these structures and features may require maintenance or improvement, as well as the areas between or
leading to them.
In terms of its surroundings, the Four Mounds Estate is located north of Dubuque, south of the
confluence of the Maquoketa and Mississippi rivers, and between Peru Road and the Mississippi River. In
legal terms, the study area is located within the S1/2 NW of Section 1, and the E1/2 SE SE NE of Section
2, Township 89 North, Range 2 East (USGS Dubuque North, Iowa -Wis. - IL 7.5' Quad 1956/1972/1978).
Elevations across the tract range from approximately 700-to-864 ft (213-to-263 m) above mean sea level,
with elevations generally increasing as one travels west-to-east across the property.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Organization of the Report
This report, which describes the procedures and results of the Four MoundsArcheological Investigation
Project, is comprised of five parts and five appendices. Part I provides the project background, regulatory
authority, location, and area of potential effects.
Part II presents an environmental and cultural context for the project area in order to interpret the results
of the study. Part II begins with a brief discussion about natural conditions that have made the area a draw
to people during the past 12,500 years. This is followed by the culture history overview discussion, which
opens with the Paleoindian tradition (13,000 years before present) and continues through the prehistoric and
historical periods, ending during the twentieth century. Concluding Part II is a discussion about pertinent
research questions that potential archaeological resources associated with the Four Mounds Estate may
be used to answer and a review of National Register eligibility criteria that have been applied to listed
properties at Four Mounds. Similarly, the criteria may be used to evaluate any new archaeological features
or archaeological deposits/materials.
Part III details the research design and methodology used during the project. Specific field techniques
are discussed.
Part IV presents the results of the archaeological investigation of the 16 acre (6.5 hectare) study
tract. In addition to presenting project research results, previously documented archaeological sites located
within one mile of the study area boundary are briefly discussed.
Lastly, Part V reviews the results of the archival and archaeological research performed as part of the
current study. Similarly, it summarizes archaeological resources management recommendations offered in
regards to future maintenance or improvement projects that may disturb ground within the 16 acre study
parcel.
Great Lakes Archaeological Resenrch Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Part II: Environmental and Cultural Context
Introduction
The culture history sequence for the general area in which the Four Mounds Estate is located (Figures
1.1 and 1.2) reflects a continuous human occupation that extends approximately 13,000 years into the
past. During this time, a variety of prehistoric and historical cultures and traditions utilized the region as
people traversed, exploited, and settled it. With time, human occupation and use of the land changed in
response to developing environmental, social, and economic conditions. Evidence of these natural and
cultural changes is documented in local archaeological and historical records, which have been summarized
in prior overviews about the region and its cultures (Alex 2000; Benchley et al. 1997; Henning 1982;
Logan 1976; Mallam 1976). The culture history context that follows draws upon the earlier overviews
(Alex 2000; Benchley et al. 1997) as well as reports or studies about the area (Anonymous 1985 and 1987;
Benn 1978 and 1979; Benn et al. 2007; Celmer et al. 1984; Collins 1996a, 1996b, and 1996c; Hannus et
al. 1983; McConkey 1995; McKay 1988; Morrow 1996; Overstreet 1985; Rodgers 2000 and 2001; Stanley
and Stanley 1988; Stubbs et al. 2002), and is organized in chronological order from prehistoric through
historical periods. Following this cultural overview is a brief review of National Register significance
criteria and criteria used to evaluate the two National Register listed properties recorded at Four Mounds.
This review includes a discussion about how other potential cultural resources located on the Estate grounds
may be evaluated in regards to the criteria. To further assist in the National Register evaluation of newly
recorded archaeological deposits or features, research questions that may answered with prehistoric and
historic data derived from such resources are presented.
In order to fully appreciate the cultural sequence and some of the circumstances that influenced it,
a summary account of the local environmental history is provided and identifies ecological conditions
that encouraged cultural changes. The local environment supported prehistoric and historical peoples, all
of whom left varying degrees of evidence of their activities in the form of archaeological sites. A variety
of these site types have been recorded within the region, and while the presented cultural overview is not
encyclopedic in its coverage of regional sites, it does identify the range of known and potential site types
that may or do occur within the region surrounding the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation Project
area.
Environmental Setting
Physiography
The Four Mounds Estate is located within the Paleozoic Plateau physiographic region (Figure 2.1),
which exhibits some of the sharpest, most rugged topographical relief in the state of Iowa (Prior 1991:84-97).
In addition, the region is marked by numerous rock outcroppings; limited glacial deposits; and abundant deep,
narrow valleys containing fast-flowing streams; and extensive woodlands. These physical characteristics
of the landscape are the result of erosional processes acting upon rock strata dating to the Paleozoic age
(230-to-570 million years ago). The Paleozoic aged rock exists as shallow sedimentary bedrock composed
of limestone, dolomite, sandstone, and shale, all of which derive from materials that accumulated on sea
bottoms and along coastal zones when tropical marine environments dominated the region between 300
g Grent Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 681
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Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
and 550 million years ago. After the sediments hazdened into rock strata, natural internal forces acting
upon the earth's crust distorted the strata and introduced fracture planes, which wind, water, and gravity
exploited to create the blocky shapes or sheer faces frequently observed along drainage course bluffs, valley
walls, and road cuts. Differential weathering of the various bedrock materials determines the topographical
features present within an area. In addition, the presence/absence of specific bedrock materials coupled with
elevation and water table conditions dictate whether or not springs exist or karst features, for examples,
caves and sink holes, develop (Prior 1991:91). Across the region, relatively recent glacial events have had
little affect upon the landscape, and recorded glacial deposits are Pre-Illinoian, dating more than 500,000
years old (Prior 1991:93).
Within the immediate area of the Four Mounds Estate, distinguishing characteristics of the Paleozoic
Plateau physiographic region are evident with the exception that features indicative of karst topography,
for example, sinkholes, caves, and springs (Prior 1991:34) . A walk around the estate grounds reveals
bedrock outcrops, plateau like uplands, integrated drainage networks, and deeply entrenched valleys, while
subsurface excavation reveals a thin loess cover. Relief across the area ranges from approximately 700-to-
864 ft (213-to-263 m) above mean sea level, and has in some way been modified by past erosion resulting
primarily from farming practices that occurred before establishment of the Estate. In some places, this or
natural erosion may have exposed or buried bedrock, which includes chert. Whether or not exploitable
sources of chert occurred on the property prehistorically has not been determined, but such sources certainly
existed within the general area and could have been used for the production of tools. Where exposed, these
and other lithic sources would have been observed as people moved up and down drainages that facilitated
travel between the Mississippi River flood plain and bordering bluff/ridge tops.
Floral and Fauna
In the past, the range of available faunal and floral resources found along the Mississippi River
in northeastern Iowa depended in large part upon prevailing climatic conditions, which at times have
experienced significant changes during the past 13,000 years. Beginning approximately 13,000 years before
present (B.P.), the climate began to warm as glaciers retreated, and conifers, together with megafauna
such as mammoth, dominated the landscape. Over the next 2,500 years, the climate warmed such that by
10,500 B.P., deciduous hardwood forests composed of maple and oak mantled northeastern Iowa. As the
climate became warmer and drier beginning just prior to 8000 B.P., prairie vegetation began to migrate
eastward and replace the hardwood forests. Prairie grasses expanded to the Dubuque region sometime
between 8000 and 3800 B.P. The warming and drying trend continued for approximately 2,000 years, and in
many regions, resulted in the replacement of much of the closed deciduous forest by parklands supporting
prairie vegetation. In northeastern Iowa, these conditions made the Mississippi River corridor extremely
productive and dependable in regards to available natural resources.
Beginning circa 4000 B.P., precipitation increased and temperatures cooled allowing oak forest
to expand or establish themselves in some areas. In general, soon after 4000 B.P., the vegetation cover
observed by Euro-Americans had established itself. Thereafter, vegetation surrounding the Dubuque area
maintained itself with little modification until the arrival of Euro-Americans. During the late 1830s through
the 1850s, Euro-American settlers began to develop the azea and subsequently removed much of the historic
vegetation through agricultural and limited commercial development.
Prior to, and certainly after circa 4000 B.P., prehistoric and historical peoples found a rich range
of floral and faunal subsistence resources available in northeastern Iowa. In season, forests and prairie
vegetation yielded a range of nuts, seeds, tubers, berries, and raw materials to eat or to produce baskets,
10 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
mats, and other needed material items. In addition, the area offered a range of faunal species consisting of
mammals (bear, beaver, bison, elk, muskrat, otter, raccoons, and white-tailed deer), birds (cranes, grouse,
passenger pigeons, prairie chickens, quail, turkey, and various water fowl), aquatic species (bass, catfish,
freshwater mussels, suckers, and turtles), and other animals that could be hunted and fished (Dinsmore
1994). Thus within the Dubuque area and the Four Mounds Estate tract in particular, both prehistoric and
historical peoples had the opportunity to exploit a range of floral and faunal resources associated with
upland and lowland settings.
Prehistoric Period
The distribution of regionally known archaeological sites together with recent results derived from
cultural resources management studies performed in the general area of Dubuque, suggest a long and
continuous use of the area beginning as early as 13,000 B.P. Physical evidence indicates that each of the
four major cultural traditions associated with Iowa's prehistory (Alex 2000) occupied or at least in some
way exploited the area. The four major cultural traditions are the Paleoindian (13,000-to-10,500 B.P.), the
Archaic (10,500-to-2200 B.P.), the Woodland (2200-to-800 B.P.), and the Late Prehistoric (800-to-350
B.P.). While evidence of each tradition is reported from the general area, only that of the Woodland is
duectly associated with the Four Mounds Estate. As a result, the prehistoric culture history of the study
area is open to speculation and maybe discussed only in regional terms. By contrast, and not unexpectedly,
much more is known about the historical period, especially after 1908 (Rogers 2001).
The Paleoindian Tradition (13,000-to-10,500 B.P.)
The earliest inhabitants of the Dubuque area are recognized as nomadic hunters and gatherers called
Paleoindians by archaeologists. Throughout North America, the Paleoindian cultural tradition is defined both
by a subsistence base heavily slanted toward the exploitation of Pleistocene mammals such as mammoth,
mastodon, bison, and caribou, and by the distinctive fluted and non-fluted lanceolate projectile points/
knives its members crafted. Across Iowa, only one Paleoindian site (Rummells-Maske, 13CD15) has been
excavated (Alex 2000:38; Anderson and Tiffany 1972}, and much of what is known about the tradition in
Iowa is inferred from related surface finds of artifacts. Due to the limited nature of the data, archaeologists do
not known when Paleoindians first inhabited the territory from which the state of Iowa is politically created
or what animals and plants they actually hunted and gathered (Alex 2000:37). Based upon data collected
from sites excavated in neighboring states, Paleoindians probably entered Iowa sometime between 13,100
and 12,750 B.P. (Alex 2000:39). While much of the Dubuque area was glacier-free during the last ice age,
until ice of the Des Moines and Green Bay lobes retreated further northward beginning circa 13,000 B.P.,
the Dubuque area may have been too cold to accommodate human occupation. Certainly by 12,500 B.P., the
glaciers had retreated far enough northward to have had a positive affect on the region's climate and biotic
communities, making the Dubuque area more attractive for human exploitation and occupation.
Across Iowa, as well as in other regions of North America, the Paleoindian tradition is subdivided
into Early and Late components. The temporal division between the two sub-periods is not distinct, but
varies within and between regions depending upon local environmental or social conditions, which may
have delayed or accelerated change within a given locale, and is characterized archaeologically by a shift
from the production and use of fluted-to-non-fluted lanceolate point/knife styles (Alex 2000:37; Mason
1981:111-112). Regional data collected throughout the Midwest suggests the Early Paleoindian period
dates between circa 13,500 and approximately 12,500 B.P., while the later component spans approximately
Great Lakes Arrhneological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 11
12,500-to-10,500 B.P. Within Iowa, both periods are recognized and interpreted primarily from surface finds
of diagnostic projectile points/knives: the early component is associated with fluted Clovis and subsequent
Gainey and Folsom point styles, whereas the later is recognized by the presence of non-fluted Dalton,
Fayette, Agate Basin, and Hell Gap points (Alex 2000:51). While Clovis points are found throughout Iowa,
Gainey, Dalton, and Fayette points appear to define apost-Clovis occupation limited largely to the eastern
portion of the state (Morrow 1996:2). Whether this distribution of point/knife styles represents a sampling
bias or is an actual reflection of a cultural pattern created by prehistoric peoples awaits further data and
study.
The Late Paleoindian tradition, which follows Folsom and Gainey point makers, begins circa 12,500
B.P., and coincides with environmental changes. These changes are a result of a warming climate, which
expands the diversity of local environments. In response to this new range of environments, human
adaptations to the landscape increased, resulting in regional traditions reflected in subsistence strategies,
tool assemblages, and projectile point/knife styles (Alex 2000:50). During this time, heat treating of chert
occurs for the first time as a way to improve its workability, and chipped stone adzes become more frequent,
suggesting an increase in the importance of wood working. Similar to Early Paleoindian sites, late ones,
especially those associated with the early Holocene epoch, are poorly understood due to their destruction
or burial by erosional forces.
Within northeastern Iowa, early Paleoindian projectile points/knives, especially the Clovis style, are
known from surface finds (Morrow 1996) reported in Allamakee, Clayton, Jackson and Jones counties;
however, none are reported for Dubuque County. This distribution of early projectile points knives in
bordering counties to the north and south of Dubuque suggests that Paleoindian peoples traversed and
exploited the area, but for unknown reasons, evidence of this use in Dubuque County has yet to be reported.
Similarly, the conditions or resources that may have attracted Paleoindian people to spend time in the area
remain unknown, although one may assume that no single resource brought people to the area. Rather,
natural conditions created by the retreating glaciers, coupled with the presence of the Mississippi River and
its tributaries encouraged people to migrate into the region (Alex 2000:41-42; Wiant 1993:113-115). There
they took advantage of the availability of lithic raw materials and an abundance of subsistence resources,
for example, water fowl and fish.
While evidence of an early Paleoindian occupation in Dubuque County is absence, the presence of
late Paleoindian sites is reported, especially south of the City of Dubuque (Stubbs et al. 2002). This late
Paleoindian occupation is marked by the presence of Plainview, Dalton-like, and Scottsbluff eared variant
projectile points/knives associated with lithic materials at several sites: 13DB671 (Stubbs et al. 2002:74-
75), 13DB697 (Stubbs et al. 2002:91-92), and 13DB704 (Stubbs et al. 2002:96-97). Each site is interpreted
as a camp utilized for only a brief period of time or is defined as an isolated find (13DB704). Additional
sites probably existed or still exist in the area, but have been destroyed by erosional forces or historical
development, or lay undiscovered beneath alluvial deposits marking the Corrington and Gunder members
of the DeForest Formation (Alex 2000:82-83). The availability of floral and faunal resources related to
changing climatic conditions along the upper Mississippi River and its tributaries probably drew Late
Paleoindian people into the region as part of their seasonal round.
The Archaic Tradition (10,500-to-2800 B.P.)
The Archaic tradition followed that of the Paleoindian and is marked by the introduction of stemmed
and notched projectile point/knife styles, which post-date circa 10,500 B.P. across the Midwest (Alex
2000:53). In addition to projectile point/knife styles, Archaic period sites are often identified by the absence
12 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 681
of pottery vessels, the presence of burials in natural knolls, and the recovery of faunal and floral remains
representing a more generalized subsistence base oriented towazd smaller game and a broader range of
plant species. Other trends noted for the tradition are artifact assemblages exhibiting greater frequencies of
ground stone, woodworking, and seed/nut processing implements; an emphasis on fishing and the harvesting
of riverine shellfish; and the first evidence of metalworking: raw copper fashioned into a variety of objects.
While social, technological, and environmental changes mark the Archaic, projectile point/knife styles,
which aze the most diagnostic artifact type of the tradition in Iowa (Alex 2000:56), provide the best basis
for temporally grouping sites into three sub-traditions: the Early Archaic (10,500-to-7500 B.P.), the Middle
Archaic (7500-to-5000 B.P.), and the Late Archaic (5000-to-2800 B.P.}.
A demographic trend documented archaeologically and characterizing the entire tradition is an
increasing number ofrecorded camp/habitation sites. This observation is interpreted as a sign of an expanding
population, and suggests that through time as more inhabitants filled the landscape, people's mobility
decreased as population pressure curtailed the size of home ranges or seasonal rounds. As a consequence,
certain areas became more settled as some groups began to occupy semi-permanent base camps from which
members ventured out for subsistence or social purposes. Archaeologically, these base camps are important
settlement markers and yield a tremendous amount of data about a wide range of everyday activities not
observed at smaller, more ephemeral sites (Alex 2000:61). Eventually, a few of the semi-permanent base
camps came to be occupied on a year-round basis and developed into the first small villages.
Linked to increasing lengths of stay at or seasonal re-use of a site is another Archaic development:
communal burials. The presence of communal ossuaries and earthen burial mounds bear evidence to a
growing sense of territorialism among late Archaic communities in at least parts of Iowa. Theses sites
similarly reflect an expanding sphere of trade and contact with other Midwestern Archaic groups. This
interaction is revealed by grave goods consisting of shell, copper, and lithic items imported from distant
sources. By contrast, the recovery of these exotic materials, coupled with the quality of preservation and
the quantity of recorded Archaic sites has greatly expanded archaeologists' understanding of the tradition
compared to that of the preceding Paleoindian.
Of the three Archaic sub-traditions, the least well understood for Iowa is the eazliest. The Early Archaic
coincides with drier, warmer climatic conditions defining the Hypsithermal and the resulting eastward
movement of prairie grasslands between 9100 B.P. and 3800 B.P. Archaeologically, Early Archaic sites are
recognized by the presence of stemmed and notched projectile points/knives, and much of what is known
about it in Iowa is derived from surface finds; however, a few sites located in the state's central and western
regions have been excavated and reported (Been and Rogers 1985; Collins 1990). Within northeastern
Iowa, projectile point/knife styles are widely distributed and known from surface finds, with few formal
sites recorded and reported. Within the Dubuque area, several Early Archaic sites have been investigated
south of the city (Stubbs et al. 2002).
