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Dubuque Northwest Arterial Appendix to Draft Environmental Impact Statement Volume I Part 2 Evaluation of Alternates April 1978
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Iola, Boc ks A.pp.-9nd_ x '.1 pt.Z FHWA-I0WA-EIS-78-01-D DUBUQUE NORTH-WEST ARTERIAL APPENDIX TO DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 404 VOLUME I PART 2 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION IOWA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HIGHWAY DIVISION CITY OF DUBUQUE, IOWA APRIL, 1978 Technical studies, used in the preparation of this report and appendices were developed by the firm of BRICE, PETRIDES & ASSOCIATES, INC. 3wb \ � Jp rA v (d_ b) APPENDIX VOLUME I PART 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Air Quality Assessment Water Quality Noise Drainage Vegetation Fauna Geology and Soils Agricultural Productivity Parks and Recreation Aesthetic Considerations Summary of Environmental Factors SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Study Corridor 220 Evaluation Methodology 227 Evaluation of Alternates 236 HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES 259-260 J88.120977739 DUB Iowa Boo Dubuque North-West Arterial Dubuque (City) r Dubuque North-West arterial: appendix to draft environmental impact statement CARNEGIE-STOUT PUBLIC LIBRARY Dubuque, Iowa Borrowers Each borrower will be responsible for all books, etc., charged to him. Overdue Fees Adult Books 10¢ per day Young Adult Books 10¢ per day Juvenile Books 50 per day OEMCO OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 261-268 Staging 261 Structures 266 DUBUQUE PUBLIC LIBRARY SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 269-277 APPENDICES Appendix A. Plant and Animal Species List A-1 to A-12 79C4571 LIST OF FIGURES APPENDIX VOLUME I PART 2 FIGURE NUMBER TITLE Page 19 Determination of Critical Year 113 20 North Fork Catfish Creek, Floodplain and Floodway East of North-West Arterial 140 21 North Fork Catfish Creek, Floodplain and Floodway West of North-West Arterial 141 22 Flood Profile, North Fork Catfish Creek 23 Sites of Vegetation and Animal Study 24 Areas of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat in the. Project Area 142 151 152 25 Stratigraphic Section of Ordovician Rocks of the Dubuque North Quadrangle 175 26 Location of Mine Tunnels and Mine Shafts in the Project Area 176 27 Location of Slopes Greater Than Twenty Percent in the Project Area 181 28 Soils Suitability for Highway Construction in the Project Area 182 29 Agricultural Productivity of Soils in the Project Area 187 30 Location of Parks and Recreation Areas in Project Corridor 192 31 Impact to Parks and Recreation Areas in the Corridor 193 32 Visual Impact Areas Crescent Ridge, North -South and Rupp 204 33 Visual Impact Areas East-West Segment and Union Park Hollow 205 34 Visual Impact Areas North -South and East-West 206 m FIGURE NUMBER TITLE Page 35 Visual Impact Areas East-West and Shooting Club 207 36 Visual Impact Areas Rupp Hollow 208 37 Typical Cross Sections for Visual Impact Rupp Hollow and North -South Segment 209 38 Typical Cross Sections for Visual Impact East-West Segment and Shooting Club 210 39 Census Tract Boundary Lines 222 40 Public Elementary School Attendance Centers and Boundary Lines 245 41 Public Secondary School Attendance Centers and Boundary Lines 246 42 Private Educational Institutions 247 43 Churches Located in the Vicinity of the North-West Arterial 250 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environmental factors analyzed by the Planning Team are discussed in this section. Factors assessed were: Air Quality, Water Quality, Noise, Parks and Recreation, Aesthetics, Vegetation, Fauna, Drainage, Geology, Soils, and Earth Borrow. A summary and overall rating of environmental factors is presented on Page 218. Air Quality The pollutants generally emitted by automobiles are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and lead particulates. The amounts of pol- lutants generated by transportation systems are functions of the traffic vol- umes and the characteristics of vehicle operations such as stop -and -go driving, acceleration, deceleration and speed. The dispersion of pollutants, however, is dependent upon the meteorology and topography of that area and the highway design. With the exception of oxides of nitrogen, the amount of pollutants generated decreases with increase in the traffic speeds and de- crease in traffic volumes. Variation in the amount of oxides of nitrogen generated is small for moderate changes in the average speeds as these