Requests to Address Council by Sandy Amberg and Shane Duncan_Water FluoridationJeanne Schneider - Re: "Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque
website
From: Sandy Amberg <smamberg52001 @yahoo.com>
To: Jeanne Schneider <Jschneid @cityofdubuque.org>
Date: 03/05/2010 8:37 AM
Subject: Re: "Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque website
Page 1 of 4
Sorry about that, Jeanne. I use the cheapy word processing. Will try to add it
here but the numbers might be screwed up a bit. Will see how it goes.
THE MONEY
Population of Iowa (2008) 3,002,555 citizens
Population of Fluoridated Iowa 2,744,335.2 citizens (91% of Iowa)
Population of Dubuque, Iowa 72,000 (approximately) drinking fluoridated
water
Cost for fluorosilicic acid $20,000 per year
Cost per citizen of Dubuque $.30 per year (30cents). Why is this so cheap?
(perhaps because fluorosilicic acid is a toxin and must be disposed of under
certain guidelines of the EPA ?)
Actual cost per citizen $.009 (Because we only drink 3% of fluoridated water)
Actual waste of money per citizen: $.291 per year
Actual waste to the city of Dubuque $19,400.00 per year
Cost for fluorosilicic acid for the
State of Iowa $823,300.56 per year
Actual waste of money per citizen $798,601.54 per year
Average waste per 245 public
water systems in Iowa using
fluoride $3,260 per year
HIDDEN COSTS
Heating and cooling of outside storage tanks
Purchase and maintenance of equipment
Purchase and maintenance of safety equipment
Purchase of insurance in case of an accidental spill or overmedication of
water?
Cost to clean -up?
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2 Massage History
Sandy Ambug
5635X3.2572
-Slot hlom 1M -
Would it be poanble to pet on the Magee& for the Mach 15th (My Council
to present a pelt, aek the easy to mop fluundanng the water and
meeting mppeshon shed on how maple who wdh to use nuondeated water can
pet it ■te:penatrd5^ Thank yw Sandy Ambesg
Please note: Questions or comments submitted via the City of Dubuque website are monitored during regular business hours.
On 2/25/2010 10:00:53 AM, smamberg52001./ahoo.com wrote:
May I please be put on the agenda for the City Council muting for March 15th. I would like to present a petition asking that fluoride be removed from Dubuque's water and a list of suggestions for how people
wishing to have fluoride for their teeth, can get it. Thank you. Sandy Amberg
— On Thu, 2/25/10, Citizen Support Center wrote:
> From: Citizen Support Center
> Subject: Citizen Support Center Quesbon Update :: W010634 -022510
> To: smamberg520010yahoo.com
■> Date: Thursday, February 25, 2010, 9:36 AM
1 > Please submit a letter
> or email to me and I will place you on the agenda for the
> March 15th City Council meeting.
On 2/25/2010 9:36:15 API, Jeanne Schneider wrote:
Please submit a letter or email to me and 1 will place you on the agenda for the March 15th City Council meeting.
http:// mygovhelpadmin. us /DUBUQUEA/ZAdmin /QaMain.aspx> std= 6422219238MTRHFIC( ZQEMVNIHECBEBSDFQRKMDL8dg3=W 02fDUB0O0EIA% 2f 2' admin% 2f5erviceRequests% 2fDetails .aspx%3fid %3d10634(03/04/2010 12:18:08 PM]
Reference No
W010634 -022510
Create Date
2/25/2010 7:13 AM
Update Date
2 /25 /2010 10:00 AM
Completed /Closed
Yes
Close Date
2/25/2010 9:36 AM
Status
Closed
Priority
I Mednan
Assigned Dept
Ctry Clerk's office
Assigned staff
Jeanne scmuder
Customer Name
Email Address
smamberg52001@yahoo.com
Phone
Source
Cost to environment
Also will add this one:
•
•
FLUORIDE IN TABLE SALT
To the editor: - Would it not be less wasteful to put
fluorine in minute amounts in our table salt, as has
been done with iodine, than to put it in the water
supply? Such a small quantity of the water in the mains
ever reaches a person's digestive tract, but most of the
salt in salt shakers eventually does.