An Early Archaic occupation of the Dubuque area is marked by the presence of St. Charles and
Dalton-like projectile points (Stubbs et al. 2002). St. Charles or St. Charles-like projectile points have been
recovered at sites 13DB697, which is interpreted as a small camp or work area (Stubbs et al. 2002:91-92),
and 13DB712, which may define an extensively used lithic reduction site or possible habitation (Stubbs
et al. 2002:105-106). The Dalton-like projectile point represents an isolated find designated site 13DB704
(Stubbs et al. 2002:96-97). Additional sites probably existed or still exist in the area, but have been destroyed
by erosional forces or historical development, or lay undiscovered beneath alluvial deposits associated with
the Corrington and Gunder members of the DeForest Formation (Alex 2000:82-83; Stubbs et al. 2002).
As with the Paleoindian tradition, changing climatic conditions and the resulting availability of floral and
faunal resources along the Mississippi River and its tributaries probably drew Eazly Archaic groups into the
region as part of their seasonal round.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of'Investigations No. 682
13
More is known about Iowa's Middle Archaic, which is a period when people reoriented their subsistence
practices toward the exploitation of riverine, marsh, and lacustrine habitats in response to changing climatic
conditions correlated to the most arid period of the Hypsithermal (Alex 2000:67). While uplands continued
to be utilized, people increasingly occupied lower lying areas where water, timber, and resources more
readily existed. As a result of this reorientation toward lowland areas, many Middle Archaic sites are often
deeply buried in river valleys or submerged below lake waters. Archaeologically, the Middle Archaic is
recognized by the presence medium-sized stemmed and notched projectile point forms referred to as Jakie,
Brannan, Matanzas, Raddatz, Godar, Helton, Osceola, and Karnak, some of which carry over into the Late
Archaic period.
While much of what is known about the Middle Archaic is derived from excavated sites located in
the western half of Iowa or along the Mississippi River, archaeological survey data reveal the presence
of numerous briefly occupied camps or procurement sites, as well as larger base camps, oriented toward
the exploitation of riverine and upland resources (Alex 2000:67). During this period, climatic conditions
encouraged people to focus on the Mississippi River and the valleys of its tributaries where resources
concentrated along rivers and adjoining marshes bounded by valley walls.
Groups hunting and gathering along the river and tributaries may have established base camps where
they refurbished their tool kits, took advantage of local resources, and positioned themselves to make
periodic forays to exploit more distant inland resources (Alex 2000:68). Such interpretation is based upon
the presence of a wide range of medium-size stemmed and notched points, which are temporally diagnostic
of the Middle Archaic. Other diagnostic artifacts associated with the sub-tradition are winged T-shaped
drills, bifaces, and large unifacial scrapers. Flake tools are frequently produced from local cherts that have
been heat treated, a procedure that enhances the workability of the material. Use of this procedure suggests
access to better quality materials is being limited, perhaps due to local population pressure that decreases
groups' mobility and confine them to a smaller home territorial range (Alex 2000:69). The apparent increase
in ground stone tools such as grooved axes and polished bannerstones as the size and quality of chipped
tools decreases, may be another indicator of shrinking territorial ranges traversed by small hunting bands
comprised of 15-to-30 people intensively exploiting all resources of their territory. Determining the actual
role population pressure played in shaping the mobility strategies pursued by Middle Archaic peoples
exploiting resources available across Iowa, as well as in the Dubuque area, requires more detailed data
regarding site and artifact distributions, and the influence climatic conditions had upon the distribution of
natural resources.
Confirmed and potential Middle Archaic sites are reported for the Dubuque area. These sites are
recognized by the presence of Raddatz and Turin projectile points (Stubbs et al. 2002), which may also date
to the early Late Archaic, as well as Brannon Side-Notched, Brewerton Eared-Notched, Matanzas Faint
Side-Notched, and Matanzas Deep Side-Notched types (Been et al. 2007:24-26. Raddatz and Turin points
have been recovered from site 13DB694, which is interpreted as a small camp or work area (Stubbs et al.
2002:88-99), while Raddatz points have been found at 13DB627 and 13DB739, both of which are multi-
component sties (Stubbs et al. 2002). Site 13DB627 is interpreted as an extensively used lithic reduction
site or possible habitation (Stubbs et al. 2002:72-73), while 13DB739 is understood to represent a camp or
special use locus (Stubbs et a1.127-128). Together with a Raddatz points, Brannon Side-Notched, Brewerton
Eared-Notched, Matanzas Faint Side-Notched, and Matanzas Deep Side-Notched projectile points have
been recovered from site 13DB493 (Benn et al. 2007:2007), which also yielded radio carbon specimens
dated to the Middle Archaic tradition (Benn et al. 2007:16-18) and is located less than one mile southwest of
the Four Mounds Estate. Additional sites probably existed or still exist in the area, but have been destroyed
by erosional forces or historical development, or lay undiscovered beneath alluvial deposits associated with
the Corrington and Gunder members of the DeForest Formation (Alex 2000:82-83; Stubbs et al. 2002). Just
14 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
as during the Early Archaic, the availability of floral and faunal resources along the Mississippi River and
its tributaries probably drew Middle Archaic groups to the region as part of their seasonal round.
As the Middle Archaic closed and the Late Archaic period began, Iowa's climate became cooler and
moisture, resulting in natural conditions that gave the landscape an appearance similar to what existed at the
time Europeans first entered the region (Alex 2000:73). Throughout the Late Archaic, climatic conditions
encouraged resettlement or use of areas that had been abandoned during the preceding period, and this is
reflected as an increase in the quantity of sites over previous Archaic periods. The exception may be the Des
Moines Lobe, where use of the prairie wetlands may have decreased (Alex 2000:73; Lensink 1984}. Greater
numbers of sites and varieties of point styles suggest a growing population, segments of which eventually
established year-round base camps along the Mississippi River in eastern Iowa where, for the first time,
they began to cultivate native plants.
Across Iowa, archaeologists recognize four Late Archaic artifact phases or complexes, and while
all but the Titterington-Sedalia-Nebo Hill culture are unnamed, the remaining three are comparable to the
Hemphill phase of Illinois, the Durst Phase of Wisconsin, and the Terminal Late Archaic of the Mississippi
and Illinois River valleys. Within the east-central portion of Iowa, the Durst Phase best characterizes
artifacts assemblages of the Late Archaic and is recognized by the presence of smaller stemmed point
types consisting of Table Rock, Springly, Durst, Robbins, and Merom styles; broad side-notched points,
for example, Fort Dodge and Conrad styles, and by small corner-notched Vosberg points (Alex 2000:74).
Many Iowa sites linked to the Durst phase are distributed across the southern and eastern portions of the
state, where the similarity of material with that of Wisconsin suggests interaction between peoples of the
regions. This interaction may have resulted in the sharing or adoption of artifact styles, which may have
been fortuitous or may be directed toward territorial allegiances as people's mobility decreased and they
cooperated and traded more intensively with smaller numbers of surrounding groups.
While Late Archaic sites are more numerous throughout the state than sites of the earlier sub-traditions,
few definitive Late Archaic sites are reported for the Dubuque area. Some that have been reported are
recognized primarily upon the presence of Raddatz and Tipton projectile points, which respectively overlap
the late Middle Archaic or the early Woodland; and an unnamed side-notched projectile point resembling
a Late Archaic-to-Early Woodland style. Raddatz points have been found at sites 13DB627, 13DB694,
and 13DB739 (Stubbs et al. 2002). Sites 13DB627 (Stubbs et al. 2002:72-73) and 13DB739 (Stubbs et al.
2002:127-128) yielded multi-component deposits including later tradition materials, and are respectively
interpreted as a lithic reduction or possible habitation site, and a camp or resource extraction locus. In
contrast, 13DB694 (Stubbs et al. 2002:88-89) is a single component site, which similar to 13DB627, is
interpreted as a lithic reduction loci or possible habitation (Stubbs et al. 2002:72-73). Other local Late
Archaic sites are 13DB722 (Stubbs et al. 2002:112-113), which yielded a Tipton projectile point and is
identified as a heavily used lithic reduction area or habitation (Stubbs et al. 2002:113); and 13DB671
(Stubbs et al. 2002:74-75), which produced an unnamed side-notched point and is identified as another
multi-component site defining a "sparse aboriginal lithic scatter" (Stubbs et al. 2002:74). Additional Late
Archaic sites probably existed or still exist in the area, but have been destroyed by erosional forces or
historical development, or lay undiscovered beneath alluvial deposits associated with the Corrington,
Gunder, and Roberts Creek members of the DeForest Formation (Alex 2000:82-83; Stubbs et al. 2002).
As with earlier occupations of the area, the availability of floral and faunal resources along the Mississippi
River and its tributaries brought the area to the attention of Late Archaic groups, who incorporated them
into their seasonal round; however, whether these people pursued more sedentary lives in response to an
increasing population remains unknown.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
IS
The Woodland Tradition (2800 to 800 B.P.)
As the Archaic tradition neared its end circa 2800 B.P., groups began adopting innovative technologies,
and new social and economic practices, all of which signal the beginning of the Woodland tradition. These
changes elaborated on Archaic practices (Alex 2000:85) and are identified as the production of pottery,
the construction of earthen mounds for burials, and the cultivation of plants (Alex 2000:85; Benchley et
al. 1997:87; Tiffany 1986:160). Across Iowa, acceptance of these practices occurred at different times
as some groups continued to pursue earlier hunter-gatherer lifeways. Another characteristic marking the
tradition is continued population growth. An increasing population required new subsistence strategies that
took Woodland people into a wider range of environmental zones including upland, lowland-riverine, and
lakeside settings. Similar to the Archaic tradition, that of the Woodland may be divided into sub-traditions
(Alex 2000:85) designated the Early Woodland (2800-to-2200 B.P.), the Middle Woodland (2200-to-1600
B.P.), and the Late Woodland (1600-to-800 B.P.). The basis of the divisions is made upon the appearance
of distinctive ceramic styles and projectile point types in association with stratigraphic sequencing and
radiocarbon dates. Across Iowa, numerous Woodland habitation sites have been reported and more exist
buried beneath river valley alluvium.
Within Iowa, the Early Woodland is recognized by the presence of Marion or Black Sand complex
ceramics at archaeological sites. While the introduction of pottery marks the onset of the tradition, the
way of life of Early Woodland peoples remained very similar to that of the Late Archaic (Alex 2000:87).
Both peoples relied on hunting and gathering of wild resources to meet subsistence needs, and in so doing,
pursued a seasonal round. For some of the groups, this subsistence strategy may have included year-round
base camps from which resources were exploited; however, it did not emphasize cultivated plants, which
during the Early Woodland played a minimal role in allowing people to meet their subsistence needs. In
addition, both groups constructed mounds, and through time, people returning to these mounds, constructed
additional ones, resulting in the creation of mound groups. These mounds occur more frequently in
northeastern Iowa than in other parts of the state, and while numerous mounds, both burial and non-burial,
have been recorded during the past 150 years, their established or changing role in people's lives continues
to remain open to speculation. Data from excavated mounds, as well as from other types of Early Woodland
sites reveal that groups engaged in limited long distance trade.
The production of Marion Thick pottery marks the beginning of the Early Woodland sub-tradition in
northeastern Iowa and is followed by the introduction of Black Sand pottery during the late Early Woodland.
Marion Thick is recognized as the oldest ceramic tradition of Iowa where the pottery type is recorded
primarily along or in proximity to the Mississippi River (Alex 2000:88 and 90), which roughly marks its
western most distribution. In contrast, by the time Black Sand ceramics enter the region, they appear to be
distributed over a board portion of the Prairie Peninsula (Alex 2000:92). Within the Dubuque area, Marion
Thick pottery is reported (Collins 1996b; Stubbs et al. 2002), and throughout its distribution, vessels are
characterized by the use of grit temper--frequently igneous rock--and by their resemblance to clay flower
pots: thick, straight sided walls arising from flat bottoms (Alex 2000:88). Alternatively, Black Sand vessels
are thinner walled, exhibit a sandy paste, and are characterized by a conoidal or baglike shape (Alex 2000:92-
93). Across the Upper Midwest, the Black Sand ceramic tradition is marked by phases associated with
specific pottery types, as well as other distinctive settlement, subsistence, and material culture practices. As
a result, northeastern and north-central Iowa, and southwestern Wisconsin are associated with the Prairie
phase, which generally dates to the first century A.D. or somewhat earlier (Alex 2000:94-95)
While Marion Thick and Black Sand ceramics temporally overlap in Iowa, their broader areal
relationship to one another, as well as that to other Middle Woodland ceramic traditions, probably varied
across the Upper Midwest (Alex 2000:95). Relative to one another, sites dominated by Black Sand ceramics
j 6 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 681
yield fewer data evidencing plant cultivation, mortuary ritual, social stratification, and long distance trade
than do sites yielding greater quantities of Marion Thick pottery (Alex 2000:95). Cultural trends that define
the Early Woodland are increased cultivation of various plant species, more elaborate mortuary rituals,
greater social stratification, and expanding long-distance trade (Alex 2000:95). In addition to specific
pottery types, the Early Woodland is recognized archaeologically by the presence of diagnostic stemmed
Adena, Kramer, and Waubesa style projectile points (Alex 2000:92-93; Stubbs et al. 2000).
Within the Dubuque area, the Eazly Woodland occupation is recognized by the presence of Marion
Thick pottery; and Kramer, Waubesa, and an unnamed side-notched projectile points (Alex 2000:92;
Stubbs et al. 2002). Site 13DB428 yielded a Marion Thick ceramic sherd, while other evidence of an Eazly
Woodland occupation is derived from lithic materials. Kramer and Waubesa projectile points have been
recovered from site 13DB627, which is interpreted as a long term, multi-component lithic reduction locus or
possible habitation (Stubbs et al. 2002:72-73). In addition, aside-notched projectile point style resembling
that of Late Archaic and Early Woodland types has been recovered from 13DB671, which represents a
scatter of lithic debris (Stubbs et al. 2002:74-75). Additional sites occurred or still exist in the area, but have
been destroyed by erosional forces or historical development, or lay undiscovered beneath alluvial deposits
associated with the Corrington, Gunder, and Roberts Creek members of the DeForest Formation (Alex
2000:82-83; Stubbs et al. 2002). During the sub-tradition, Early Woodland people continued to practice
a seasonal round just as Archaic peoples did, and this strategy brought them to the Mississippi River and
its tributaries where they took advantage of abundant seasonal faunal and floral resources, and possibly
interacted with other groups on a regular or predictable basis.
Practices associated with the Eazly Woodland survived into the Middle Woodland (2200-1600 B.P.),
during which time they become more elaborate, especially in regards to social and ceremonial behaviors
(Alex 2000:87). Characteristics of the period are Havana ceramic wazes, corner-notched projectile points,
increased frequencies of exotic chert use, expansion of mound construction, and a larger suite of lithic tool
types. During the middle phase, many of the characteristic social and economic developments observed
archaeologically are attributed to the Hopewell Interaction Sphere, "a widespread exchange network and
mortuary complex covering nearly the entire eastern United States" (Benchley et al. 1997:92). Evidence
of participation in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere (HIS) by at least some Iowa groups is reported from "a
series of remarkable sites along the Mississippi River" (Alex 2000:87).
One notable and distinguishing feature marking the Middle Woodland is the construction of numerous
conical mounds that once populated the Iowa landscape, including east-central Iowa. The presence of these
mounds is considered evidence of participation by a region's inhabitants in the HIS, which witnessed the
trade of exotic materials throughout the Midwest and may signal the rise of tribal organization among
participants. Within east-central Iowa, the HIS exerted some influence upon inhabitants, but the data suggest
that participation was not significant and did not greatly alter people's lives or behaviors.
Other less spectacular and more widely distributed traits of Iowa's Middle Woodland is the occurrence
of Havana tradition ceramics and projectile points (Alex 2000:102-103). Within Iowa, as across the Midwest,
Havana pottery exhibits attributes developing from regionalization. In general, the pottery is thick with coarse
rock or grit temper, and vessel shape exhibits large, elongated jar forms with a subconoidal base, poorly
demarcated shoulder, and distinctive decorative designs. Projectile points show corner notching and board
flat flaking, and depending upon appearance are identified as Snyders, Gibson, Manker, or Norton forms.
Points are frequently made of exotic raw materials, which have been acquired through trade; however, as in
east-central Iowa, points and other stone tools are frequently produced from lower quality, locally available
lithic raw materials, which frequently required heat-treating in order to make them easier to knap.
Grent Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 17
Similar to the Early Woodland, Middle Woodland materials and sites are present within the Dubuque
area, although based upon available evidence, the Middle Woodland occupation is less intense than that
of the earlier period. At site 13DB627, which is amulti-component, long-term lithic reduction location
or habitation, the presence of a Manker projectile point reveals the former use by Middle Woodland or
Hopewell culture people (Stubbs et al. 2002:72-73). If Middle Woodland people established additional
local sites that have not been destroyed by erosional forces or historical improvements, the sites will be
found on the surface or buried under alluvial deposits associated with the Corrington, Gunder, and Roberts
Creek members of the DeForest Formation (Alex 2000:82-83; Stubbs et al. 2002). Data from local Middle
Woodland sites will reveal that while inhabitants experienced greater restriction on their territorial mobility,
resulting in shifting settlement patterns defined by several base camps and numerous ephemeral resource
extraction loci, the exploitation of a wider array of natural resources found in and along the Mississippi
River or its tributaries intensified. In addition, as home territories shrank in size, occupying groups may
have stepped-up construction of mounds as a means of defining their territories. Many of these mounds,
which may have served as boundary markers identifying title to surrounding lands among other possible
functions, have been destroyed by modern era agricultural practices.