are produced by the reaction of oxygen and nitrogen in the air resulting from heat and pressure conditions accompanying combustion. Smoke and particulates are emitted when the combustion of fuel is incomplete. A new class of pol- lutants increasing with the advent of the catalytic converter is sulfur, containing compounds such as oxides of sulfur and sulfuric acid. rim -111- The relatively inert carbon monoxide whose major technological source is the internal combustion engine is the only one of the pollutants that has been modeled with consistent accuracy. To model the chemically reactive pollutants such as hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and photochemical oxi- dants, schemes involving chemical reaction formulations combined with diffu- sion models (to simulate the atmospheric processes) must be used. Therefore, only carbon monoxide has been used as a model for the air quality analysis. The trends resulting from this analysis will reflect the dispersion of the other pollutants, were they modeled. Three methods of analysis have been employed to assess the air quality impact of the North-West Arterial: mesoscale analysis, microscale analysis, and APRAC-1A Urban Diffusion Model. Mesoscale Analysis This type Of analysis is intended to accopnt for the traffic generation and redistribution characteristics of the proJect area. Calculation of pol- lutant burden for the mesoscale analysis is based on the total daily emissions produced duringthe year of the highest traffic volumes and emission factors (critical year) and the year 2000. The critical year is determined from the relationship between total pollutant (carbon monoxide) burden in tons per day and the year in which this situation occurs (Figure 19). The results of the total carbon monoxide load calculations are presented in Table 49. A11 the alternates will result in approximately the same pollutant loads. The reason for this is that the amount of traffic that will use the new arterial is small compared to the total traffic on the traveled streets in the total project area. The mesoscale analysis does not address the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The microscale analysis takes these factors into account. ■ >- I 0 z 10 m 0 c.) ►— 5 0 0 1980 ETC 1990 • Figure No'. 19. Determination of Critical Year. -113- i 2000 ETC+20 -112- CARBON MONOXIDE LOAD AND DESIRABILITY RRTINC w cri r CO CD BUTIONS TO CO BURDEN ESTIMATED CONTR J 1,4- z CC >- 0 o ua a F- a o O N c rn r N CD 0) O N co J O 0_ 0_ cc O rn 0 LD CO N 0 co N 0 00 N 0 rn CO 0-4 LO 0 00 N c� N co CO 0 O LO CY) 0 O O O O LC; CO co I) m 0 rn O CY) CC) C O N O O L) 00 LatI L) C) CO M 0 O J O 4 0- C4 (40 co .f- L) O co ,`. W 0 Co Microscale Analysis This type of analysis is also called sensitive site analysis. Carbon monoxide concentrations along the highway corridor are predicted using a mathematical model. The model which considers hourly traffic volumes, traf- fic speeds, roadway geometrics, meteorological data, receptor locations and vehicle emissions in predicting carbon monoxide concentrations has been developed by the California State Division of Highways and is called Line Source Dispersion Model. It should be recognized that not all levels of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere are hazardous to health. The Environmental Protection Agency has established Primary and Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for limiting the carbon monoxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Based on these standards, the Iowa Department of Environmental Quality has outlined cutoff traffic volumes for different operating speeds for highway designs in the publication Guidelines of the Department of Environmental Quality for Review of Federally -Funded Highway Projects - 1974. If the critical year traffic volumes exceed the specified cutoff volumes, then there is a possi- bility of exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and a mathe- matical analysis to predict the air quality impact of the proposed project would be required for review by DEQ. A comparison of the 1980 peak hourly traffic volumes for each alternate with the Iowa Department of Environmental Quality's cutoff traffic volumes for four -lane highways with medians at 45 miles per hour operating speeds is shown in Table 50. It is apparent that the traffic volumes on alternates under study are much too small to cause any significant impact on the air quality of the project area. -115- TABLE 50 COMPARISON OF 1980 PEAK HOURLY TRAFFIC VOLUMES WITH Q Q'S CUTOFF TRAFFIC VOLUMES Alternate 1980 Peak Hourly Traffic Volumes