Z.F. Endress, M.D., Pontiac, Mich.
Answer: - Caries inhibtion by fluoride (about 1 ppm of
fluorine) in drinking water has been studied in great
detail. No comparable information is available for
judging the effect of fluoride added to table salt. The
known variations in the consumption of salt by
different persons suggests that the latter procedure
would not be satisfactory. Furthermore, many
drinking waters naturally contain adequate fluoride,
and the use of a fluoridized salt would be undesirable
in these cases. It is more logical to add iodine to salt,
because iodides have a much wider margin of safety
than do fluorides. The wastefulness of adding fluoride
to a water supply is more apparent than real. The added
materials are readily available and inexpensive, and
also the labor involved in a carefully controlled
program is negligible when computed in terms of the
individual child.
Taken from "Queries and Minor Notes ", J.A.M.A.
148:87 (Jan. 5) 1952
Isn't that amazing
Page 2 of 4
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- -- On Fri, 3/5/10, Jeanne Schneider <Jschneid@cityofdubuque.org> wrote:
From: Jeanne Schneider <Jschneid @cityofdubuque.org>
Subject: Re: "Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque website
To: "Amberg, Sandy" <smamberg52001 @yahoo.com>
Date: Friday, March 5, 2010, 8:29 AM
Sandy - I was not able to open the attachment. Could you send it as a
PDF or Word document. Thanks.
Jeanne
»> Sandy Amberg <smamberg52001 @yahoo.com> 03/05/2010 8:24
AM »>
Sorry about that. I will try again. Sandy
- -- On Fri, 3/5/10, Jeanne Schneider <Jschneid@cityofdubuque.org>
wrote:
From: Jeanne Schneider <Jschneid @cityofdubuque.org>
Subject: Re: "Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque website
To: smamberg52001@yahoo.com
Date: Friday, March 5, 2010, 7:26 AM
Sandy - There was no attachment.
Jeanne F. Schneider, CMC
City Clerk
jschneid @cityofdubuque.org
563- 589 -4121 563 - 589 -4121 563- 589 -4121 563 -589-
4121
Page 3 of 4
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Page 1 of 1
Jeanne Schneider - "Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque website
From: "Citizen Support Center" <dubuqueia @mycusthelp.com>
To: <jschneid @cityofdubuque.org>
Date: 03/09/2010 6:58 AM
Subject: "Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque website
Contact Us
Name: Sandy Amberg
Phone: 563 583 -2572
Email: smamberg52001 @yahoo.com
City Department: City Council
Message: Dear Members: At the Feb 1 Council meeting Mr. Lynch asked me why I would ask to eliminate water fluoridation
when the ADA, AMA, CDC, WHO, etc. all supported it. Here is a list of 2,730 eminent people who do not. I think this is as
impressive as a list of acronyms. Sandy UPDATE: 2,730 Signers to Professionals' Statement as of March 8, 2010
Signers include: • Arvid Carlsson, Nobel Laureate for Physiology or
Medicine, 2000 • Vyvyan Howard, MD, PhD, Immediate Past President, International Society of Doctors for the Environment
(ISDE) • Ingrid Eckerman, MD, MPH, President, Swedish Doctors for the Environment (LFM), Stockholm, Sweden • Raul
Montenegro, PhD, Right Livelihood Award 2004 (known as the Alternative Nobel Prize), President of FUNAM, Professor of
Evolutionary Biology, National University of Cordoba, Argentina • The current President and six past Presidents of the
International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology • Three scientists from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Headquarters Union in Washington D.C. * William Marcus, PhD, Former chief toxicologist of the EPA Water Division, Boyds,
MD • Three members of the National Research Council committee who wrote the landmark 2006 report: Fluoride in Drinking
Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards (Hardy Limeback, PhD, DDS; Robert L. Isaacson, PhD; Kathleen M. Thiessen,
PhD) • The Board of Directors, American Academy of Environmental Medicine • Two advisory board members of the UK
government sponsored "York Review" • Andy Harris, MD, former national president, Physicians for Social Responsibility,
Salem, OR • Theo Colborn, PhD, co- author, Our Stolen Future • Lynn Margulis, PhD, a recipient of the National Medal of
Science • Ken Cook and Richard Wiles, President and Executive Director, Environmental Working Group (EWG) • Ron
Cummins, Director, Organic Consumers Association • Magda Aelvoet, MD, Former Minister of Public Health, Leuven,
BELGIUM • Doug Everingham, former Federal Health Minister (1972 -75), Australia • Peter Montague, PhD, Director of
Environmental Health Foundation • Ted Schettler, MD, Science Director, Science and Environmental Health Network • Stephen
Lester, Science Director, Center for Health, Environment, and Justice • Lois Gibbs, Executive Director, Center for Health,
Environment, and Justice, Goldman Prize Winner (1990), Falls Church, VA • Rosalie Bertell, PhD, Regent of the Board,