The collapse or retraction of the HIS by the fifth century A.D. signaled the beginning of the Late
Woodland sub-tradition, during which the people of Iowa built smaller mounds, possessed fewer exotic trade
items, and reoccupied hinterlands that surround earlier, larger communities (Alex 2000:115). Subsistence
patterns continued to depend on hunting, fishing, and gathering, but cultivated plants satisfied an increasing
portion of people's diet. It is also a time when small triangular projectile points became widespread and
mark the adoption of the bow and arrow. Projectile point styles include the notched Klunk, Koster, and
Scallorn types; and the unnotched, triangular Madison type. At the same time, ceramic vessels become
more globular in shape and exhibit thinner walls (Alex 2000:118).
Late Woodland subsistence practices continued to rely upon hunting, fishing, and gathering; however,
with time, cultivated plant foods increased in importance. Archaeological evidence of this is recorded as an
increase in frequency of processing facilities and storage features together with the remains of domesticated
plants. These features and remains are often recorded at large, intensively occupied sites and not so
frequently at smaller villages or hamlets, which consist of a few seasonally occupied structures. Regarding
northeastern Iowa, settlement patterns shift during the early, Late stage when people appear to abandon
riverine settings in favor of more dispersed settlement marked by single or a small suite of households
distributed throughout the uplands (Alex 2000:122). A more dispersed settlement pattern may have resulted
due to increased population pressures, game depletion, intensified cultivation, or a mix of causes requiring
greater territoriality.
Due to regionalization of pottery styles during the period, a series of phase designations are used
to organize the Late Woodland of the upper Midwest (Alex 2000:118-120), and for northeastern Iowa,
Allamakee phase ceramics mark the early stage of the Late sub-tradition. These ceramics span the Middle-
to-Late Woodland transition and are referred to as Linn ware, which shows greater decoration than the
more widely distributed Weaver pottery of eastern Iowa (Alex 2000:118-119). In addition, the phase is
marked by continued construction ofconical-shaped burial mounds while introducing linear mound forms.
Mound forms become more complex during the following Lane Farm phase of the late Late Woodland
in northeastern and north-central Iowa (Alex 2000:124). This later phase is defined primarily upon the
occurrence of Lane Farm Cord Impressed pottery, which combines Middle and Late Woodland attributes.
In turn, the Lane Farm phase is followed by the Keys phase defined by the presence of Madison and
Minott's wares, and most closely associated with the Effigy Mound tradition, which characterizes southern
Wisconsin and northeastern Iowa (Alex 2000:125 and 132). For the late, Late stage, site distributions may
reflect a settlement pattern in which family groups move seasonally from upland cave/rockshelter sites
18 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 681
occupied during the late Fall through late Spring and then abandoned for summers on flood plains where
multiple families came together for the purposes of social exchange, exploiting wild resources, raising
cultigens, and possibly burying their dead in effigy mounds, while maintaining the mounds as territorial
markers for the massed lineages (Alex 2002:128).
Within the Dubuque area, several Late Woodland sites are recorded and reported. Best known of the
sites are 13DB486, the Carroll Rockshelter (Collins 1996c; Collins et al. 1997), and 13DB497, the Union
Bench site (Bean et al. 2007). The Carroll Rockshelter site dates to the Keys phase while the Union Bench
site, which represents a briefly occupied village is located less than a mile from the Four Mounds Estate,
yielded a variety of ceramics that together characterize the Late Woodland period .Other sites are 13DB626
and 13DB739, each of which produced diagnostic ceramic, or ceramic and lithic materials (Stubbs et al.
2002). Site 13DB626 is identified as an "aboriginal artifact scatter", which yielded sixteen grit tempered
ceramic body sherds characteristic of Late Woodland pottery (Stubbs et al. 2002:70-72), while 13DB739
is amulti-component prehistoric site yielding a Washita projectile point and two conjoinable rim sherds
tempered with shell and exhibiting a rounded lip with cord mark, dentate decoration on their exterior
surface (Stubbs et al. 2002:127-128). In addition, the Four Mounds site, 13DB21, may date to the Late
Woodland, although definitive evidence of this is lacking and its late temporal affiliation is based upon the
size and shape of the mounds (Rogers 2000:Section 7/2). Similarly, the Little Maquoketa River Mound
Group site, which is comprised of 32 earthen features located less than 2.0 miles west-northwest of the Four
Mounds Estate property, is believed to have been constructed by Late Woodland tradition peoples, although
the site has not been professionally investigated and little is known about it (Bettis 1997:3). Additional Late
Woodland settlement system sites that have not been destroyed by erosional forces or historical improvements
probably exist, but lay buried and undiscovered beneath alluvial and colluvial deposits associated with the
Corrington, Gunder, and Roberts Creek members of the DeForest Formation (Alex 2000:82-83; Stubbs et
al. 2002). Local Late Woodland people, who perhaps experiencing more restricted territorial mobility due to
increasing regional population growth, exploited a wide range of resources associated with the Mississippi
River and its tributaries while defining territories by the construction of mounds, many of which have been
destroyed by historical, agricultural practices.
The Late Prehistoric Period (1100 to 350 B.P.)
By the end of the Late Woodland, archaeological evidence of four new culture groups appears in
Iowa. These groups are the Great Oasis (1100-to-900 B.P), Mill Creek (900-to-750 B.P.), Glenwood (850-
to-700 B.P.), and Oneota (1000-to-350 B.P.). In regards to these four cultures, only that of the Oneota has
revealed a strong archaeological presence in east-central Iowa. Oneota sites are found throughout Iowa
and are primarily recognized by the occurrence of shell-tempered, globular shaped ceramic vessels. While
archaeologists agree that the Oneota is apost-Woodland culture, they cannot agree upon the origins of the
people, how segments of local occupational sequences are related through time, the social organization of
sites, or the specific historical groups to which the Oneota gave rise (Alex 2000:185). In regards to the last
issue, archaeologists believe that late Oneota sites were probably occupied by pre-contact Siouan speakers,
especially the Chiwere-Winnebago who are ancestral to the Ioway, Oto, Missouria, and Winnebago (Alex
2000:185).
Through time, the Oneota engaged in a wide range of subsistence practices, which included hunting
large and small game; harvesting wild plants; using marsh and aquatic resources; and cultivating squash,
beans, and maize. Sites often are located at the edges of ecotones in what appears to be an effort to take
efficient advantage of a wide range of natural resources. Not unexpectedly, given the wide distribution of
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 19
sites, local subsistence strategies developed and emphasized the exploitation of abundant, local resources,
for example, rice stands or bison herds (Alex 2000:186). Archaeologically, this mix of subsistence practices
is marked by the presence of small triangular, unnotched projectile points; snub-nosed end scrapers; scapula
hoes; and a diverse assemblage of floral and faunal remains. In addition, these materials are often found
in association with numerous and large storage pits (Alex 2000:191). Documented Oneota sites represent
small farmsteads, which may have been family-based, and large villages located on floodplains, hilltops,
and second terraces within large river valleys (Schoen 2003:41). Within northeastern Iowa, especially the
Dubuque area, few Oneota sites have been recorded and reported, making it difficult for archaeologist to
link the region with one or more, if any of seven phases used to characterize Oneota sites and materials.
Similarly, until more sites are reported, determining the ways in which the Oneota exploited the area and
for what purposes remain unknown.
The Historical Period
The Oneota are believed to have given rise to several historical Native American groups whom
Europeans encountered during their seventeenth-century explorations of the region. In Iowa, the historical
period begins circa 1650 when the French entered the region and began reporting about its geography,
flora, fauna, and native peoples. At that time, the three dominant local Native American groups in the
Dubuque area are the Ioway, Oto, and Dakota. After the removal of Native American groups from the area
as the result of the Black Hawk purchase during 1832, the area was opened for Euro-American settlement,
resulting in greater agricultural, industrial, and commercial development of the area.
The first tribal populations identified with the area are the Ioway and Otoe, who are believed to be
Oneota descendants (Alex 2000:220-221; Schoen 2003:43). The Ioway and the Otoe are closely related and
inhabited much of present day Iowa during circa A.D. 1600 through the mid-1700s; however, beginning
circa 1750, the territories of the two groups decreased as the Sioux, Sauk, and Meskwaki encroached upon
their lands. By 1765, most of the Ioway had settled within the middle Des Moines River valley, where they
pursued asemi-sedentary lifestyle raising corn, beans, and squash (Schoen 2003:44).
Before the Meskwaki and Sauk came to dominate the Ioway, they took a long, circuitous route into
Iowa. The Meskwaki and Sauk arrived in Wisconsin during the mid-seventeenth century as a response to
displacement of eastern groups resulting from conflict between the Iroquois and Huron. Through time and
as a result of differences with the French and other Native American groups, segments of the Meskwaki and
Sauk crossed the Mississippi River to settle in Iowa. During the early nineteenth century, hostile actions by
the Sauk toward the U.S. as the Meskwaki maintained a neutral position, resulted in the two groups being
joined, or at least considered as one group by the Federal government. After hostilities ended in 1832,
the Meskwaki and Sauk people were placed on small reserves and as part of a treaty settlement, forced
to relinquish much of their territory along the eastern side of Iowa (Alex 2000:229) to Euro-American
settlement as they were moved westward.
Prior to the 1832 cessation of lands resulting from the Sauk defeat in Black Hawk War, groups of
Meskwaki had settled along the western side of the Mississippi River during the late 1770s or early 1800s.
There they established two villages in the Dubuque area: one at the mouth of Catfish Creek and the other
near Eagle Point Park. From these two locations, the Meskwaki protected and mined local lead deposits,
which before had been controlled by the Sioux, who had prevented the French from exploiting the resource.
Not until 1788, when Julien Dubuque struck a deal with the Meskwaki did European interests gain access to
the lead deposits on the west side of the Mississippi River. Dubuque further advanced his interest over these
resources eight years later when he received formal approval for a grant to the lands from the Governor of
2Q Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Louisiana which are described as the "Mines of Spain" (Schoolcraft 1821:349). With Meskwaki assistance,
Dubuque continued to mine the deposits until his death in 1810, at which time, the Indians barred other
Euro-Americans from entering their lands. After 1810 and until circa 1834, the Meskwaki worked the lead
deposits and delivered lead to local Euro-American traders, although toward the end of this period, they had
abandoned their villages near the lead deposits in the Dubuque area. By June 1833, the U.S. government
opened the mineral lands to the American public after gaining title to the land during September 1832 as
a result of the Treaty of St. Louis, which ended the Black Hawk War and extinguished Indian claim to the
strip of land described as 50 miles wide and extending north from the Des Moines River to the Yellow River
on the right bank if the Mississippi River.
Legal settlement of the region by Euro-Americans began in mid-1833, and two years later, the ceded
land was administered as part of the Michigan Territory. When the eastern portion of the territory gained
statehood in 1836, Dubuque County, which designated the northern half of the Black Hawk Pwchase and
defined half the territory of the future state of Iowa, became a part of the Wisconsin Territory. In 1837,
Dubuque County was divided into ten Iowa counties, reducing the county to its present size of approximately
601 square miles. A year later, these counties became a part of the Territory of Iowa, and in late 1846, the
territory was admitted to the Union with the county of Dubuque defined by its current boundaries.
During the first two decades of the Dubuque area's settlement and development, new arrivals focused
primarily upon the extraction and processing of lead; however, no public land sales took place until the
late 1830s after the government completed its land survey of the area. While lead brought miners to the
region, many of the new arrivals soon discovered the rich soils produced good crops, providing sustenance
and supplemental income. The emphasis on mining continued into the 1850s, but as production declined
and the value of agricultural produce increased, farming became more important. During the early years
when mining flourished, the population fluctuated depending upon the price of lead and whether the season
supported mining operations. During 1833, approximately 500 people occupied the Dubuque area, and
this increased to approximately 4274 for the county in 1836. By 1856, the county boasted a population
of 26,871, which continued to increase through time so that by 1960, 80,048 people inhabited the county.
The decline of the lead industry encouraged agricultural pursuits as well as more dependable commercial
enterprises that facilitated steady population growth following the 1850s. A territorial period has been
excavated and reported for the Dubuque area (Perry n.d.).
After the General Land Office (GLO) of the U.S. Government surveyed the Dubuque area during the
mid-1830s, the land was made available for purchase and legal settlement, including the tract that became
the Four Mounds Estate located primarily in the NW quarter of Section 1, T89N, R2E. Between the time
the land was surveyed and it is first depicted graphically in 1874, nothing is known about its ownership or
use, although it is assumed that much of the area was farmed. In 1874, the entire NW quarter of Section 1
is shown as part of the Thomas McKnight estate (Harris & Warner 1874), suggesting Thomas McKnight
acquired the land sometime earlier. Whether or not this is the Thomas McKnight or a relative of the same,
who operated a smelter in the nearby town of Peru during the 1830s and possibly the early 1840s has not
been determined. The McKnight property shows a residence near the section's northern line in the SE NW
NW. Thirty-two years later, the same 160 acres is shown divided between Timothy M. Sulllivan, who owns
the quarter section's northern 74.84 acres, and George Marshall, who owns the 83.64 acres that include the
southern portion of the quarter section (The Iowa Publishing Company 1906:20). The dwelling shown on
the 1874 plat similarly appears in 1906. Between 1906 and early 1907, Sullivan sold a portion of his tract
to George A. and Viola R. Burden who used the land to establish a gentleman's farm. At the same time or
later, they purchased a portion of the Marshall tract.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of ~lnvestigations No. 682 21
Figure 2.2 Early twentieth-century landscape south of the Grey House, Four Mounds,
Dubuque, Iowa (Four Mounds 2007:File parc_205). In foreground are the forks in drive
leading to Grey House and White House.
The Burdens developed the Four Mounds Estate and lived there (Rogers 2001). Before the Burden
family donated the estate and property including the Four Mounds site, 13DB021 (Rogers 2000) to the City
of Dubuque to become apark-like place to be enjoyed by local people, a number of improvements were
made to the property including the construction of the chauffeur's house (1907), the Grey House (1907-
1908), abarn (1908), a pump house (1908), a root cellar (circa 1909), a corn crib (circa 1909), an ice house
(circa 1909), a porch ramada (1910), the gardener's residence (1910), a hog house (circa 1917), a garage
(1920 but rebuilt), the White House (1924), a garden shed (1924), a woodworking shop (1924), two play
houses (circa 1930), the Gronen Cabin and privy (1956) and a chicken house (no date). With the exception
of the chicken house (Happ-Olson), these structures, as well as several others included within the Four
Mounds Estate Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are described
in greater detail by Rogers (2001), who also provides historical. context (Rogers 2000 and 2001) for the
property as well as a more detailed account of the property's development.
Current Land Use
Today, the estate is comprised of many original structures--the only missing one being a play house--as
well as wooded and lawn areas, some of which may have been farmed in the past (Figure 2.2). In addition to
the original buildings, a portion of the grounds has been developed into team confidence building exercise
22 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
and rope courses. These courses are set in wooded areas and include stationary equipment. The rope and
team/confidence courses are used by various school, church, and civic groups, while the Grey House serves
as a bed and breakfast and a conference center for small groups. The offices of the Four Mounds Foundation
occupy the White House. Lands surrounding the Estate are being developed as residential neighborhoods
or are farmed, while the area north of the property has in part been developed by the John Deere Company.
Much of the land south of the Estate to Eagle Point Park is partitioned into large tracts that have been
removed under long term ownership (100 years) of families. who have farmed the land or allowed it to
remain largely undeveloped or underdeveloped when compared to the properties zoning potential. At
least one of the nearby properties is protected with a conservation easement and in the future additional
easements may be sought in order to protect the rural character of the land ,which unprotected could change
at anytime (Johnson 2008). As in the past, wildlife abounds at the Estate, taking advantage of the lawns and
surrounding woods.
Summary
Based upon the culture history context developed from reviewed overviews and reports, a variety of
archaeological site types that represent the past 12,500 years of human use of the area may be expected to
occur at or near the Four Mounds Estate. Depending upon climatic conditions, the general area of the Estate
provided prehistoric and historical peoples a variety of natural resources that they could have or did utilize.
These resources were exploited from a variety of site types (villages, camps, farmsteads, and special use
or activity loci) established in the area by people affiliated with the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, Late
Prehistoric, or historical traditions or periods.
Four Mounds Estate and the National Register of Historic Places Criteria
Cultural resources yielding or embodying significant information about the prehistory or history of a
community, a state, or the nation may be nominated to the National Register of Historic Places (National
Register), which "is the official Federal list of districts, sites, structures, and objects significant in American
history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture" (National Park Service 1991:37). Currently, the
54 acre Four Mounds Estate encompasses two, National Register of Historic Places (National Register)
listed properties, which are significant based upon different National Register criterion. The two properties
are the prehistoric Four Mounds site, 13DB21 (Rogers 2000), which is less than an acre in size, and the 54
acre historical Four Mounds Estate Historic District (Rogers 2001), which also includes 13DB21.
The cultural significance of the listed Four Mounds properties is based upon two or more of four
National Register criteria used to evaluate the importance of a cultural resource. In terms of the National
Register, a property may be determined significant and listed if it possesses "integrity of location, design,
setting, material, workmanship, feeling, and association" (National Park Service 1991:37); and meets one
or more of the following criteria:
A. is associated with events that have contributed significantly to a broader pattern in local, state, or
national history; or
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 23
B. is associated with the life(ves) of a person(s) significant in the past of a community, a state, or the
nation; or
C. embodies the distinctive characteristic(s) of a type, period, or method of construction or that
represents the work of a master, or that possesses high artistic value(s), or that represents a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or
D. has yielded, or maybe likely to yield information important in prehistory or history (National Park
Service 1991:37).