Vehicles/Hour DEQ Cutoff Traffic Volumes 1-Hour Shooting Club 977 4,740 Union Park Hollow 928 Rupp Hollow 486 4,740 4,740 APRAC-1A Urban Diffusion Model A third level of analysis incorporates features of both the mesoscale and microscale analyses. The APRAC-1A Urban Diffusion Model considers the total urban area traffic in estimating carbon monoxide concentrations at the receptor site. The data shown in Table 51 is extracted from the "Dubuque Metropolitan Area Transportation Study - 1976 Air Quality Analysis - January, 1977", In the present analysis, the synoptic model version of APRAC-1A Urban Diffusion Model was run using hour -by -hour values of meteorological conditions and 1990 transportation plan traffic volumes. In order not to underestimate the results, street canyon effect option and 1976 emission factors which result in highest predicted concentrations were used. Carbon monoxide concentrations were computed for a 168-hour period (7 days of hourly computations) for each receptor. The results of this analysis are shown in Table 51, It should be recognized that there have been slight modifications in the network since this program was run. But since the method of calcula- tions predicts the highest possible carbon monoxide concentrations, these -116- modifications in the network will not result in any noticeable change in the data. Also, according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), maximum carbon monoxide concentration limits that cannot be exceeded are 35 parts per million once a year for maximum one -hour period and 9 parts per million for maximum eight -hour average. Carbon monoxide concentrations cal- culated by APRAC-1A are all considerably lower than these standards (Table 51). Air Quality Impact During Construction Contractors involved with the construction of North-West Arterial will be required to comply with the Iowa Rules and Regulations Relating to Air Pollution Control. Specifically, adherence to Sections 4.2 Open Burning, 4.3 (2) c. Fugitive Dust, 4.3 (2) d. Visible Emissions and 3.1 (1) Permits will be required in the construction contracts in an effort to minimize the short-term effects upon air quality within the project corridor. TABLE 51 MAXIMUM 1-HOUR AND 8-HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS BY APRAC-1A MQRFU IN PARTS PER MILLION Receptor Location Maximum 1-Hour Maximum 8-Hour Concentration Concentration John F. Kennedy Road and Pennsylvania Avenue Kennedy School Hempstead High School University of Dubuque Senior High School 32nd Street and Central Avenue 6.58 6.62 3.83 2.70 4.42 2.86 2.49 1.71 1.40 1.95 6.6 2.8¢ -117- Water Quality Surface Water Catfish Creek is the only named body of water directly affected by the project. The Iowa Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) classifies both the Middle and North Forks of Catfish Creek as Class n - warm water aquatic life streams, to be protected for wildlife, non -body contact recre- ation and aquatic life. Several point source wastewater discharges are lo- cated on Catfish Creek; however, most discharge is to the South Fork and $wish Valley (main) Branches. The drainage area of Catfish Creek upstream of the, proposed crossing location is approximately seven square miles for the Middle Fork and one square mile for the North Fork. The average flow is estimated at approximately five cubic feet per second (cfs) for the Middle Fork and less than one cfs for the North Fork (computed from Iowa Natural Resources Council Bulletin No. 10). These streams are hoth essentially dry runs at the 10-year, 7-0ay low flow. A permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act may be required for the crossing of the Middle Fork of Catfish Creek as the five cfs flow is the borderline flow for 404 jurisdiction. There are several other minor drainageways which will receive roadway runoff and be directly affected by construction activity (see Drainage, Page 133). These are very minor streams that serve small drainage areas and will require protection for General Water Quality Criteria as defined by IDEQ. All drainage within the project area is tributary to the Mississippi River. The water quality of this river is relatively good compared to inte- rior Iowa streams due primarily to the degree of dilution afforded waste dis- charges. The construction of the North-West Arterial will have no measur- able effect on the water quality in the Mississippi River. Groundwater Groundwater in the area is generally high quality and plentiful. The City of Dubuque uses groundwater as its water supply source. The City has some shallow wells and some deep