International Physicians for Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Retired President, International Institute of Concern
for Public Health, Toronto, Canada • FIVE Goldman Prize winners (2006, 2003, 1997, 1995, 1990) • Sam Epstein, MD, author,
"Politics of Cancer" and Chairman, Cancer Prevention Coalition • Pat Costner, retired Senior Scientist, Greenpeace
International • Jay Feldman, Executive Director, Beyond Pesticides • Sandra Duffy, Board President, Consumers for Dental
Choice • Joseph Mercola, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, http: / /www.mercola.com, Chicago, IL • Michael W. Fox, DSc, PhD,
BVM, MRCVS (former vice president of The Humane Society of the US, former vice president of Humane Society International
and the author of more than 40 adult and children's books on animal care, animal behavior and bioethics),
http: / /www.twobitdog.com/DrFox /, Minneapolis, MN • Leo Cashman, Executive Director of DAMS (Dental Amalgam Mercury
Syndrome) • Chris Bryson, author, The Fluoride Deception • Environmental leaders from over 30 countries, and • Legendary
folksinger, songwriter and activist, Pete Seeger Signers by-
degree as of March 8, 2010: • 398 Nurses (RN, MSN, BSN, ARNP, APRN, LNC, RGON • 380 PhD's - includes DSc, Doctor of
Science; EdD (Doctor of Education); DrPH (Doctor of Public Health) • 365 DC's (Doctor of Chiropractic, includes M Chiro) •
321 MD's (includes MBBS) • 262 Dentists (DDS, DMD, BDS) • 132 ND's (Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine) • 70 Lawyers (JD,
LLB, Avvocato) • 60 RDHs (Registered Dental Hygienist); also DH, RDHAP, EFDA, RDAEF, and RDN • 48 Pharmacists
(Pharm.D, B. Pharm, DPh, RPH) • 41 Acupuncturists (LAc - Licensed Acupuncturist, and, MAc - Master Acupuncturist) • 26
DO's (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine) • 20 Veterinarians (DMV, VMD, BVMS)
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Page 1 of 1
Jeanne Schneider - "Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque website
From:
To:
Date:
Subject:
"Citizen Support Center" <dubuqueia @mycusthelp.com>
<j schneid @cityofdubuque. org>
03/09/2010 9:52 PM
"Contact Us" inquiry from City of Dubuque website
Contact Us
Name: Shane Duncan
Phone: 563.320.7223
Email: shane.t.duncan@gmail.com
City Department: City Council
Message: I would like to be on the agenda for the city council meeting on March 15. I would like to speak about the dangers
of the chemicals listed under "fluoride" that are added to our water. Thanks.
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
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I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer moneyywasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to. dump. 91%. or .9,00O. pounds of fluoro.siticic acid into. the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
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I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer moneyywasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to. dump. 91%. or .9,00O. pounds of fluoro.siticic acid into. the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE NUMBER
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE NUMBER
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE NUMBER
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15
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21
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE NUI03ER
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRES S
PHONE rU IML :
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12
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15
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NANM
ADDRESS
�/7, - 7��
PHONE NUMBER
I ,6, ,,C< t
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, 5-� -319(
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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14
15
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18
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24
To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE NUMBER
1
3I /te ji
57/. /1
,57e/—// T"i
2 6 9
t 93.,, ? e
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
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24
C Co 14
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer moneyewasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to. dump. 97% or 8.9.,00.0 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE NUMBER
I c h , :b c
sso G A ride, [ 1ct. ST
36 . La 2-3
2 L 1� '
s?-s6 m/ /c ,e5-1 ' 4 p1L
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6
7
8
9
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12
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20
21
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
)`NANJA .