In addition, certain standards must be met by eight property groups that are ordinarily excluded from
the National Register. These groups are "cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, properties
owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from
their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature,
and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years" (National Park Service 1991:37).
Such properties will be eligible for listing if they are integral parts of districts that meet the criteria or if
the property falls under one of eight categories of consideration, for example, category "D", a cemetery
which derives it primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from
distinctive design features, or from association with historic events (National Park Service 1991:37).
At Four Mounds, site 13DB21 and the Estate Historic District are listed in the National Register
because each meets two or more of the significance criteria, show physical integrity, and satisfy criteria
considerations. Other cultural resources of prehistoric or historical ai~iliation exist within the Four Mounds
Estate property boundary, and these will require evaluation in terms of eligibility for listing in the National
Register. Such determinations of eligibility will be based upon issues of physical integrity, the four criteria
of significance, and criteria considerations.
The National Register listed Four Mounds Site, 13DB21, designates a locally significant prehistoric
mound group and is comprised of four contributing structures (conical mounds) and a contributing
site (Rogers 2000). These contributing resources show integrity of design, setting, and workmanship/
construction; and together define a site determined significant under National Register criteria A, C, and D
(Rogers 2000:Section 8/6). In addition, because the function of the site is categorized as "graves/burials",
criteria considerations are applied. Together, the criteria and criteria considerations identifying the site's
National Register significance are as follows:
Criterion A, it reflects prehistoric ideology and ritual intensification, and is associated with broad
patterns of prehistoric occupation of the Upper Mississippi River;
Criterion C, it embodies a distinctive characteristic of a method of mortuary ritual construction; and
Criterion D, for its potential to yield physical evidence contributing to a greater understanding about
Woodland Period mortuary practices in northeastern Iowa.
14 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 681
Regarding Criterion D, the site has the potential to yield data, which may answer research questions
more specifically related to Criteria A and C. In the absence of excavated site specific data that may be used
to date the construction and use of the mounds, the site's period of significance is listed as A.D. 350-1250,
the general temporal range of the Late Woodland period when the construction and use of conical mounds
reached their greatest popularity in northeastern Iowa (Rogers 2000:Section 8/6). In addition to being listed
as an individual National Register listed property, the 13DB21 mounds and site are contributing resources
to the Four Mounds Estate Historic District (Rogers 2001:Section 8/7).
Similar to site 13DB21, the Four Mounds Estate Historic District is locally significant, and it
designates an early twentieth-century "Gentleman's Farm" comprised of seventeen contributing and two
non-contributing resources (Rogers 2001:Section 5). Together and individually, the contributing resources
show integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. In terms of
National Register criteria, the district is identified as significant under two criteria:
Criterion A, it represents an early twentieth-century "Gentleman's Farm" and is the locally well-
known country estate of the Burden family, members of whom served prominent roles during the late 19th
and early twentieth centuries in the development of Dubuque area banking and real estate interests, and the
promotion of area social and public affairs; and
Criterion C, for its Arts & Crafts inspired design of the Grey House by noted Chicago architect
Lawrence Buck, and the landscape plan for the estate designed by the landscape architectural firm of A.
Phelps Wyman, as well as for the subsequent additions to the estate's building stock including a barn, two
servants' houses, a Colonial revival-styled house, and the various agricultural and domestic outbuildings
associated with the operation of a country estate.
Site 13DB21 is listed as a contributing resource to the Estate historic district because the Burdens
made a conscious effort to incorporate the mounds into the historical landscape plan, and the mounds lend
themselves as the name and symbol of the property. Based upon historical and archaeological records, the
periods of significance listed for the property are 1907-1951 andA.D. 350-1250. Currently, the only structures
or remains not listed as contributing resources to the district are the 1956 constructed Gronen cabin and
privy, and the sites of a destroyed chicken house of unknown date and a second circa 1930 children's play
house. If archaeological remains of the second playhouse or the chicken house are identified, they will be
recommended as contributing resources. Similarly, the cabin and privy will become contributing resources
if the twentieth-century dates of significance for the property are expanded to 1956. In the future, if other
archaeological features or deposits are recorded on the property, they may be evaluated as contributing
resources to the historic district under National Register Criterion D.
Both prehistoric and historical archaeological and structural resources are associated with the 54 acre
Four Mounds Estate. These known resources include the Four Mounds Site, 13DB21 (Rogers 2000), and
the Four Mounds Estate Historic District (Rogers 2001), which are both listed in the National Register.
In the future, the likelihood of encountering additional standing buildings or structures that contribute to
either listing is unlikely, although the Gronen cabin and privy will qualify if the dates of significance for
the historic district are expanded; however, the potential existence of archaeological deposits, whether of
prehistoric or historical origins, is high. Depending upon the nature of the feature(s)/deposit(s) encountered,
National Register significance would be determined under Criterion D as the data relate to Criteria A, B,
or C, and may be evaluated as a contributing resource to the Four Mounds Site, 13DB21, the Four Mounds
Estate Historic District, or as an individually listed property contributing information important to the
understanding about aspects of local, state, or national prehistory or history.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 25
Research Questions for Potential Prehistoric or Historical Resources at Four
Mounds
Prehistoric or historical archaeological remains may occur anywhere within the 54 acre Four Mounds
Estate. Whether or not a potential resource is eligible for listing in the National Register under Criterion
D will depend upon its physical integrity, rarity, and ability to contribute important information about the
region's, state's, or nation's past. In most, if not all cases, the information will relate to topics that may be
assumed under National Register Criterion A: association with an event or pattern of events important to
the history of the community, state, or nation. At Four Mounds Estate, Criteria B and C apply to standing
buildings and known structures, most of which have been identified, although remains of a second children's
play house and a chicken house have yet to be reported. If unrecorded archaeological resources occur on the
property and yield temporally diagnostic artifacts and interpretable materials, they may be used to answer
a variety of pertinent research questions related to the prehistoric and historical occupation of the region.
These questions will relate to culture history, settlement patterns, subsistence, farm lay-out, economics or
consumerism, and prehistoric trade/interaction/mobility.
Prehistoric deposits/features may provide significant data for a better understanding about the
region's culture history, settlement patterns, trade/interaction/mobility, and subsistence. The nature, quality,
and quantity of observed and potential data associated with a prehistoric site will determine the type of
questions that may be asked in order to evaluate the site's research potential and eligibility for listing in the
National Register. Regarding contributions to culture history, in some instances, a site may be determined
important due to its regional rarity, for example, if affiliated with the Paleoindian tradition, even if its
physical integrity has been compromised. For more common site types to contribute significant data to
abetter understanding about the region's culture history, they will have to show physical integrity and
yield an association of temporally diagnostic artifacts, for example, distinctive projectile points or ceramic
sherds, datable radio-carbon specimens, and stratigraphic sequencing, which in combination will allow
researchers to sequentially order a suite of diagnostic artifacts or date in absolute terms one or more artifact
styles. Specific research questions--asked in general terms--that may be explored with potential data from
Four Mounds sites are as follows:
1. Will the site yield diagnostic artifacts?
2. What is the temporal relationship of projectile point "A" or ceramic type "AA" to projectile point
"B" or ceramic type "BB", and can the materials be dated in absolute terms?
3. Do ceramics or projectile points recovered from a site or suite of sites show temporal overlap, and
are the sites or occupations contemporaneous?
4. How do site specific ceramics fit into established ceramic ware classification schemes, and what
does this mean in terms of site affiliation?
Whether or not datable materials will contribute directly to a better understanding about the region's
26 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
culture history will depend upon. the type of artifacts recovered; however, datable materials will be needed
to evaluate sites in terms of other research questions related to settlement patterns, subsistence, and trade/
interaction/mobility.
If a site yields temporally diagnostic artifacts, then site data maybe used to explore research questions
about local prehistoric settlement patterns. Specific questions that may be asked about a site are as
follows:
1. How did prehistoric peoples of a specific cultural tradition situate themselves on the landscape?
2. How does prehistoric use of the Four Mounds Estate property differ from the use by similar tradition
peoples in other parts of the greater region?
3. Compared to other sites, is this a long term, short term, wintering, or specific use loci site?
4. Is the site related to the creation, maintenance, or use of the Four Mounds Site, 13DB21?
5. Does occupation of the site represent a broader influence of changing environmental conditions?
Based upon a site's location and the types of materials recovered, additional questions may be asked
about subsistence practices of the people who occupied the site and how subsistence practices influenced
settlement. Site subsistence data may be used to answer the following questions:
1. What exploitable resource(s) brought the occupants to the site?
2. How were the resources processed, and what does this say about the length of occupation?
3. How do the exploited resources compare with other resources that could have been exploited?
The types of materials recorded will also provide information with which to discuss the occupants'
trade/interaction with other groups, and mobility across the landscape. The raw materials from which lithic
artifacts are produced, or the style and composition of ceramic sherds will indicate connections to distant
resources or groups, or the utilization and interaction with local groups. Questions to be considered are as
follows:
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 27
1. Does the material culture indicate interaction with distance peoples or landscapes, or does it
represent more intensive use of local natural resources or contact with local groups?
2. What does the range of ceramic styles or lithic raw material indicate about the occupants' mobility
pattern and access to raw material or finished goods?
3. How did the occupants' behavior change in comparison to other sites in the general area regarding
mobility or access to goods?
The ability of researchers to answer any of the posed research questions, as well as many others, is
depended upon identifying archaeological deposits/features and recovering data that can be temporally
affiliated and interpreted in terms of function. While the questions have been presented as related to a
specific topic, for example, settlement or subsistence, the various topics are related and subsistence issues
will relate to settlement patterning, which will relate to mobility, and so forth.
Research questions directed at historical resources relate to settlement, economics, and farm
organization. Regarding settlement/land use, an earlier occupation(s) of the Estate property is suggested.
Archaeological survey did not reveal an earlier use of the Estate, but if such evidence is found, it may be
used to answer the following questions:
1. Do artifact assemblage/features reveal that the property served something other than agriculture
before the Burdens acquired it?
2. How does the earlier occupation differ from the Burden placement of constructed features?
If only Four Mounds Estate deposits/features are encountered, then questions about farm lay out or
economic/consumer differences between the occupying households may be researched. In regards to farm
lay out questions, archaeological data may be used to answer the following:
1. Does a structural ruin mark an architectural feature known to have existed on the Four Mounds
Estate grounds, and if not, when was the feature constructed? Does the feature fit within the Arts & Crafts
inspired design of the Grey house or ideas of an early twentieth-century "Gentleman's Farm". If not, why
not; could it be that the feature is out of sight and as a result its construction and location did not compromise
the design thought applied to the Estate's development and use?
2. Does the distribution of artifacts reflect a conscious effort to maintain the natural setting of place
in order to balance or maintain existing lawn and natural settings leading to the main residences? Does this
carry over in differences between the estate owner's residence and those of the hired help?
28 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Related to the distribution of artifacts is the possibility of comparing concentrations of artifacts across
the site related to the owners and those of the hired help. Artifact data distributed in definable, datable
deposits may be used to explore the following questions about economics/consumerism:
1. Do different deposits reveal social, economic, or personal differences in choice between the Burden
households compared to the households of the chauffeur and gardener?
2. Do different deposits reveal diachronic change in consumer behavior through time, and if so, what
are re reasons for the change?
3. Do artifact distributions suggest an undifferentiated sheet wash of artifacts, or can activity areas be
identified from artifact concentrations that may or might be documented in written records?
The quantity and quality of historical archaeological data identified at the Four Mounds Estate will
dictate the type of research questions that may beasked offeatures/deposits present on the property. Research
questions asked of historical materials maybe expanded, just as those offered for prehistoric deposits, once
materials or structures are identified and evaluated as to research potential and National Register Criterion
D significance.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 29
Part III: Research Design and Methodology
Archaeological Methodology
The purpose of the archaeological investigation of approximately 16 acres defining the Four Mounds
Estate (Estate) Historic District is to determine through documentary research as well as field investigation
the presence or absence of archaeological sites for future planning and property management consideration
within the borders of the study area. The methods and techniques employed during the archaeological study
are consistent with current professional standards relating to historic and archaeological conservation and
preservation. Furthermore, standards promulgated in Archeology and Historic Preservation: Secretary of
Interior's Standards and Guidelines (National Park Service 1983) and the Guidelines for Archaeological
Investigations in Iowa (Kaufmann 1999) were used during the study.
The study utilized a variety of investigative techniques organized into structured and flexible research
methods composing the research methodology. The methods are linked to three general research stages:
(1) pre-fieldwork archives/literature research, (2) field conditions evaluation and cultural resources
documentation activities, and (3) laboratory analysis and data interpretation organization. Specific methods,
techniques, and sources composing the methodology are detailed in the following sections.
Theoretical Orientation
The premise underlying the survey study is that human behavior leaves a record of activity that may, to
varying degrees be recognized in documentary and archaeological records. Depending upon circumstances
and conditions, the quantity and quality of evidence remaining is linked to an event's scale, purpose, and
duration. In general, the more significant the behavior, the more data sources that potentially reference
the event. Natural processes and cultural activities, for example farming, floods, and fires, may remove
or reorient data records or patterns. Generally, the more sources consulted or the more data collected,
whether historical or archaeologically, the nearer one comes to discovering what actually occurred. For
the prehistoric past, the archaeological record remains the primary means for identifying and evaluating
cultural properties, while historical records may document conditions that have enhanced or masked such
properties.
Archives/Literature Research
Prior to initiating field studies, GLARC staff performed archives/literature research about the Four
Mounds Estate area in order to develop culture and land use histories about the study area. These tasks
consisted of reviewing published and unpublished materials archived at repositories in Iowa and Wisconsin.
Reviewed documentary data sources are listed below by type.
Iowa Archaeological Site Files. The Office of the State Archaeologist (OSA) site files, accessible
on-line, were reviewed (Office of the State Archaeologist 2004). The site files provide information
about archaeological sites that occur within and adjacent to the project area, previous cultural resources
management surveys conducted within the region, and bibliographic references to key cultural resources
management reports.
30 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Previous Archaeological and Historical Studies. Cultural resource management reports, papers, books,
and journal articles were examined as part of the archives and literature research. Available documents and
publications included Alex (2000), Anonymous (1985 and 1987), Benn (1978 and 1979), Celmer et al.
(1984), Collins (1996a, 1996b, and 1996c), Hannus et al. (1983), Henning (1982), Logan (1976), Mallam
(1976), McConkey (1995), McKay (1988), Morrow (1996), Overstreet (1985), Rodgers (2000 and 2001),
Stanley and Stanley (1988), and Stubbs et al. (2002).
County Histories and Atlases/Plat Maps. County histories and atlases/plat maps were reviewed in
order to locate descriptions about the research area or to identify historical buildings/structures or other
features that may have existed along or within the project boundaries. Reviewed histories are Oldt ([1911])
and the Western Historical Company (1880), while atlases/plat maps examined are Harrison and Warner
(1874) and The Iowa Publishing Company (1906).
Four Mounds Photographic Archives. Photographs of the Four Mounds Estate property were reviewed
in order to determine how the landscape has changed since the photographs were taken and to identify
possible features that no longer exist intact within the study area. More than 700 black-and-white or color
photographs or images are electronically archived as the "Four Mounds Digital Collection" by the Four
Mounds Foundation (2007) and may be accessed at cdm.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=/
fourmounds, as part of the "Iowa Digital Library" hosted by the University ofIowa -Digital Library Service
. The Four Mounds Digital Collection is also listed as part of the "Iowa Heritage Digital Collections" which
may be accessed at www. iowaheritage.org.
Field Methods
Methods and techniques of Phase I archaeological survey are determined primarily by ground cover
conditions and surficial geology of a particular project area. Three different pedestrian survey techniques
may be employed during the course of archaeological investigation of a project area: (1) visual inspection;
(2) pedestrian survey (surface collection); and (3) systematic shovel testing. These techniques are briefly
described below.
Usual Inspection
Visual inspection is a technique that is commonly employed to provide an initial assessment of a
project area. Attempts are made to identify those portions of the project area that are not surveyable or
do not warrant further investigation by conventional means. Such areas may include massively disturbed
construction sites, heavily developed commercial or residential zones, paved or massively graveled or filled
surfaces, inundated locales, and deeply ditched roadsides. Visual inspection is also used to identify areas
suitable for other survey techniques such as pedestrian survey or shovel testing.
Pedestrian Survey
Pedestrian survey is an investigative technique that is employed to identify the location of artifacts
and features at the ground surface. As field method, pedestrian survey is effective in areas where the ground
surface is not obscured (where 25 percent or more of the surface is exposed, for example agricultural fields).
When conducting pedestrian survey, survey areas are traversed along predetermined transects, generally
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 31
spaced at 5 meter intervals, and the ground surface is inspected for cultural materials. When identified, find-
spots are marked in the field by the placement of pin-flags and added to project mapping.
Shovel Testing
Shovel testing is a technique utilized to sample areas where the earth's surface is masked (less than 25
percent surface visibility) by vegetation, fill, natural sediments, or other materials and in area that have the
potential for yielding buried archaeological deposits. It is alabor-intensive technique which results in only
a small fraction of the study area being sampled for cultural remains and thus has certain limitations. The
technique entails excavating a series of small units placed along predetermined transects or in grid-form
with specified intervals between units. These intervals do not exceed 15 meters (49.2 ft) and, dependent
on the specific purposes or data needs, intervals between units may be reduced to 10 meters (m), 5 m,
or less. Pits approximately 35-45 centimeters (cm) in diameter are dug and the spoil is screened through
1/4" hardware cloth to determine the presence or absence of cultural debris. Upon examination of the
stratigraphy and inspection of the screen contents, shovel test units are immediately back-filled. Depths of
excavation of shovel tests will vary ranging from a few centimeters to as much as 50-80 cm, dependent on
local soil sequences, with a typical shovel test penetrating the A horizon and excavated into the B horizon.
Field Data Management
A variety of records are generated and maintained as part of a Phase I archaeological documentation
process. This documentation is comprised of daily field notes describing field conditions, research activities,
and cultural resources. General and detailed maps of parcels and sites are drafted or adapted to show
associated natural and human made features, as well as to record field coverage techniques. Additional
documentation is comprised of site sketches, photographs, and various logs. Upon completion of fieldwork,
all field documentation and artifacts are reviewed at GLARC's archaeological lab where processing,
analysis, and interpretation take place. During the course of the current study, a daily log was maintained,
and survey coverage and field conditions were documented with notes and on project mapping.
Laboratory Procedures and Data Interpretation/Organization
A variety of activities take place in GLARC's laboratory and office facilities after completion of a field
project. In the lab, artifacts are inventoried, sorted, washed, labeled, analyzed, and interpreted. Analysis of
prehistoric ceramic and lithic materials follows conventional typologies (Bean 1978; Griffin 1952; Morrow
1984), while historical items are identified using standard references (Lehner 1988; Toulouse 1969 and
1971) and hardware catalogues (Isreal 1968). Analyses based upon widely cited typologies and references
insure that materials are described in terms that are comparable with existing data, and will be understood
by a majority of other researchers. In addition to artifact analyses, post-field work tasks include reviewing
notes and maps, drafting a final report of investigations for publication, and preparing project related
paperwork and artifacts for archiving or curation. The current account of the study represents the report of
investigations for the recently completed Phase I archaeological study of the approximately 16 acres defined
in this project, which is part of the larger 54 acre Four Mounds Estate Historic District. Upon acceptance of
the final report, all notes, records, and artifacts will be archived/curated at the National Mississippi River
Museum and Aquarium in Dubuque, Iowa.
32 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of'Investigations No. 682 33
Part IV: Results of the Archaeological Investigations
Results of the Archives and Literature Research
As part of the Four Mounds Estate Archeological Investigation Project, an archives and literature
search was completed in order to review previous archaeological investigations performed in the region, as
well as to identify previously documented archaeological sites within or near the study area.
Previous Archaeological Investigations in the Region
While northeastern Iowa has been the subject of archaeological speculation or study since the late
nineteenth century, until the 1970s, this research tradition proved uneven in aerial coverage, tended to
focus on prehistoric mound sites, and produced few published reports (Beaubien 1952, 1953a, and 1953b;
Farquaharson 1876; Henning 1957; Keys 1934 and 1943; Lewis 1885; Logan 1952; Murdock 1882; Orr
1913 and 1914; Parsons 1962; Peet 1898; Ward 1905). During the past 40 years, archaeological coverage
of northeastern Iowa has become somewhat more even and the emphasis on mound sites has shifted to
all types of sites as a result of federal historic preservation laws implemented during the late 1960s and
early 1970s. These regulations encouraged study of any area where federally funded or permitted projects
were proposed. As a result, a number of cultural resources management studies have been performed in
the region and the Dubuque area specifically, related to federal historic preservation programs. Much of
this local research has been performed as part of National Register of Historic Places nomination (McKay
1988; Rogers 2000 and 2001; Stanley and Stanley 1988), cottage lease (McConkey 1995), flood control
(Anonymous 1987), navigation system (Overstreet 1985); pipe line (Hannus et al. 1983), and roadway/
transportation (Anonymous 1985; Benn et al. 2007; Celmer et al. 1984; Collins 1996a, 1996b, and 1996c;
Stubbs et al. 2002) projects.
Documented Archaeological Sites
Through time, changing natural resources and landscape features associated with the Mississippi
River setting drew prehistoric and historical peoples to the Dubuque and Four Mounds Estate area where
they established nomadic and sedentary residences depending upon social, economic, and subsistence
needs. Archaeological evidence of this long term use of the area is documented in the Iowa State Historic
Preservation Office site file, although very few recorded sites are associated with the Four Mounds Estate
area. A review of the state site file reveals that only two (2) archaeological sites are recorded within a mile
of the Estate property (Figure 4.1). These sites are designated 13DB020, the Fincel site; and 13DB021,
the Four Mounds site. Both sites are most closely associated with the current study area where 13DB021
adjoins its north-northeastern edge and site 13DB020 is immediately north of the northern boundary of the
Estate tract. The following brief descriptions are provided for sites 13DB020 and 13DB021 (Figure 4.1):
34 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 681
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DUBl1QUE i!)i1NTY.IA
1 .5 0 7 MILE
1000 p 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
~. KILOMETER
N
Map created by TOGO! Copyright by National Geographic
Figure 4.1 Locations of previously reported archaeological sites within one mile of the Four
Mounds Archeological Investigation Project area at Four Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa.
Grent Lnkes Ar~•hneologicnl Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 35
13DB020 (Till 1977a) defines "the remnant of an extensive multicornponent" site marked by the
recovery of surface collected lithic artifacts from the NE NE NE NE of Section 2 and the NW NW NW
NW of Section 1, T89N, R2E. The site measures approximately 100 m by 75 m (328 ft by 246 ft), occupies
a secondary alluvial terrace, which is or was partially cultivated, and is approximately 300 m west of the
Mississippi River, 20 m north of an intermittent stream, 2000 m south of the John Deere plant yard and
approximately 2000 m northeast of Highway 52. Approximately 1000 m (3280 ft) of the north-northwestern
end of the terrace has been destroyed by construction and use of a John Deere Company plant. Based upon
the recovery of side-notched and triangular projectile point styles, the occupation of the site is affiliated
with the Woodland tradition (Till 1977a). Whether or not the site is associated with the construction or use
of site 13DB021 (see below, this volume), which is located on the bluff/ridge top immediately to the south-
southeast (Figure 4.1), has not been determined.
13DB021 (Hotopp 1977:320-322; Mauer n.d.; Rogers 2000; Till 1977b) is comprised of four conical
mounds. These mounds are linearly aligned southeast-northwest over a distance of 60 m (197 ft) on a
ridge or bluff top measuring 810-to-813 ft (246-to-248 m) above sea level and overlooking the Mississippi
River toward the east and site 13DB020 (see above, this volume) toward the northwest (Figure 4.1). The
site measures 60 m by 15 m (197 ft by 50 ft) and is bound on the southwest by a paved drive, on the
northwest by a cabin, and on the northeast by the bluff/ridge slope leading approximately 200 m down
to the Mississippi River. While the mounds appear to be in near pristine condition, showing no sign of
damage, one or more of them may have been partially excavated prior to 1924 (Rogers 2000; Till 1977b).
If excavation did occur, no physical evidence of the work exists, either as collected artifact assemblages,
or surface depressions extending into or across any of the mounds. A brief written record and oral tradition
(Till 1977b) are the sources describing previous excavation at the site. Numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 southeast-
to-northwest, measurements for each mound are as follows: Mound 1, 9.5 m (31 ft) north-south by 11 m
(36 ft) east-west by approximately 0.8 m (2.6 ft) high; Mound 2, 10 m (33 ft) north-south by 10.4 m (34 ft)
east-west by approximately 0.65 m (2.1 ft) high; Mound 3, 11.3 m (37 ft) north-south by 11.3 m (37 ft) east-
west by approximately 0.66 m (2.2 ft) high; and Mound 4, 10.7 m (35 ft) north-south by 11 m (36 ft) east-
west by approximately 0.57 m (1.9 ft) high (Rogers 2000:7/3). Whether or not the site is associated with
the occupation of 13DB020 (Figure 4.1) has yet to be determined. Site 13DB021 is listed in the National
Register of Historic Places (Rogers 2000).
Previously reported sites recorded within or bordering the Four Mounds Estate as well as in the
surrounding countryside demonstrate that prehistoric and historical peoples settled or in some other way
utilized the area. Review of the general occupation of the area reveals that a limited number of site types
occur, for example, prehistoric villages and lithic/artifact scatters, and prior to the current study, one could
assume that similar site types might exist unrecorded within the study area.
36 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Results of the Field Investigations
Archaeological field investigation of the 16 acre Four Mounds Estate study tract entailed visual
inspection and shovel testing. Due to surface vegetation, much of the parcel was shovel tested, and 460 shovel
tests were excavated (Figure 4.2; Appendix B), resulting in the recovery of 28 prehistoric artifacts and 246
historical items. The shovel tests are distributed along 39 east-west or north-south oriented transects with
each transect defined by 3-to-39 shovel tests, not all of which may have been excavated due to the presence
of steep slopes or paved/graveled surfaces. Along and between transects, shovel tests were excavated at
intervals of 5, 10, or 15 m, with most spaced at 15 m intervals. Due to the presence of site 13DB21, a 10
m interval was used along the west side of the cabin drive, and a 5 m interval was used when bracketing a
positive shovel test. In addition, the SHPO (Douglas W. Jones, personal communication 2007) requested
that 5 m intervals be used in several areas that yielded prehistoric artifacts in the prairie restoration area,
and around the Grey and White houses (Figure 4.2). The depth of shovel tests ranged from 0.23-to-4.00 ft
(0.07-to-1.22 m) deep with most falling between 0.82-to-1.6 ft (0.25-to-0.50 m), and generally exposed a
disturbed soil sequence comprised of two or three strata. Only one shovel test (Transect 1, Shovel Test 3)
exposed a possible intact A horizon (Appendix B), but this is not certain. A typical stratigraphic sequence
consisted of a clay loam or loamy clay of various l OYR hue value and chroma resting on a brown-to-dark
yellowish brown (lOYR 4/3-to-lOYR 4/6) clay, B horizon. Where a third or fourth stratum occurs, they
usually mark another disturbed layer related to an improvement made at the Estate. Specific stratigraphic
sequences are later discussed for various portions of newly reported site 13DB853 (see following "Site
13DB853" section, this volume).
Of the 460 shovel tests excavated, 88 yielded artifacts (Figure 4.2; Appendices B and C), and not all of
these were bracketed. Many positive shovel tests produced historical materials, which was not unexpected
given the parcel encompasses buildings and structures of the farm. The decision to suspend bracketing
shovel tests yielding non-diagnostic historical artifacts was made in consultation with the SHPO (Douglas
W. Jones, personal communication 2007) after several had been bracketed and no features identified. While
further bracketing of positive shovel tests would have recovered additional historical artifacts, the value of
such artifacts from non-feature context was viewed as not being able to contribute significant information
to this historic property listed on the National Register. At the discretion of the field director, shovel tests
yielding historical artifacts would be bracketed if the unit occurred in an area where such materials were not
expected, for example, in an open field or along afence/boundary line or in areas where potential features
may have existed.
In addition to the shovel tests, two larger units were excavated in order to investigate a linear feature
exposed by a shovel test (Transect 18, Shovel Test 18) located near the northwestern corner of the White
House. Excavation Trenches 1 and 2 revealed the feature to be a trench carrying a utility line from the
northern end of the Grey House to the White House, and yielded 5 prehistoric artifacts and 7 historical items.
Several other shovel tests revealed utility lines or drainage pipes (Table 4.1) but were not expanded.
Areas within the study tract defined by steep slopes were not shovel tested; visual inspection revealed
that these areas are too steep to have been occupied or utilized in the past (Figure 4.2). Across the project
area, steep slopes border segments of the roadway leading from Peru Road to Estate dwellings, lead down
to the Mississippi River from the bluff/ridge top, and define a drainage separating the cabin and hog shed
areas. If artifacts are associated with a slope, they represent materials either intentionally discarded there to
be out of the way, or eroding from bordering, higher settings.
38 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report oflnvestigntions No. 682 39
Table 4.1 Buried utility and drainage features encountered during the Four Mounds
Archeological Investigation Project at Four Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa
?' ~,~a
'~ - - '1~lbli~i4t~: ~
E-W Utility
18/18 Trench 15 (begins) See Trench 1 below See Trench 1 below
E-W
18/M Telephone 18 Not taken. Not taken.
Approximately 5.0 m north and
N-S 5.0 m east of the NW corner of
18/P Telephone 43 the White House. Not taken.
Metal North end is 2.26 m & 16 North end is 25.73 m & 42
Conduit, degres S of E from NW corner degrees E of N from SE corner
20/14 electrical 22 (top) of potting house of E wing of White House
N-S
Ceramic 25.3 m from NE corner of Grey 23.01 m northwest of the wish
35/14 Drain Pipe 23 (top) House well.
E-W 8.12 m from base of SE corner 9.06 m from base of NE corner
38/1 Telephone 17 (top) of Grey House's eastern porch. of Grey House's eastern porch.
Northwest corner of feature in
Trench 1 E-W Utility Northwest corner of feature in unit is 7.85 m from the NW
(see 18/18) Trench 15 (begins) unit is 14.5 m from flag pole. corner of the White House.
Northwest corner of feature in Northwest corner of the feature
unit is approximately 5.5 m is approximately 4.0 m north of
E-W Utility from NE corner of featur in the NW corner of the White
Trench 2 Trench 15 (begins) Trench lflag pole. House.
As a result of the archaeological investigation, one new site, 13DB853 (Appendix D), has been
recorded and is defined by several structural features and low-to-moderate density distributions of subsurface
artifacts. Rather than give each scatter or feature a site number, which may artificially divide the historical
scatter, a single site designation has been applied to the remains, which are identified as loci within the
site boundary. A single site designation also simplifies discussion about the archaeological materials and
cultural resources management of the Four Mounds Estate property. Based upon the quantity and quality
of the artifacts recovered, together with the context from which they are derived, much of site 13DB853
does not warrant further study, the exceptions being the rock border/curb along the service and front drives
of the Grey House, and an area where a second children's playhouse once stood. A detailed discussion
about the data upon which these recommendations are based is presented in the following section about site
13DB853.
Site 13DB853
Low-to-moderate density subsurface scatters of prehistoric and historical artifacts, a segment
of abandoned dirt road, and driveway rock border/curbs define site 13DB853, which encompasses
approximately 8.1 acres (3.3 hectares) and has maximum dimensions of 2080 ft (635 m) east-west by
40 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Im~estigations No. 682
655 ft (200 m) north-south (Figure 4.3). The prehistoric component consists of isolated lithic artifacts and
lithic scatters, which did not yielded temporally diagnostic artifacts and may or may not be associated with
the use of nearby site 13DB021 (previously discussed, this volume). Historical materials and features are
associated with the twentieth-century occupation of the Four Mounds Estate. The site is located within
the SW NW, the N1/2 SE SW NW, the S1/2 NW SE NW, and the N1/2 SW SE NW of Section 1, and the
NE SE SE NE of Section 2, T89N, R2E (Figure 1.2), and is distributed over the top and back slope of a
bluff/ridge bordering the Mississippi River. Elevations across the site range from approximately 700-to-864
ft (213-to-263 m) above mean sea level. Several standing, in-use buildings or structures occur within the
site boundary, which similarly encompasses forest, lawn, and prairie vegetation. Prior to establishment of
the Four Mounds Estate, the entire area may have been farmed (Figure 2.2). Across the site, a total of 286
artifacts were recovered: 33 prehistoric artifacts and 253 historical ones.
Artifact distributions and features defining site 13DB853 may be organized into ten (10) loci comprised
of single and multiple artifacts or features (Tables 4.2 and 4.3). Moving west-to-east across the site, these
loci are designated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 (Figure 4.3). Loci 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are comprised of
prehistoric, historical, or a mix of prehistoric and historical artifacts constituting an assemblage of more than
257 items: 33 prehistoric artifacts and more than 224 historical ones. Loci 1 and 5 respectively represent
a segment of abandoned dirt road and visible remains of a rock border/curbing along the front and service
drives leading to the Grey House. Each of the loci is discussed in the following sections.
Table 4.2 Site 13DB8531oci descriptions and recommendations, Four Mounds, Dubuque,
Iowa
_ -
1 Abandoned dirt roadway segment Disturbed No Further Stud
2 Subsurface prehistoric and historical artifact scatter Disturbed No Further Stud
3 Subsurface historical artifact scatter Disturbed No Further Study
4 Subsurface prehistoric and historical artifact scatter Disturbed No Further Stud
5 Stone border/curb along drive Uncertain Further Stud
6 Subsurface prehistoric and historical artifact scatter Disturbed No Further Stud
7 Subsurface prehistoric and historical artifact scatter Disturbed No Further Study
8 Subsurface historical artifact scatter Disturbed No Further Study
9 Subsurface historical artifact scatter Disturbed No Further Study
10 Prehistoric isolated find Disturbed No Further Study
Great Lnkes Archaeological Research Center Report oJ'lnvestigntions No. 682
Table 4.3 Loci artifact inventories for Site 13DB853 at Four Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa
41
PREHISTORIC
Shatter 1 7 14
Flake, Secondary 1
Flake, Tertiary 2 1
Flake, broken 1 5
Tool Edge, broken 1
HISTORICAL
Undecorated White Ware Ceramic, sherd 1
Decorated White Ware Ceramic, sherd 1
Undecorated Porcelain, sherd 1
Ceramic-like Material, fragment 1
Clay Pigeon, fragment 12 1
Glazed Red-paste Ceramic Drain Pipe, sherd 6
Unidentified Porcelain Item, fragment 1
Window/Flat Glass, fragment 5 9 1
Jar/Bottle Glass, clear, fragment 1 1 1 1
Milk Glass, vase (?), fragment 6
Decorative Glass (?), clear, fragment 1 1
Glass, canning jar lid liner, fragment 1
Glass Fagment, melted 1
Glass (Prosser?) Button 1 1
Nail, wire cut 36 5 3 5 2
Nail, square cut 1
Nail, fragment 3 12 1
Screw 3
Fence Staple 1
Metal, washer 1
Metal Paint Brush Bristle Clamp, fragment 1
Metal, clothes pin hinge 1
Metal Wire, strand 1 2
Aluminum Foil, fragment 4
Metal Confetti 1
Metal Strips 3
Sheet Metal, fragments 2
Metal, unidentifed hardware 3
Metal Object, unidentifiable fragment 1 1
Plastic Stemmed Plug 1
Plastic Florist Rod 1
Plastic Cup Rim, fragment 1
Plastic Sheathing for Wire, segment 1
Plastic, unidentified item 2
Bone, mammal, fragment 3
Charcoal, specimen 2 1+
Coal, specimen 25+ 2 3+
Burnt Coal By-Products, specimen 11 5 1
Asbestos (?)Tile, fragment 1
Brick, fragment 1 1 4 1+
Plaster, fragment 1+ 2
Asphalt, fragment 3 1+
Chaulking, fragment 2
TOTAL 123+ 39 3 26+ 54+ 6 5+ 1
42 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Locus 1, Roadway Segment
A segment of abandoned, dirt track defines Locus 1 (Figure 4.3), which is the western most feature
of the site. Locus 1 is located south of the current paved drive, begins on the east side of the southern
entry-way wall approximately 40 ft (11.8 m) from the paved edge of Peru Road, and extends roughly 770
ft (235 m) toward the east. Along this alignment, an 88.6 ft (27.0 m) long segment of roadway has been
destroyed either by erosion or by improvements made to the property, and the roadbed measures from 4.9-
to-10.8 ft (1.5-to-3.3 m) wide. Where the roadbed is intact, the width is 10.8 ft (3.3 m). In the past, the road
may have provided access to an agriculture field toward the south, took residents and visitor to homes on
the Four Mounds Estate, or served both purposes. Construction of the current paved drive resulted in the
abandonment of Locus 1. Due to the condition and function of Locus 1, it does not warrant further study.