ADDRESS
:I PHONE i'L iThil')L R
I Jirn trIe5
20 8 ,, I/.sfia s► bl o
S,�g - 2 '735
2 \ous n
`
II t
11
3
4
5
6
7
8
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10
ii
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.97 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE NUMBER
1 56EM 6a:- t
635 ,Y Grciei
1 / . / 0 7- 953 - if rg
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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15
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To: THE DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL
I believe that the City of Dubuque should stop fluoridating water for the following reasons:
1. It is an inefficient use of taxpayer money; wasting $.Q7 on each dollar spent in the fluoridation process.
2. It is irresponsible to dump 97% or 89,000 pounds of fluorosilicic acid into the environment.
3. It is an infringement on my rights as a human being to medicate my water without my consent.
1. "[L]aboratory and epidemiologic research suggests that fluoride prevents dental caries predominately
after eruption of the tooth into the mouth, and its actions primarily are topical for both adults and children"
(CDC, 1999, MMWR 48: 933 - 940).
2. "Until recently the major caries- inhibitory effect of fluoride was thought to be due to its incorporation in
tooth mineral during the development of the tooth prior to eruption...There is now ovennhelniing evidence
that the primary caries- preventive mechanisms of action of fluoride are post - eruptive through 'topical' effects
for both children and adults."
SOURCE: Featherstone JDB. (1999) Prevention and Reversal of Dental Caries: Role of Low Level
Fluoride. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 27: 31 -
3. NEW: Dr Arvid Carlsson Discusses Fluoride's Topical/Systemic Effects
CONNETT: You mentioned that fluoride's benefits come from the local, or topical, effect. Could you just
discuss a little more what you see as the significance of that fact? Why is it important that fluoride's benefit is
topical, and not from ingestion?
CARLSSON: Well, in pharmacology, if the effect is local, it's of course absolutely awkward to use it in any
other way than as a local treatment. I mean this is obvious. You have the teeth there, they're available for
you, why drink the stuff?... I see no reason at all for giving it in any other way than locally -- topically, if you
wish.
4. "Fluoride is most effective when used topically, after the teeth have erupted."
SOURCE: Cheng KK, et al. (2007). Adding fluoride to water supplies. British Medical Journal
335(7622):699 -702.
"the major anticaries benefit of fluoride is topical and not systemic."
SOURCE: National Research Council. (2006). Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's
Standards. National Academies Press, Washington D.C. p 13.
5. "Since the current scientific thought is that the cariostatic activity of fluoride is mainly due to its topical
effects, the need to provide systemic fluoride supplementation for caries prevention is questionable."
SOURCE: European Commission. (2005). The Safety of Fluorine Compounds in Oral Hygiene Products
for Children Under the Age of 6 Years. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate -
General, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products, September 20.
6, "Current evidence strongly suggests that fluorides work primarily by topical means through direct action
on the teeth and dental plaque. Thus ingestion of fluoride is not essential for caries prevention."
SOURCE: Warren JJ, Levy SM. (2003). Current and future role of fluoride in nutrition. Dental Clinics of
North America 47: 225 - 43.
7. "For a long time, the systemic effect of fluoride was regarded to be most important, resulting in
recommendations to use fluoride supplements such as tablets or drops. However, there is increasing
evidence that the local effect of fluoride at the surface of the erupted teeth is by far more important."
SOURCE: Zimmer S, et al. (2003). Recommendations for the Use of Fluoride in Caries Prevention. Oral
Health & Preventive Dentistry 1: 45 -
8. "Fluoride incorporated during tooth development is insufficient to play a significant
role in caries protection."
SOURCE: Featherstone, JDB. (2000). The Science and Practice of Caries Prevention.
Journal of the American Dental Association 131: 887 -899.
116
Facts About{ Fluoridation You Did Not Know
By Fluoride .Action Network, January, 2002
98% Of Western Europe Has Rejected Water Fluoridation. This includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The predominant reason for Europe's
rejection is the belief that public drinking water is NOT the appropriate vehicle with which to deliver medication to a
population.
Fluoride Is Not An Essential Nutrient, which means that no human disease (including dental decay) has ever been
linked to a fluoride deficiency. (1)
The fluoride used to fluoridate water is an industrial waste product from the phosphate fertilizer industry. It is an
unprocessed hazardous waste, contaminated with a number of toxins, particularly arsenic.
Fluoridation adds between 0.1 and 1.6 parts per billion (ppb) arsenic to drinking water, and therefore violates the
EPA's Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for arsenic - which is 0 ppb. (2)
Hydrofluosilicic acid and sodium silicofluoride, which are the chemicals used to fluoridate 91% of fluoridated
water in the US, have never been tested for safety and effectiveness.
According to a November 16, 2000 letter from the EPA, "to answer your question on whether we have in our
possession empirical scientific data on the effects offluosilicic acid or sodium silicofluoride on health and behavior,
the answer is no."
Most dental authorities are now conceding that there is little, if any, benefit from swallowing fluoride, and that
fluoride's benefits (whatever they are) come from topical application.
When water fluoridation began 50 years ago, it was believed that fluoride needed to be ingested in order to be
effective. This is NO longer the view of the dental establishment, which now generally concedes that fluoride's
benefits are derived primarily from topical application. (3)
According, for instance, to the US Centers for Disease Control, "Laboratory and epidemiologic research suggests that
fluoride prevents dental caries predominately after eruption of the tooth into mouth, and its actions primarily are
topical for both adults and children."
All fluoride products designed to be ingested (e.g. fluoride supplements) are available by prescription only. No
fluoride products designed for ingestion have ever been approved as safe or effective by the US Food & Drug
Administration. (4)
By Logical Extension Fluoridated Water Can Appropriately Be Classified As An Unapproved Prescription
Drug.
The dental community concedes that fluoride is ineffective at preventing the most common type of dental decay - pit
& fissures. Pit & fissure decay - which is the decayfound in the crevices of the chewing surfaces - accounts for
upwards of 85% of dental decay now experienced in the US. (5)
New evidence suggests that fluoridation is either unnecessary or doesn't work. Cavities have declined at similarly
impressive rates throughout the entire western, industrialized world over the past half century.
This decline has occurred irrespective of a country's fluoridation status. Western Europe, which is 98% unfluoridated,
has experienced the SAME decline in cavities as the heavily fluoridated US, and today enjoys the SAME low level of
tooth decay. (6)
The largest dental survey ever conducted in the US found virtually no difference in dental decay between
children living in fluoridated vs. unflooridated areas.
The study, which was conducted by the, National Institute Of Dental Research (NIDR), found that the average
difference in tooth decay (0.6 tooth surfaces) between children living in fluoridated vs =fluoridated areas amounted
to LESS than 0.5% of the 128 total tooth surfaces in a child's mouth. (7)
Five peer- reviewed studies .published in the last 2 years have found that dental decay DOES NOT increase
when communities stop fluoridation. J(8)
The rhetoric supporting fluoridation is increasingly centered around the notion that fluoridation benefits the neediest
in society the most. This claim flies in the face of the experience of most US inner cities over the past 50 years.
Despite the fact that nearly all large US cities have been fluoridated for decades, dental decay is currently rampant in
virtually all poor urban areas.
One of the major dental health problems experienced in poor communities is a debilitating condition known as "baby
bottle tooth decay" which is also referred to as "early childhood caries."
This condition, which results from excessive consumption of sweetened liquids at a young age, is not prevented by
water fluoridation. (9) According to a study in Pediatric Nursing "Data from Head Start surveys show the prevalence
of baby bottle tooth decay is about thr4 times the national average among poor urban children, even in communities
with a fluoridated water supply."