Locus 2, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter
A low-to-moderate scatter of subsurface prehistoric and historical artifacts defines Locus 2, which is
located within the northwestern corner of the study tract (Figure 4.3) and encompasses the farm campus
comprised of a hog shed, barn, corncrib, icehouse, lower garage, and Chauffeur's and gardener's dwellings.
In the past, the area also accommodated a chicken house, which is now missing. The locus is irregularly
shaped with maximum dimensions of 500 ft (152 m) north-south by 302 ft (92 m) east-west, and crosses
level-to-gently sloping lawn. Approximately 38 shovel tests were excavated across the locus, and of
these, 22 yielded artifacts (Appendices B and C), while all revealed the underlying stratigraphic sequence
comprised of loamy clay or clay loam resting on clay. The dominant sequence is an 0.26-to-1.18 ft (0.08-
to-0.36 m) thick Ap horizon marked by a brown-to-dark grayish brown-to-very dark grayish brown (1 OYR
4/3-to-lOYR 4/2-to-lOYR 4/3) loamy clay over or grading into abrown-to-dark yellowish brown (lOYR
413-to-1 OYR 4/4 or 416) clay, B horizon (Appendix B). In some areas, the loamy clay is replaced by a 0.3-
to-1.1 ft (0.09-to-0.32 m) thick Ap horizon consisting of a black-to-dark yellowish brown (lOYR 2/1-to-
1 OYR 4/4) clay loam. Burned deposits along Transect 15 are black due to the presence of ash and charcoal,
which mark an area where rubbish was burned in the past.
The artifact assemblage derived from the 22 positive shovel tests consists of one prehistoric broken
lithic flake, and approximately 122 historical items (Table 4.3). Across the locus, the densest concentration
of artifacts occurs along Transects 14 and 15, which investigated a sloped area where farm and domestic
rubbish is discarded and burned. The single prehistoric artifact is a broken flake made of Blanding chert and
recovered from near the chauffeur's dwelling (Transect 12, Shovel Test 4). The majority of the historical
assemblage is derived from the southern half of the locus (Figure 4.3), with whole and partial nails (n =
39), coal and burnt by-product (n = 36+), and window/flat glass fragments (n = 5) accounting for more
than half the assemblage (Table 4.3). Much of the remainder of the assemblage consists of construction
materials, for example plaster; and metal hardware, for example, screws, a washer, and a fence staple.
Domestic items consists of one clear glass jar/bottle fragment, one decorative glass fragment, one clothes
pin hinge, one glass canning jar lid liner, one decorated (gold edge) white ware sherd, and one undecorated
porcelain sherd. None of the historical artifacts are temporally diagnostic beyond dating to the twentieth
century, and the entire assemblage is comprised of domestic and farm related materials. In addition, the field
investigations did not yield evidence of chicken house that once existed west of the barn and in alignment
with the gardeners house. The recovery of the single broken lithic flake indicates that prehistoric peoples
visited the area, but provides no insights about the nature or duration of the use. Due to the quantity and
quality of the artifacts, together with the disturbed nature of the area, the assemblage does not lend itself
to insightful interpretations about past events or behaviors at the Estate. Based upon these determinations,
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44 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
46 Great Lakes Arehaeologicnl Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Figure 4.4 Photograph taken during November 2007 looking west-southwest along the
service drive, which straddles at least one side of the rock border/curbing at Four Mounds,
Dubuque, Iowa
Locus S, Stone Border of Drive
A linear series of up-right tabular shaped stone (Figure 4.4) exposed along segments of the paved front
and graveled service drives leading to the Grey House, are designated Locus 5 (Figure 4.3), which measures
at least 692 linear ft (211 m). The finished rock is limestone measuring 0.20-to-0.26 ft (0.06-to-0.08 m)
thick by 0.33-to-1.5 ft (0.10-to-0.46 m) long by an undetermined height, and are present on both sides ofthe
drive as it forks to go to the back and front of the Grey House. Along the graveled back service drive, the
border/curb is currently exposed within the road bed (Figure 4.4); however, in the past, it bordered the drive
(Figure 4.5). Along the front drive leading to the car port, only short segments of border/curb are exposed,
especially along the graveled parking area. Much of the border/curb leading to the car port is covered by
asphalt or dirt.
How far the border/curb continues eastward toward the White House, or westward from where the
service and front drives fork has not been determined. In addition, while the exact year the rock border/curb
was added to the drive is not known, a review of dated photographs suggests that it was constructed between
1929 and 31 August 1936 (Four Mounds Foundation 2007:File pac_255 and File pac_312). Similar to the
1929 photograph, others taken during circa 1908-1918 (Figure 4.6), and 1925 do not show the stone border/
curb (Four Mounds Foundation 2007:File pac_209, File pac_211; and File Pac_255). While the border/
curb does not date to the initial construction of the Four Mounds Estate, the feature is an early twentieth-
century part of the Estate that may contribute to the historic significance of the Four Mounds Estate Historic
District. As a result, Locus 5 warrants further documentary study.
Greet Lakes An;•haeological Research Center Report of lnvesiigations No. 682 45
Locus 2 does not warrant further study, however, the area of the possible chicken house, which should be
subjected to further study to determine if remains of the structure survive.
Locus 3, Historical Artifact Scatter
Unlike Locus 2, Locus 3 (Figure 4.3) is comprised solely of historical materials distributed over an
area measuring not more than 23.0 ft (7.0 m) east-west by 3.3 ft (1.0 m) north-south. The subsurface artifact
scatter is moderate and is east of and within the northern loop of the drive leading past the chauffeur's and
gardener's residences. This weedy area slopes gently to the south and is marked by two soil strata: a 0.11
ft (0.36 m) thick Ap horizon represented by a very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2) clay loam resting on a
brown (lOYR 4/3) clay, B horizon (Appendix B). A single shovel test (Transect 6, Shovel Test 3) and its
eastern bracket yielded 39 artifacts (Table 4.3; Appendix C) distributed 0.01-to-0.11 ft (0.05-to-0.35 m)
below the ground surface. This artifact assemblage is comprised of one square cut nail; 17 complete or
partial wire-cut nails; six mile glass vase (?) pieces; one clear glass jar/bottle fragment; nine flat pieces of
glass; one decorative glass fragment; one piece of melted glass; one-4 hole, white Prosser button; and two
small pieces of sheet metal. Whether these materials represent primary or secondary refuse derived from a
domestic or farming activity cannot be determined from the existing data. A general twentieth-century date
is assigned to the assemblage. Based upon the excavated data and their interpretation, Locus 3 does not
warrant further study.
Locus 4, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter
A low density, subsurface scatter of prehistoric and historical artifacts recovered from a single shovel
test (Transect 19, Shovel Test 2/B) defines Locus 4 (Figure 4.3), which measures 3.3 ft by 3.3 ft (1.0 m
by 1.0 m) square and is located on a gentle west facing slope covered by lawn grass. The drive leading
to the Grey and White houses passes 6.2 ft (1.9 m) toward the north, and a gravel parking area is located
approximately 150 ft (45.7 m) toward the east. Bracketing shovel tests failed to yielded additional artifacts
(Appendices B and C), but confirm that the subsurface soil sequence is comprised of two strata: a 0.3-
to-0.92 ft (0.09-0.28 m) thick Ap horizon marked by a very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2) loamy clay
resting on a B horizon of brown-to-dark yellowish brown (lOYR 3/6 and lOYR 4/3) clay (Appendix B).
The Locus 4 artifact assemblage (Table 4.3; Appendix C), which is derived from the 0.3 ft (0.09 m) thick
Ap horizon, consists of one piece of lithic debitage shatter, one cutting/scraping tool edge fragment, and a
portion of clear plastic cup rim. The tool edge fragment is produced from Blanding chert, and based upon
the morphology of the edge, appears to be from an expedient tool. The piece of shatter may be of Blanding
chert. The shallowness of the loamy clay deposit coupled with the presence of the plastic cup rim and the
non-distinct break between the Ap and B horizons, suggests the loamy clay stratum is disturbed. Due to the
quantity and quality of the Locus 4 artifacts, which are associated with a disturbed context, the materials do
not lend themselves to meaningful interpretation beyond the observation that prehistoric people utilized the
area. Based upon these observations and interpretations, Locus 4 does not warrant further study.
Great Lcrkes Archaeological Research Center Report of /nvestigations No. 682
47
Figure 4.5 Historical views of the service and front drives of the Grey House at Four
Mounds, Dubuque, Iowa showing rock border/curbing. Top photograph taken 8 August
1936 looking east along the service drive (Four Mounds Foundation 2007:File parc_312).
Bottom photograph taken circa 1935-1938 looking northwest across the service and front
drives (Four Mounds Foundation 2007:File parc_440).
Uipinal text azd trnages: ~s Fou Mamds Fouidation
48
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Orlgkul text and knapes: ®Fax Moinds Fandatbn ~ ~~~' '' ~ ~4 ~j
Figure 4.6 Historical views of the service and front drives of the Grey House at Four Mounds,
Dubuque, Iowa with the rock border/curbing absent. Top photograph taken circa 1908-1918
looking east along the service drive (Four Mounds Foundation 2007:File parc_209). Bottom
photograph is a 1929 view looking northeast along the front drive leading to the carport
(Four Mounds Foundation 2007:File parc_255).
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 49
Locus 6, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter
Bound on the north and south by Locus 5, Locus 6 is located immediately west of the Grey House
(Figure 4.3) and is defined by a low density subsurface scatter of prehistoric and historical artifacts distributed
over a roughly egg-shaped area with maximum measurements of 126 ft (38.4 m) east-west by 109 ft (33.2
m) north-south. This lawn area, which is sparsely grassed and slopes gently toward the west, was originally
shovel tested at 15 m intervals with 5 m brackets, but because it yielded several possible lithic flakes
(Transect 19, Shovel Test 10), the SHPO suggested that the area bounded by Locus 5 on the north and south,
the pump house on the west, and the Grey House on the east be shovel tested at 5 m intervals (Douglas W.
Jones, personal communication 2007). Upon completion of this more intensive shovel testing, two units
(Transect 23, Shovel Test 23; and Transect 25, Shovel Test 2) yielded prehistoric materials. Others (Transect
17, Shovel Test "C"; Transect 18, Shovel Test "G"; Transect 22, Shovel Test 5; Transect 23, Shovel Tests 1
and 8; Transect 24, Shovel Test 7; Transect 25, Shovel Test 1) produced historical materials. In addition, the
approximately 49 shovel tests reveal that the underlying stratigraphic sequence is disturbed and comprised
of two strata: a 0.16-to-1.3 ft (0.05-to-0.40 m) Ap horizon represented by a predominately very dark brown-
to-very dark grayish brown (lOYR 2/2 or 10YR4/4-to-lOYR 3/2) clay loam grading to a predominately
brown-to-dark yellow brown (lOYR 4/3 or lOYR 3/6-to-lOYR 4/4) clay, B horizon (Appendix B). Along
Transect 19, the Ap horizon is defined by a very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2) loamy clay.
The thirteen positive shovel tests yielded an artifact assemblage comprised of approximately 26 items
(Table 4.3): seven prehistoric lithic artifacts and 19 historical items recovered 0-to-0.43 ft (0-to-0.13 m)
below the ground surface (bgs) when noted. The prehistoric assemblage consists of six pieces of lithic
debitage shatter produced from Blanding chert, and one piece of heat treated shatter made from Hopkinton
chert. The historical assemblage is comprised of one undecorated whiteware sherd, one piece of window
glass, one clear glass jar/bottle fragment, four complete or partial wire cut nails, one piece of metal confetti,
one brick fragment, two coal specimens, five burnt coal specimens, two pieces of plaster, and several
asphalt fragments.
Similar to Locus 4, the quality and quantity of the artifacts defining Locus 6 do not lend themselves
to meaningful interpretation about the prehistoric or historical occupation of the parcel. Little more may be
said about the prehistoric materials other than they indicate prehistoric people of an undetermined cultural
tradition utilized the area for an undetermined purpose of unknown duration. Whether or not they were
drawn to the area by the presence of near-by mound group site 13DB021 cannot be determined from the
available data. Based upon the excavated data and their interpretation, Locus 6 does not warrant further
study.
Locus 7, Prehistoric and Historical Artifact Scatter
Construction of the Grey House may artificially divide Locus 6 from Locus 7 (Figure 4.3), which
is defined by a low density, subsurface scatter of prehistoric and historical artifacts distributed over an
irregularly shaped area having maximum dimensions of 227 ft (69 m) east-west by 121 ft (37 m) north-
south. Grassy lawn showing extensive rodent burrowing covers this area, which is located east of the Grey
House and north of the White House on the bluff/ridge top overlooking the Mississippi River. After several
shovel tests (Transect 17, Shovel Tests 16 and 17) yielded possible lithic flakes from the area, the SHPO
suggested that the area be more intensively shovel tested at 5 m intervals (Douglas W. Jones, personal
communication 2007). Upon completion of this task, approximately 67 shovel tests included within the
locus boundary revealed three disturbed stratigraphic sequences comprised of two or three strata (Appendix
SO Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
B), while 23 of the shovel tests yielded prehistoric or historical artifacts (Appendices B and C). In addition
to the shovel tests, two trench units were excavated in order to define and evaluate a soil discoloration that
proved to be a utility line trench. One of the two trenches (Trench 2) yielded prehistoric and historical
artifacts. A total of 22 prehistoric and more than 32 historical artifacts mark the locus.
Across the locus, two strata generally defined the sequence, but as one moves west-to-east, the upper
stratum changes in composition. On the western side of the locus, the sequence consists of a 0.52-to-1.87
ft (0.16-to-0.57 m) thick Ap horizon marked by a dark brown-to-dark grayish brown or very dark grayish
brown (1 OYR 3/3-to-1 OYR 4/2 or l OYR 3/2) clay loam grading to the B horizon defined by abrown-to-dark
yellowish brown (1 OYR 4/3-to-lOYR 4/4 or 4/6) clay. Approximately a third of a way across the locus, the
clay loam is frequently observed to have changed to a 0.26-to-1.56 ft (0.08-to-0.48 m) Ap horizon marked
by a brown-to-very dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/3-to-lOYR 3/2) loamy clay grading to a dark yellowish
(1 OYR 4/4 or 4/6) clay, B horizon. In front of the White House, the loamy clay stratum is sometimes
covered by a 0.13-to-1.12 ft (0.04-to-0.34 m) thick brown-to-yellowish brown (lOYR 4/3-to-lOYR 5/6)
clay, which is interpreted as material derived from the construction of the White House and used to raise
the ground surface.
The 23 positive shovel tests yielded an artifact assemblage (Appendix C) comprised of approximately
42 items, 17 prehistoric lithic artifacts and 25 historical items, all recovered primarily from 0.16-to-1.25
ft (0.05-to-0.38 m) bgs when noted. Lithic artifacts compose the prehistoric assemblage and consist of 10
pieces of lithic debitage shatter, one secondary flake, two tertiary flakes, and four broken flakes. The entire
prehistoric assemblage, with the exception of five items, is produced from Blanding chert, with one piece of
shatter showing heat treating. The non-Blanding chert items are two broken flakes and one piece of shatter
made from Hopkinton chert, while 2 pieces of shatter are produced from an unidentified chert type. The
historical assemblage is comprised of 5 wire-cut nails, 2 short segments of wire, 12 clay pigeon fragments,
one brick fragment, several specimens of charcoal, and several specimens of coal or its burnt by-product.
Of the two test trenches excavated, only one yielded artifacts. Excavation Trenches 1 and 2 are located
along Transect 18, with Trench 1 excavated around Shovel Test 18, and Trench 2 excavated approximated
18.0 ft (5.5 m) toward the east as measured from the northwestern corner of the exposed feature. Both units
were excavated in order to define and evaluate a dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 4/5) mottled clay intruded into
the brown-to-dark brown (lOYR 3.5/3) loamy clay and underlying clay, B-horizon exposed in Shovel Test
18. Trench 1 measured 3.9 ft (1.20 m) north-south by 2.3 ft (0.7 m) east-west, and revealed the discoloration
to be a utility trench (Table 4.1) running approximately 1080 from the Grey House to the White House. The
utility trench measures 0.66-to-1.15 ft (0.20-to-0.35 m) wide by an unknown depth; excavation of the unit
ceased at approximately 1.1 ft (0.33 m) bgs once researchers determined the discoloration marks a utility
line trench. In order to confirm the orientation and route of the utility line, Trench 2 was excavated. The
northwestern corner of the utility trench as created by the western wall of Trench 1 is located approximately
47.5 ft (14.3 m) southwest of a flag pole and 25.75 ft (7.85 m) northwest of the northwest corner of the
White House.
Trench 2 measured 4.0 ft (1.22 m) north-south by 1.0 ft (0.31 m) east-west and was excavated to a depth
of approximately 0.49 ft (0.15 m), just deep enough to confirm the presence of the utility trench in plan view.
In relationship to the White House, the western wall of Trench 2 is roughly in line with the western wall of
the house and the trench's southern wall is approximately 9.78 ft (2.98 m) north of the building's northwest
corner. In addition to revealing the utility trench, the unit yielded an artifact assemblage comprised of 5
prehistoric and 7 historical items. All of these items are from the northern 0.49 ft (0.15 m) of the unit, and
occurred 0.33 ft (0-to-0.10 m) bgs. The prehistoric assemblage consists of 4 pieces of lithic debitage shatter
and 1 broken flake. With the exception of one piece of shatter produced from an unidentified chert type, the
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 51
remaining items are made from Hopkinton chert. The historical assemblage is composed of 1 segment of
plastic wire sheathing and 6 sherds of ceramic drain pipe. Whether the wire sheathing is related to the buried
utility line is not known. Later shovel testing of the area placed Transect 18, Shovel Test "O" approximately
2.6 (.80 m) north of the trench's northwestern corner.
Across Locus 7, none of the prehistoric lithic debitage is temporally diagnostic, and all of the historical
materials, which represent domestic, construction, or recreational activities, date to the general twentieth
century. The lithic flake recovered from the north side of the locus is interpreted as an item that eroded down
the bluff/ridge slope, and the rest of the debitage indicates prehistoric people of an undetermined cultural
tradition utilized the area for an undetermined purpose of unknown duration. Whether or not they were
drawn to the area by the presence of near-by mound group site 13DB021 cannot be determined from the
available data. During the historical period, the presence of clay pigeon fragments from various points of
the locus indicate that sport shooting took place on the bluff/ridge top, but the data do not reveal when this
recreational activity occurred in relationship to the construction of the White House. Beyond these simple
interpretations, the quality and quantity of the artifacts defining Locus 7 do not lend themselves to more
detailed interpretation about the parcel's prehistoric or historical occupation. Based upon the excavated data
and their interpretation, Locus 7 does not warrant further study.
Locus 8, Historical Artifact Scatter
Locus 8 is located due south of the White House along the southern boundary of the Estate property
and study area (Figure 4.3) and is defined by a light subsurface scatter of historical materials measuring
not more than 3.3 ft by 3.3 ft (1.0 m by 1.0 m) square. A single shovel test (Transect 27, Shovel Test 15)
and its western bracket yielded historical materials (Appendix C) from a slight south facing slope covered
in weeds. The two positive shovel tests revealed the underlying stratigraphic sequence to be composed of
a (0.29-to-0.37 m) Ap horizon marked by a dark brown (lOYR 3/3) loamy clay grading to the B horizon
defined by a dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/6) clay (Appendix B). The entire artifact assemblage (Table
4.3) is comprised of a two-hole Prosser button (0-to-0.33 ft/0-to-0.1 Ocm bgs), an unidentifiable fragment of
metal (0.88-to-1.1 ft/0.27-to-0.32 m bgs), and 4 brick fragments (0-to-0.66 ft/0-to-0.20 m bgs). Whether the
scatter represents primary or secondary refuse, or marks some type of activity area cannot be determined
from the excavated data. Based upon the quality and quantity of the excavated data, Locus 8 does not
warrant further study.
Locus 9, Historical Artifact Scatter
Along the eastern side of the rock garden located east of the White House, a single shovel test
(Transect 19, Shovel Test 20) and its northern bracket (Appendices B and C) revealed a low density scatter
of approximately 5 historical artifacts designated Locus 9 (Figure 4.3). Locus 9 is associated with a grassy,
northeast facing slope between a retaining wall for the rock garden and a steeper section of the bluff/ridge
slope. Not unexpectedly, the area shows disturbance, and the stratigraphic sequence is comprised of four
strata (Appendix B): a 0.33-to-0.56 ft (0.10-to-0.17 m) thick, very dark grayish brown-to-dark brown silt
(1 OYR 3/2.5) loamy clay grading to a 0.23-to-0.3 ft (0.07-to-0.09 m) thick, mottled yellowish brown (1 OYR
5/8) clay resting on a 0.77-to-1.1 ft (0.27-to-0.32 m) thick mottled dark yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8 or
lOYR 3/4) loamy clay grading to the B horizon marked by a dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/5) clay. This
sequence is interpreted as representing disturbance from the construction of the White House as well as that
of the rock garden. Artifacts recovered from the two shovel test occurred 0.1-to-0.33 ft (0.03-to-0.10 m)
52 Great Lakes Archaeologica! Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
bgs, and consist of 2 wire-cut nails, 1 clear glass jar/bottle fragment, 1 clay pigeon fragment, and several
brick fragments (Table 4.3). Many of the materials may relate to the construction of the White House.
Similar to artifact assemblages recovered from other loci, one cannot be certain whether Locus 9
materials represent a primary or secondary deposit, especially since fill may have been brought in from
another place to be used for landscaping the rock garden. In addition, the sequence represents disturbed
deposits, suggesting that if the materials are primary refuse, they may not be in situ. If the clay pigeon
fragment is in its primary context, it suggests recreational shooting occurred in the area, but whether the
activity took place before or after the construction of the White House cannot be determined from the
excavated data. Based upon the excavated data and their interpretation, Locus 9 does not warrant further
study.
Locus 10, Isolated Prehistoric Lithic Artifact
The final locus, Locus 10 is marked by a single prehistoric lithic flake recovered from a shovel test
(Transect 26, Shovel Test 20) excavated east of the eastern boundary of the Historic District and the study
area (Figure 4.3). The locus measures not more than 3.3 ft by 3.3 ft (1.0 m by 1.0 m) square, and is located
in a wooded area on the bluff/ridge top. Excavation of the positive shovel test and its negative brackets
revealed that the area's underlying stratigraphic sequence is comprised of a 0.95-to-1.3 ft (0.29-to-0.40 m)
thick Ap horizon defined by a very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) loamy clay grading to the dark yellowish
brown (lOYR 4/4 and lOYR 4/6) clay, B horizon (Appendix B). The single lithic flake defining the locus
was recovered 0-to-0.46 ft (0-to-0.14 m) bgs in the loamy clay stratum and is produced form Blanding
chert.
Due to the absence of temporally diagnostic artifacts, Locus 10 cannot be affiliated with a specific
cultural tradition. In addition, the lack of other associated artifacts prevents the locus from being assigned a
behavioral function; whether the locus represents a short term camp, a game look-out or retooling locus, or
resources extraction area among otherpossibilities cannot be determined from data derived from or associated
with the shovel test location. Based upon the excavated and observed data, and their interpretation, Locus
10 does not warrant further study,
Play Houses and Pet Cemetery Area
Southeast of the White House and along the eastern side of the project study area (Figure 4.3), two
children's playhouses once existed (Rogers 2001.:7/4), but today only one remains (Figure 4.7). In addition,
a now unmarked pet cemetery is present (Olson 2008). Both playhouses were built circa 1930 for daughters
Winifred ("Frindy") and Viola ("Vidie") of William and Elizabeth Burden. The standing playhouse (Figure
4.7) is identified as Frindy's (Four Mounds Foundation 207:parc_202) and is a contributing resource of
the Four Mounds Estate Historic District (Rogers 2001:7/4 and 7/6). Vidie's playhouse is believed to be
located between the existing structure and the White House along a brick and rock walk that joined the
two play houses. The brick portion of the walk is believed to have lead to the missing playhouse (Figure
4.7); however, during the current study, this area was not shovel tested at a finer interval than 15 m and
no surface evidence of the structure was observed. The pet cemetery is believed to be located behind the
standing playhouse. During the field survey, no evidence of the cemetery was encountered. In the future,
this playhouse and pet cemetery area warrants further study in order to determine if structural or artifactual
evidence of the second playhouse exists and to define the pet cemetery. If such remains are identified, they
should be considered significant, contributing resources to the Historic District.
Great Lakes Archaeological Reseruch Center Report of Investigations No. 682
~3
Figure 4.7 Historical and recent views of the children's playhouses area at Four Mounds,
Dubuque, Iowa. Undated black-and-white photograph looking south-southeast(?) toward
the two buildings (Four Mounds Foundation 2007:File parc_86). November 2007 color
photograph looking south-southeast at brick walk leading to missing playhouse and stone
walk to existing one
54 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center- Reyort oflnvestigations No. 682
Summary
Phase I archaeological survey of the 16 acre Four Mounds Estate study tract resulted in the reporting
of newly recorded site 13DB853, which is defined by ten (10) features and artifact scatters (Figure 4.3).
In addition, shovel testing of the property revealed the presence of several utility lines and drainage pipes
(Table 4.1). Site 13DB853 is amulti-component site that is eligible for listing in the National Register and
is a contributing site to the Four Mounds Estate Historical District. The site is comprised of an abandoned
segment of dirt roadway, a rock border/curb along drives leading to the Grey House, and low-to-moderate
density scatters of subsurface prehistoric and historical artifacts. Across the site, subsurface deposits have
been disturbed by agricultural activities as well as development and occupation of the Four Mounds Estate.
The prehistoric artifacts cannot be linked to a cultural tradition, and with the exceptions of recreational
shooting artifacts, the historical assemblage provides few interpretable items providing insights about life
at the twentieth-century gentleman's farm. Based upon these observations and interpretations, the majority
of the loci (Loci 1-4 and 6-10) and area defining 13DB583 is not evaluated as significant, contributing
resources to the Four Mounds Estate Historic District and do not warrant further study. The four exceptions
are the portion of Loci 2 west of the barn and in alignment with the gardeners house where the chicken
house may have existed, Loci 5, which defines the rock border/curb along the drives, and the area of the
missing playhouse and unmarked pet cemetery; all of which may contribute to the significance of the
Historic District, further document the estates layout and evolving development, and warrant further study
in order to determine their historical importance. In addition, portions of the study tract bordering mound
group site 13DB021 should be avoided unless discussions with the Burials Program, Office of the State
Archaeologists staff results in an agreement that stipulates the type of work that maybe performed in all or
parts of this bordering area.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 55
Part V: Summary and Recommendations
During September through November 2007, Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, Inc.
(GLARC) together with students and faculty from Loras College performed a Phase I archaeological survey
of 16 acres within the Four Mounds Estate Historic District, which is atwentieth-century gentleman's farm
listed in the National Register of Historic Places and consists of 54 acres located north of the City of Dubuque
in Dubuque County, Iowa (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The Planning Services Department of the City of Dubuque
(City), owner of this property that is managed by the non-profit Four Mounds Foundation, authorized
GLARC to perform the study after receiving funding through Certified Local Government (CLG) Grant
2007-02 awarded by the State of Iowa and posting "Request for Proposals, Four Mounds Archeological
Investigation, April 19, 2007 " (Appendix A). Due to the presence of a linear alignment of four prehistoric
mounds (13DB021), which give the property its name as well as define a second National Register property,
the City recognized that unrecorded prehistoric archaeological deposits, as well as historical ones associated
with the occupation of the Estate may exist within the 16 acre parcel. As a result, the City secured grant
funding in order to perform the archaeological study for the purpose of determining through documentary
and field research the actual or potential presence/absence of archaeological deposits, within the borders
of the study area for future planning and property management considerations. By identifying significant
or potential archaeological resources across the study area early, such resources may be avoided during the
planning and execution of maintenance or improvement projects. In accordance with a stipulation in the
scope-of-services (Appendix A) and prior to performing the field investigation, GLARC coordinated with
Loras College faculty overseeing the Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Interpretation Program for the
participation of students in the archaeological field investigation of the 16 acres (6.5 hectares).
The 16 acre (6.5 hectare) APE encompasses all original structures composing the Four Mounds Estate
Historic District and borders the Four Mounds Group, 13DB021 (Figure 1.3). Features not original to the
estate complex consist of arope/confidence/team work course, natural prairie area, and graveled parking lot.
With the exception of a 110 feet wide buffer zone placed between the southeastern end of the mound group
and current field work, the areas around and between each of the features has been evaluated through a
combination of visual inspection, surface collection, and shovel testing. As a result, previously unrecorded,
multi-component archaeological site 13DB853 (Figure 4.3; Appendix D) has been identified and the entire
project area is characterized as having been disturbed by agricultural plowing, natural erosion, and estate
development.
The current study resulted in the reporting of newly recorded archaeological site 13DB853. This
multi-component site is eligible for listing on the National Register and is defined by ten loci. These loci
represent a segment of abandoned dirt road (Locus 1), low-to-moderate density subsurface distributions of
prehistoric and historical artifacts (Loci 2, 3, 4, and 6-10), and rock border/curbing (Locus 5) along Grey
House drives. Based upon subsurface data derived from shovel tests excavated across the study tract, much
if not all of the area has been disturbed by past agricultural activities or improvements to the Four Mounds
Estate. None of the prehistoric artifacts are temporally diagnostic, and as a result, none can be affiliated
with a past culture tradition or linked to the construction or use of the Four Mounds Site, 13DB021. The
historical artifact assemblage is comprised of twentieth-century materials that relate to the development,
maintenance, and occupation of the Four Mounds Estate; however„ with the exception of clay pigeon
fragments, which represent sport shooting on the grounds, none of the other artifacts alone or together
provide interpretable data about past domestic or farming behaviors occurring at the Estate. Historical
features encountered during the study are the abandoned dirt road segment, which may have been an early
56 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report oflnvestigations No. 682
route to the Estate complex; a suite of utility lines and drain pipes revealed in shovel tests (Table 4.1); and
the rock border/curbing along drives leading to the Grey House. Documentary research about the rock
border/curbing revealed that this feature was added to the Estate sometime between 1929, and August 31,
1936; however, no design plan or explanation about why it was constructed have been located. The only
known historical feature not encountered during the study are a second child's playhouse that existed near
the standing playhouse on the eastern side of the study area (Figure 4.3), a now unmarked pet cemetery
behind the standing playhouse, and a chicken house west of the barn and in alignment with the gardener's
house in Locus 2.
Due to the degree of site disturbance, a lack of intact deposits, and an absence of temporally diagnostic
prehistoric artifacts, many of the artifact/feature loci (Loci 1-4 and 6-10) defining site 13DB853 are not
evaluated as significant, .contributing resources to the Four Mounds Estate Historic District and do not
warrant further study. Additional investigation of these loci with the exception of a part of Locus 2, will not
yield new data contributing to a greater understanding about the prehistory or history of the Estate or general
area. The exceptions are the portion of Locus 2 where the chicken house is thought to have existed, Loci 5,
which defines the rock border/curb along drives; and the area of the missing play house; all of which may
contribute to the significance of the Historic District and warrant further study in order to determine their
significance. The significance of each will bee determined under National Register Criterion D as recovered
will contribute to Criterion A related to the layout and development of the listed Four Mounds Estate
Historic District. Similarly, the area defining a 100 ft (30.5 m) buffer zone around site 13DB021, especially
that part opposite the site and bordering the southwest side of the drive leading to the cabin, should be given
additional administrative consideration, as the mound group is a recognized burial site. While shovel testing
revealed the southwest side of the drive to be disturbed, if maintenance or improvement work is performed
for the drive, such work should be planned and executed in consultation with the Burials Program, Office of
the State Archaeologist to insure the work complies with Iowa State statues and guidelines regarding burial
sites and projects conducted near or adjoining them. If an unexpected archaeological find(s) is encountered
during future maintenance or improvement work within the 16 acre tract, a qualified archaeologist should
be notified for the purposes of 1) evaluating the significant of the find(s), 2) determining the potential
effect a project may have upon the find(s), and 3) recommending appropriate action to protect the find(s).
In the event that the discovery in part or in its totality represents human remains more than 150 years old,
the Burial Program, Office of the State Archaeologist in Iowa City should be contacted in addition to the
SHPO.
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682 S7
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Great Lakes Arehaeologicnl Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
63
Appendix A: Request for Proposals/Scope of Work
64 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
TriECnYar ~T
'' ~' ' ~_ J
~~~
CITY OF DUBUQUE, IOWA
REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS
Four Mounds Archeological Investigation
April 19, 2007
INTRODUCTION
The City of Dubuque has been awarded a FY2007 State of Iowa Certified Local Government grant by
the State Historical Society of Iowa (SHSI) for the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation. The City
of Dubuque, Iowa is soliciting proposals from qualified consulting firms to provide professional
services for the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation, in accordance with the Secretary of the
Interior's Standards for Archeological Documentation.
COMMUNITY BACKGROUND
The City of Dubuque is located on the Mississippi River in northeastern Iowa, adjacent to Illinois and
Wisconsin. The City is approximately 30 square miles in area, with a population of approximately
60,000 persons. The City's annual operating and capital budget is over $100 million and funds a full
range of services. The City's web site is www.cityofdubugue.org.
The Four Mounds Foundation mission is to demonstrate and teach the stewardship of natural,
architectural, historical, and agricultural resources in a way that is environmentally, economically, and
culturally sustainable and to have these resources utilized for hands-on experiential education.
The Four Mounds Archeological Investigation is to allow Four Mounds to plan for multiple projects
over the next five to ten years. By identifying significant resources throughout the project area, Four
Mounds can properly avoid archeologically significant areas and complete project planning and
execution.