Fluoride Is A Very Toxic Substance, which is why it is the active ingredient in a number of pesticides. Just 2 grams
of fluoride is enough to kill an adult, and just 500 mg is enough to kill a child. (11) In the US, people have died, and
many have become sick, when faltering fluoridation equipment has pumped excess fluoride into the water.
Poor nutrition exacerbates the toxic effects of fluoride exposure, which is a further reason why it's wrong to target
poor communities with fluoridation (asjpoor nutrition is more prevalent in low income communities).
According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Existing data indicate that subsets of the
population may be unusually susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride and its compounds. These populations include
the elderly, people with deficiencies of ;calcium, magnesium and/or vitamin C, and people with cardiovascular and
kidney problems." (12) I
Contaminated Food Chain - Many ofjthe processed beverages and foods sold in the US contain elevated levels of
fluoride due to the use of fluoridated water during manufacturing, and the presence of fluoride pesticides.
Total fluoride exposure has increased substantially since the early days of fluoridation. (13) When fluoridation first
began, exposure to fluoride from sources other than fluoridated water, was minimal.
Today that is not the case.
People now receive fluoride from a whole host of sources, including pesticide residues, fluoridated dental products,
mechanically deboned meat, fluoride air pollution, and processed foods & beverages prepared with fluoridated water
(e.g. soda, juice, beer, cereal, etc).
It has now reached the point where most people receive the "optimal" 1 mg/day of fluoride (which fluoridated water
was designed to deliver) without ever drinking a glass of fluoridated water.
Despite the increase in total fluoride exposure, the concentration of fluoride added to drinking water (0.7 -1.2 mg/L) as
prescribed by the US Government, is still the same as it was back in the 1940s.
117
Due to the increase in total fluoride exposure, there has been a major increase in the rate of dental fluorosis found
among American children. According to the US Government, approximately 1 in 3 children living in fluoridated
areas have dental fluorosis on at least 2 teeth. (14)
Dental fluorosis is the first visible sign that fluoride has poisoned enzymes in the body.
Approximately half of the fluoride we ingest each day accumulates in our bodies, primarily in the bones, but also in
soft tissues. (15)
High levels of naturally occurring fluoride causes a crippling bone disease known as skeletal fluorosis. According to
UNICEF, skeletal fluorosis is endemics "in at least 25 countries across the globe" (16) with the problem particularly
acute in India, China and other developing countries.
Skeletal fluorosis comes in varying degrees of severity depending on the level of exposure. The earliest symptoms are
characterized by joint pain that is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish from arthritis.
According to a review on fluoridation by Chemical & Engineering News: "Because some of the clinical symptoms
mimic arthritis, the first two clinical phases of skeletal fluorosis could be easily misdiagnosed [as arthritis]." The
World Health Organization states that "early cases [of skeletal fluorosis] may be misdiagnosed as rheumatoid or
osteoarthritis." (17)
It is estimated that approximately 40 million Americans suffer from arthritis, the most common type being
osteoarthritis.
Fluoride stimulates abnormal bone development. Clinical trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine
and Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (18) report that high dose fluoride treatment increases bone mass but that
the newly formed bone is "structurally unsound" (19). Thus, instead of reducing hip fracture, the studies found that
high doses of fluoride increase hip fracture.
There is concern that "low" doses of fluoride, taken over long periods of time (e.g. fluoridated water), may also
increase the rate of hip fracture. Approximately 20 recent studies have investigated the relationship between
fluoridated water and hip fracture, with approximately half of the studies finding an association. (20)
A 1995 study in the journal Neurtoxicology and Teratology, found that fluoride accumulated in the brain of rats
and produced age - specific behavioral deficits typical of most neurotoxic agents. (21)
In the study, fluoride induced damage to the hippocampal region of the brain Damage to the hippocampal region has
been linked to hyperactivity and cognitive deficits. Based on the results, the lead author of the study, Dr. Phyllis
Mullenix, has come out and advised against water fluoridation.