PROJECT SUMMARY
The project goal is to complete an intensive survey and evaluation of the cultured and immediate
surrounding grounds of the Four Mounds Estate which consists of approximately 59.76 acres. The
archeological investigation is to occur on approximately 16.15 acres contained within the Four
Mounds Estate. This project includes the grounds around all the buildings and other structures (root
cellar, rock garden, rock walls) at Four Mounds.
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Figure I: Project Area
The project area is covered with grass, prairie, buildings, roads, formal landscaping and trees.
Figure 2: Hog Shed
Figure 3: Grey House
Page 2
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Figure 5: Root Cellar
Figure 4: Lane to Four Mounds Estate
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Figure 7: Lane and Farm Campus
Figure 6: White House
PROJECT SITE
Four Mounds is located on the north side of Dubuque along the banks of the Mississippi. A location
map is enclosed. The Four Mounds Estate is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as
locally significant. Four woodland Indian burial mounds are located on the site and are listed on the
Page 3
National Register of Historic Places as locally significant. These mounds are not included in the
project area because of previous knowledge of their archeological significance; however the project
area meets the mounds along their southwest side.
The archeological survey will need to be coordinated with the activities of the Four
Mounds Foundation. Within the project area, the Four Mounds Foundation operates an Inn,
conference center, ropes course, hiking trails and numerous onsite educational programs.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
The City has been awarded a FY2007 State of Iowa Certified Local Government grant by the State Historical
Society of Iowa (SHSI) for the Four Mounds Archeological Investigation. The approved scope of professional
archeological services for the Four Mounds Project, in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards
for Archeological Documentation, includes:
1. Prepare methodology or research plan to be used for implementing any archeological
investigations orground-breaking activities;
2. Conduct an archeological investigation within the project area;
3. Prepare an Archeological Documentation Report that:
A. Incorporates and discusses the background research about the Four Mounds Estate and
any other identified archaeological information from the area.
B. Presents the methodology and process of investigation.
C. Presents the findings of the archeological investigations. Archaeological Site Forms will be
completed for any identified sites.
D. Describes the potential impacts to the historic property and any identified significant
archeological sites.
E. Provides management recommendations for the historic property and any identified
significant archeological components.
4. Coordinate with Loras College of Dubuque for students in the college's Archeology and
Cultural Heritage Interpretation Program to participate in the archeological investigation. As
part of student participation, some field work will be expected.
QUALIFICATIONS OF CONSULTANTS
An archeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior's professional standards as a prehistoric and
historic archaeologist will be retained by the City to conduct the Phase I Four Mounds Archeological
Investigation, in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Archeological
Documentation and the Guidelines for Archaeological Investigations in Iowa (1999).
The selected archeologist will be expected to consult with the City, and SHSI so that the professional
standards and best practices for the archeological investigation will be followed. The selected project
archeologist will also be expected to work with Four Mounds staff, who will be serving as on-site
project managers.
Page 4
The selected archeologist will submit a methodology or research plan to be used for implementing any
archeological investigations orground-breaking activities to the City and SHPO for review and
approval for compliance with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Archeological
Documentation and the Guidelines for Archaeological Investigations in Iowa (1999) prior to beginning
such work on the property.
The selected archeologist will submit an Archeological Documentation Report that addresses the
items discussed above in the Scope of Work to the City and SHSI for review and approval.
All consultants, contractors, and subcontractors will be selected competitively in accordance with
Federal, State and City requirements.
The City of Dubuque, and all consultants and contractors retained by the City, will comply with Section
106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and its implementing regulations under 36 CFR Part 800
prior to the commencement of the archeological work.
INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN PROPOSAL
To simplify the review process and to obtain the maximum degree of comparability, the proposal shall
include the following information and shall be organized in the manner specified below.
Letter of Transmittal
Provide a letter of transmittal briefly outlining the consultant's understanding of the work and the
name, address, telephone number and fax number of the consultant's primary contact person. Email
is the preferred form of communication.
Profile of Firm
Provide general information about the consultant firm and firm's area of expertise as regards to this
RFP, including the qualifications of the project manager and other key personnel who would be
assigned to this project.
(a) The proposal shall include the name of the anticipated project manager, his or her qualifications
and experience and the names, qualifications and experience of other key personnel who would
be associated with the project.
(b) Name and location of other consulting firms that would be used by your firm in the project; the type
and approximate percentage of the work that would be performed by each of these firms; and the
names, qualifications and experience of their personnel who would be associated with this project.
(c) Experience of the anticipated project manager and other key personnel in pertorming similar
archeological services for historically significant properties in accordance with the Secretary of the
Interior's Standards for Archeological Documentation and the Guidelines forArchaeo/ogical
Investigations in Iowa (1999).
(d) The proposal shall include at least three references of past clients for archeological services on
historically significant properties done in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards
for Archeological Documentation and the Guidelines forArchaeologica/ Investigations in Iowa
(1999). These projects must have been completed within the past five years with the same project
manager, sub-consultants and other key personnel proposed for this project.
(e) The proposal shall discuss the firm's ability to integrate this contract into the present workload.
Page 5
Scope of Services
Describe the firm's approach to accomplishing the scope of services described above.
Proposed Project Schedule
Provide a project schedule outlining the time period and estimated completion date of the proposed
scope of services.
Fees and Compensation
Provide a proposed cost plus expenses budget for completion of the scope of services with cost
breakdowns. Quotation of fees and compensation shall remain firm for a period of at least 90 days
from the proposed submission deadline. Please separate the proposed budget from the other portion
of the RFP submittal. Initial screening will be done by the selection committee without benefit of
knowing the consultant's proposed fee for services.
SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS
An original plus seven (7) copies of the proposal must be received in the Planning Services
Department, 50 W. 13'h Street, Dubuque, Iowa 52001 by 12:00 p.m. CST on Friday, May 4, 2007.
Each consultant assumes full responsibility for delivery and deposit of the completed proposal
package on or before the deadline. The City of Dubuque is not responsible for any loss or delay with
respect to deliver of the proposals. The City of Dubuque reserves the right to reject any and all
proposals and negotiate changes with any consultant. The City of Dubuque is not liable for the cost
incurred by any consultant prior to the execution of an agreement or contract. Nor shall the City of
Dubuque be liable for any costs incurred by the consultant that are not specified in any contract. The
City of Dubuque is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
All questions and correspondence regarding this RFP should be directed to David Johnson, Assistant
Planner, Planning Services Department, Dubuque, Iowa, 52001, by telephone at 563-589-4210, by
fax at 563-589-4221, or by email at djohnson@cityofdubuque.org.
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Proposals will be screened to ensure that they meet the minimum requirements of the proposal
format. A review of qualifying proposals will be evaluated by a selection committee. Consultants may
be invited to an interview with the selection committee. Evaluation criteria will include the following:
• Experience and achievements of the firm.
• Qualifications and experience of principal consulting staff or project team on similar projects
involving historically significant structures with work done in accordance with the Secretary of
the Interior's Standards for Archeological Documentation.
• Qualifications and experience of any sub-consultants on similar projects.
• Grasp of project requirements, understanding of project scope and level of interest by
firm/consultant.
• Design approach/methodology in completing the scope of services.
• Approach to communication throughout the project.
• Ability to deliver the products in a timely manner and within budget.
• Proposed schedule to complete the project.
• Proposed cost to complete the project.
• Willingness to incorporate Loras students into the project by helping them gain knowledge
through their work and interaction with the consultant and allowing them to providing them field
work experience with the project.
Page 6
Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
71
Appendix : Shovel Test Unit Inventory and Descriptions
72 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
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Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
107
Appendix C: Artifact Inventory from Positive Shovel
Tests
108 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
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128 Grent Lnkes Archcreologicnl Research Center Report of Investigntio:7s No. 682
Great Dikes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
129
Appendix D: Site Form for 13DB853
130 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
OSA Site Record Form
IOWA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM
Page 1 of 6
Office of the State Archaeologist Site Number: 13DB853
700 Clinton Street Building County: DUBUQUE
University of Iowa Name/Field No.: Four Mounds Estate
Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1030 New Form: X Supplemental: _
I. SITE TYPE INFORMATION
Legal Location:
Township T89N Range
Township T89N Range
Quadrangle(s): DUBUQUE N
Reliability of Site Location: Good
Site Type/Function
Isolated find
Lithic scatter
Historic scatter
Structure building remains
Historic farm/residence
Period/Cultural Affiliation
R02E Section
R02E Section
SW 1/4 NW 1/4
SE 1/4 NW 1/4
Lithic debitage
chert debitage & a chert tool frag
20th century materials
Rock border/curbing for drive
20th-Century farm
Period: Prehistoric Phase/Affiliation:
Period: Historic Euro-American Phase/Affiliation: 20th Century
Basis: historical documentation National Register of Historic Places nomination
form (2001) lists the site as having been established
during 1907 and occupied thru the 1990s before
being made into a public park.
other identifier None of the historical artifacts are temporally
diagnostic beyond production during the 20th
century or later
Historic Date Range: 1900-1925 1925-1950 1950-1975 1975-2000 >2000
II. CULTURAL MATERIALS: 13DB853
Location of Artifact Collection: other (describe): Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center
Category Description Collected?
Stone, chipped, tools 32 pieces of lithic debitage consisting yes
of shatter, 1 secondary, 3 tertiary, and
4 broken flakes; and one expedient
tool edge fragment.
Container glass 3 clear glass jar bottle fragments yes
Window glass 15 fragments yes
Masonry 6+ fragments of brick yes
Other prehistoric none. yes
Other glass 1 piece of melted glass, 6 pieces of yes
milk glass from a possible vase, a
fragment of a canning jar lid liner, a
piece of decorative (?) brown glass, 1-
4hole Prosser button, and 1-2 hole
Prosser button.
Ceramic, historic 1 undecorated white ware sherd; 1 yes
decorated (gold rim) white ware sherd;
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OSA Site Record Form
1 undecorated porcelain sherd; and 6
red paste, glazed drain pipe sherds.
Collection Method(s): shovel tests
Ground Cover: _ row crops X grass X open woods _ forest _ exposed/eroded _ other
Notes on Ground Cover:
Amount of Ground Surface Visible: X <10% _ 10-50% _ 50-90% _ 90-100% _ unknown
Notes on Visibility: Much of the site is covered by grass lawn.
Surface Conditions in Cropland: _ dry _ recent rain _ wet _ unknown
Recently Tilled Cropland? _ true _ false _ unknown
Page 2 of 6
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OSA Site Record Form
III. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION: 13DB853
Topography/Landform
Backslope/sideslope
Blufftop
Other: (Blufflridge top overlooking Mississippi River.)
Ridge
Ridge top
Shoulder
Uplands
Nearest Water Source
Perennial stream/river (Perennial river is the Mississippi River.)
Distance to Nearest Water
153 m
Site Size
Dimensions: 625 x 200 m
Area: 32782 sq m
Map Method(s)
Paced
Taped
Topographic Map
Integrity
_ excellent _ good X poor _ completely destroyed _ unknown
Threats to Site
Page 3 of 6
Past/
Present Future Threat Type Description
x agriculture/livestock Prior to 1907, the area may have been
farmed. A large garden existed in the
center of the site.
x development/construction Proposed maintenance and improvement
projects as needed.
x erosion/weathering/rodents Rodent burrowing is very evident in lawn
areas.
x Other (describe) 20th century improvements made during
the construction and development of farm
features within the site area.
x transportation related Existing drives may be rebuilt
Current Land Use
recreational
IV. INVESTIGATION INFORMATION: 13DB853
Recorder(s) Affiliation
Gregory, Michael McCallum Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center (GLARC)
Start Date of Investigation: 6/8/2007
Dates/Special Considerations: Archival research began on 8 June 2007 with field work following on
21 Sept. 2007 and continuing sporadically until 16 Nov. 2007. Feldwork took approximately 14 days.
Level of Investigation
Phase I
Archival
Interview
Recommendations
Other (describe) (Additional Phase I and archival study to determine the significance of specific
features/locations within the site boundary.)
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OSA Site Record Form Page 4 of 6
National Register Eligibility Recommendation
Potentially Eligible for NR
Attitude toward
Present Landowner(s) Address Investigation
City of Dubuque 50 W. 13th Street, Dubuque, IA 52000 very positive
Photos
Photo__Type Curated at
Black & White Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center (GLARC)
Digital Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center (GLARC)
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OSA Site Record Form
V. VERBAL DESCRIPTION: 13DB853
Page 5 of 6
Location: Provide a verbal description of how to locate the site, including distances and direction.
This information must be sufficiently detailed to permit accurate site relocation. If possible,
include permanent landmarks, roadways, and distances.
From the intersection of Central Ave/US-52/IA-3 and E. 32nd St in the City of Dubuque, turn
north onto E. 32nd St, which becomes Peru Rd, and go 2.0 miles to the Four Mounds (4900 Peru
Rd) paved drive. At the paved drive/Peru Rd intersection, the site begins at the east side of the
southern entryway wall and is approximately 11.8 m (40 ft) from the Peru Rd pavement edge. The
site extends approximately 235 m (770 ft) along the paved drive before turning north toward the
farm complex and the main part of the site, which continues to the east encompassing the Grey and
White houses.
Site Description: Describe the site and include dimensions, features, nature and content of artifacts
and concentrations, extent and location of disturbances, etc.
Low-to-moderate density subsurface scatters of prehistoric and historical artifacts, a segment of
abandoned dirt road, and driveway rock border/curbs define site 13DB853. The prehistoric
component consists of isolated lithic artifacts and lithic scatters, which have not yielded temporally
diagnostic artifacts and may or may not be associated with four nearby conical mounds that define
the Four Mounds Site, 13DB021. Historical materials/features are associated with the 20th-century
occupation of the Four Mounds Estate. Across the site, artifacts and features are distributed over
the top and back slope of a bluff/ridge bordering the Mississippi River with elevations ranging
from 700-to-864 ft (213-to-263 m) above mean sea level. Several standing, in-use buildings or
structures representing contributing resources to the Four Mounds Estate Historic District (Rogers
2001) occur within the site boundary, which encompasses forest, lawn, and prairie vegetation.
Shovel tests and two limited trenches excavated within the site boundary yielded a total of 286+
artifacts: 33 prehistoric and 253+ historical ones. The two trenches explored a soil discoloration
that marks the alignment of a modern utility line trench. Across the site, subsurface deposits have
been disturbed by agricultural activities as well as development and occupation of the Estate.
Artifact distributions and structural features defining 13DB853 are identified as 10 loci comprised
of single and multiple artifacts or features. Moving west-to-east across the site, these loci are
designated 1 thru 0. Loci 2-4 and 6-10 are comprised of prehistoric, historical, or a mix of
prehistoric and historical artifacts constituting an assemblage of 257+ items: 33 prehistoric and
224+ historical artifacts. Loci 1 and 5 represent respectively a segment of abandoned dirt road and
a rock border/curbing along drives leading to the Grey House. The prehistoric assemblage is
comprised of lithic debitage and an edge fragment of an expedient tool, which are all produced
from Blanding, Hopkinton, or unlD'ed cherts. None of the lithic artifacts can be linked to a cultural
tradition. Similarly, with the exception of clay pigeon fragments from on-site recreational shooting,
the historical assemblage provides few insights about life at the 20th-century gentleman's farm.
Based upon these observations and interpretations, the majority of the site area and loci defining
13DB583 is not evaluated as significant resources of the Four Mounds Estate Historic District. As
a result, much of the site does not warrant further study. The two exceptions are Loci 5, which
defines the rock border/curbing, and the area on the eastern side of the site where a second
children's play house once stood. The rock border/curbing and evidence of the missing playhouse
may be significant, contributing resources of the Historic District and warrant further study in
order to determine the historical importance of each.
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ti ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
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138 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Inuestigations No. 682
Greet Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
139
pperiC~1X E: N1~DB F®x111
140 Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center Report of Investigations No. 682
Database Doc Number:
NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATABASE -REPORTS: DATA ENTRY FORM
1. R and C #: 080231048
2. Authors: Gregory, Michael M.
Year of Publication: 2008
3. Title: Phase I Archeological Investigation of the Four Mounds Estate Historic District in
Dubuque County, Iowa
--------------------------
4. Report:
Title: Report of Investigations
Volume #: Report #: 682 NTIS:
Publisher: Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center
Place 427 East Stewart, Milwaukee, WI 53207
--------------------------
5. Unpublished
Sent Form:
Sent To:
Contact #
6. Federal Agency:
-------- none (State Historical Society of Iowa)
------------------
7. State
Iowa
County: Dubuque
Town
8. Work Type: 31
9. Keyword: 0 -Types of Resources /Features
2 -Taxonomic Names
4 -Geographic Names /Locations
6 -Project names /Study Unit
Multi-component Site 13DB853 [0]
Gentleman's Farm [0]
Archaeological Phase I Survey [1]
Prehistoric Lithic Debitage [3]
Historical Domestic/Farming Materials [3]
Paleozoic Plateau [4]
UTM Zone: 15 Easting:
15
15
15
1 -Generic terms /Research Questions
3 -Artifact Types /Material Classes
5 -Time Periods
7 -Other Key Words
Mississippi River [4]
Four Mounds Estate [4]
20th Century [5]
Four Mounds Archeological Investigation Project [6]
National Register Historic District [7]
State of Iowa Certified Local Government Grant [7]
Northing:
11. Township: 89 N
Range: 2 E
Other Publication Types:
12. Monograph:
Name:
Place:
13. Chapter: In: First Last
14. Journal:
------------------
15. Dissertation:
Degree: Ph.D.
------------------
16. Paper:
17. Other:
Reference Line:
18. Site #:
19: Quad Map:
Volume: Issue: First:
LL.D. M.A. M.S. B.A. B.S. Institute:
Place:
Meeting
Date
13DB020 13DB021 13DB853
Name Dubuque North (7.5')
Date
Last:
1956/1972/1978