Five recent peer reviewed studies fromiChina have found an association between elevated fluoride exposure and
decreased IQs in children - an effect that would be expected based on Mullenix's research. (22)
In the late 1990s, a British scientist discovered that fluoride accumulates to very high levels (avg = 9000 ppm) in the
crystallized tissue of the human pineal gland.
A subsequent animal study found that fluoride interferes with the pineal gland's production of melatonin, a
hormone which helps regulate the onset of PUBERTY. In the study, animals dosed with fluoride had reduced levels of
melatonin metabolites in their urine and had earlier onsets of puberty than the controls. (23)
Up until the 1950s, European doctors used fluoride to reduce the activity of the thyroid gland for people suffering
from overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidi (24) The daily dose of fluoride which people are now receiving in
118
'day) (25) actually exceeds the dose of fluoride which was found to depress the
fluoridated communities (1.6 to 6.6 mg
thyroid gland (2.3 to 4.5. mg/day). (26)
Hypothyroidism (under - active thyroid is currently one of the most common medical problems in the United States.
Synthroid, the drug doctors prescribe t treat hypothyroidism, was the fourth most prescribed drug in the US in the
year 2000. Symptoms of hypothyroidis include depression, fatigue, weight gain, muscle and joint pains, increased
cholesterol levels, and heart disease.
A recent study published in the journal rain Research found that 1 PPM fluoride in water facilitated the uptake of
aluminum into the brain of rats, pro cing the type of brain tangles (amyloid deposits) that are associated with
Alzheimer's disease and other types of ementia. (27)
An epidemiological study published in Pie December 2000 issue of the Journal Neurotoxicology, found that
fluoridated water was associated with elevated levels of lead in children's blood. (28)
The study's findings parallel the findingits of an earlier study published in the September 1999 issue of the International
Journal of Environmental Studies. (29) ad in the blood is associated with a variety of neurological problems,
including reduced intelligence, aggression and hyperactivity.
Dozens of laboratory studies have founts that fluoride is a mutagen - a classification which frequently indicates that a
substance is carcinogenic (i.e. that it ca es cancer). (30) A cancer bioassay conducted by the National Toxicology
Program found that rats dosed with flu ride had a statistically significant increase in bone tumors (osteosarcomas),
which were not found among the contr ls.
The initial review of the study also rep rted that the fluoride -dosed rats had tumors of the thyroid, oral cavity and rare
tumors of the liver; however these tum rs were later downgraded under conspicuous and controversial circumstances.
According to Dr. William Marcus, the chief Toxicologist at the EPA's Office of Drinking Water, the downgrading of
the tumors was politically motivated ai d not scientifically defensible. (31)
A recent epidemiological study condu by a scientist from the US Public Health Service found that female
infertility was associated with eleva d levels of fluoride ( >3ppm) in drinking water. The study concluded that
more emphasis needs to be given to the effects on health from total fluoride exposure - not just exposure to fluoridated
drinking water. (32)
In light of the recent research indicating health risks from low level fluoride exposure, the Union of Scientists and
professionals at EPA headquarters has voted to oppose fluoridation (33) and has called upon Congress to issue a
"national moratorium" on the fifty year old policy.
According to the Vice President of the Union, Dr. J. William Hirzy, "In summary, we hold that fluoridation is an
unreasonable risk. That is, the toxicity of fluoride is so great and the purported benefits associated with it are so
small - if there are any at all - that requiring every man, woman and child in A merica to ingest it borders on criminal
behavior on the part of governments."
After years of overlooking the problem§ with fluoride & fluoridation, the environmental community is finally
beginning to address the issue. In Septe nber of 2001, the Sierra Club announced that:
There are now valid concerns regardin$� the potential adverse impact of fluoridation on the environment, wildlife, and
human health. The Sierra Club therefore supports giving communities the option of rejecting mandatory fluoridation
of their water supplies. To protect sensitive populations, and because safer strategies and methods for preventing tooth
decay are now available, we recommend that these safer altematives be made available and promoted."
Please note: certain passages have been bolNed and underlined for emphasis (not the author's).
119