wells drawing water from the St. Peter Sand- stone, St. Lawrence Dolomite, Dresbach Sandstone, and Prairie du Chien Dolo- mite formations. Construction of the North-West Arterial should have no appreciable effects on groundwater resources. Although perched water tables may be encountered in some areas requiring deep cuts, these water tables should equilibrate following disruption. Short -Term Construction activity will result in short-term adverse effects on near- by surface waters. Erosion from cleared areas will increase turbidity and siltation in nearby streams to levels which may temporarily violate stream standards. These adverse effects can be minimized by installation of tempor- ary erosion control measures during construction including berms, dikes, dams, siltation basins, drains, gravel, mulches and grasses. In some areas these temporary facilities may be incorporated into permanent erosion control fea- tures. Contractors should provide sanitary facilities during construction to protect surface waters from direct waste discharge. Careful handling and storage of potentially harmful materials should be required to avoid acci- dental spills of fuels, oils, and other materials. Long -Range Potential long-range effects on water quality are associated with the deposition, accumulation and transport of pollutants from street surfaces to receiving waters. Deposition and accumulation are dependent on traffic volume and character, street surface type and condition, surrounding land use, local public works practices, time elapsed since street cleaning or rainfall and season of the year. Transport of the potential pollutants to the receiv- ing water is a function of rainfall intensity, street surface characteristics, storm sewer system and particle size. The pollution potential of the street surface runoff is dependent upon the interaction of these variables. Deposits on the street surface are generally made up of both traffic related and non -traffic -related fractions. Traffic -related deposits are those. directly from the vehicle, those carried onto the roadway by the vehicle and those abraided from the roadway by the vehicle. The most significant traffic -related deposits toxicologically are those resulting directly from the vehicle. Grease, oil, petroleum, lead, zinc, copper, nickel, chromium, asbestos and rubber represent only 5 percent of the total traffic -related deposits. The remaining 95 percent are primarily those carried onto the roadway from another source. Litter, vegetation, pesticides, BOD, COD, nutrients, etc., are included in these deposits. T120- It is anticipated that deposits resulting directly from the vehicle will decrease with improvements in fuel economy and increased usage of non-leaded fuels. No decrease is anticipated in the other traffic -related deposits. The climate of the project area is such that roadway deicing is necessary during certain times of the year. The most common deicing measures are salting and sanding. It is anticipated that these measures will continue to be used until economical substitutes are developed. Deposition of salt and sand will be flushed from the street surfaces into receiving waters primarily during periods of spring runoff. As streams will generally have relatively high flows during the spring, dilution of the street runoff will be greatest during this time. No measurable effects on water quality are anticipated from the salt runoff from the street surface. Erosion control features such as sedimentation basins, grade stabilization structures, riprap and other surface treatments should be installed permanently in areas with identified soil erosion problems. These structures may also be used to collect and control pollution from street surfaces. Evaluation of Alternates Evaluation of short-term effects on water quality resulting from the North-West Arterial were based on construction activity. Shooting Club, Union Park Hollow and Rupp Hollow Alternates were rated equally, These al- ternates all cross the Catfish Creek branches at the same locations and will have only minor effects on water quality. The Street Widening Alternate will have minimal short-term effects on water quality. Long-term effects were evaluated on the basis of street surface deposi- tion and accumulation. Factors such as rainfall, public works practices, street cleaning and land use were considered constant for all alternates and therefore not reflected in the evaluation. -121- 79(T4571 Street surface deposits which would vary among the alternates are those directly related to traffic volume. A deposition factor of 4.76 x 10-3 lb./ vehicle mile (from information in Contribution of Urban Roadway Usage to Water Pollution, Donald Shaheen, 1975) was used for estimating total traffic - related deposition. Pollution potential of these deposits is also affected by the speed of the vehicles as it relates to deposit accumulation. An inverse relationship exists between vehicle speed and accumulation for increased speeds will in- crease blow -off from the street surface and decrease emission -related depos- its. Curbed streets generally having lower speeds also have greater accumu- lation factors. A speed factor was incorporated in the evaluation to reflect the accum- ulation of the street surface deposits. The Street Widening Alternate, with the lowest average speed, was considered the datum speed with an accumulation factor equal to 1.0. Accumulation factors for the other alternates was the ratio of the datum speed to the average speed for that particular alternate. Deicing was also reflected in the evaluation with a factor incorpor- ating increased lane -miles of paving and a typical application rate of three tons per lane -miles per year normalized for the average daily application. The North-West Arterial was considered to have the same application rate as other streets, although access -controlled streets generally require less salting and sanding. Table 52 presents the deposition, accumulation and deicing factors for the various alternates, and Table 53 shows the desirability ratings for the water quality evaluation. There are no significant differences in the alter- nates based on water quality. -122- CV LC) LU-1 -J CO DEPOSITION, ACCUMULATION AND DEICING FACTORS Wt.) Env S— ( a) o ice.. U+-> G) f1 •r- U >W CU CtS do CILi- CO 01 CD C,O CO O d- 01 r-+ oot.0 N. ch CO CO LC) CO Crl CT 01 CO CO CO CO Lf) c0 cr o, ct Q1 szt 1n co Ln .-+ CO (`') ct to 10 CV l0 CO O G) CU a) r-1 CV Lf) CO Cr--0 (LS • r -0 CV r-1 .-1 U ) J L d C\I CV CV C 0 •r 4-, >1 CO CV - CO E 0 -O LC) co - L.C7 O 4-) -... d- O 1--1 .-1 U U • n N.. N. h U CCi Q LL r 10 LC) Lf) LC) S_ O l0 Lf) CV 'Li O O e-•1 Lf) LC) CU +) O 01 C71 01 a) U O Cr) of rn 0- rcS V) LL_ r-1 CD 0 CD a) a) ..0 rti -0 ri •zt CV CV CS.- CU •r- a) a) CO CO CO M a) > o_ co co M C) 3 z sr) 1) >" i rt) 0 0 T) 0 4-) CZ U a) (0- CD Lt_. r— CV Ch Lf) CV L0 d' Lf) ct d' Lf1 LCi Lf1 LC) C7) Cr) O M 1-1 l0 CO CV Q) Lf) CO (71 CV r 0 0 ^ 07 1.0 C0 rc) •.- a) O O O O 4--) t — CV CV CV CV O G) •r f— > •--I 1--1 —4 1,--1 +.) 1= Q CCf r- C +-) C a) w +3 -0 a) CU -0 O +- S_ •r- O r- 4, 3 U V) V) il -123- TABLE 53 DESIRABILITY RATINGS FOR WATER QUALITY EVALUATION v: i C C) ate) ( N +) .r- I _ sr- CC CI P 1-r v \ IP a �a a A +-) s. +-) Cn C +� +- L C - o C Q a) o s_ C £ 0 _C C -r- s .0 or- (7) 4) Cr) *I-- \ 0 4-) •r •r- Q) d-) Cn•r _CI CT ill Q)r V) •r- V •r- a. •.- U (!) 4-, .1-0 .1-4-) a .r •r •r ),, aU a, (0 a) ea w ft o w aV rp 3� ace p c L- 0C 3u 3C' U3 3 (0 Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow Short -Range Evaluation 0-5 Years 5.0 1 5.0 3,841.83 5.00 2.0 10.00 4.5 1 4.5 3,938.09 4.88 2.0 9.76 4.5 1 4.5 3,936.46 4.88 2.0 9.76 4.5 1 4.5 3,957.96 4.85 2.0 9.70 15.00 5.00 14.26 4.75 14.26 4.75 14.20 4.73 Noise Analysis Federal Nojse Standards require that anticipated noise levels be com- puted in noise sensitive areas for the most adverse hour of the day and ad- verse conditions for the design year (2000). Since highway noise is a parameter that varies continuously, its analyses must be conducted on a statistical basis. The noise levels exceeded 90 percent, 50 percent and 10 percent of the time are designated respectively by the symbols L90, L50 and L10. In areas where short-term noise level fluctuations are not great the L50 level is used as a predictor of human response. However, L10 is considered a good pre- dictor of human reaction near a highway where the noise levels vary much more from moment to momenta and was used in the present analysis. Allowable L;Q noise level standards vary with the land category. The design L10 standard -124- for land use categories occurring in the North-West Arterial corridor is 70 dBA. (Federal Highway Administration, Policy and Procedure Memoranda 90-2.) Sensitive Site Analysis Noise level prediction was based on a method developed in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (Reports 117 and 144). The input for this estimation includes: 1. Traffic Flow Characteristics. These include average daily traffic, traffic speeds, the heavy duty vehicle mix and the peak flow traffic. 2. Roadway Characteristics. These include the information about eleva- tion or depression of the roadway, surface roughness and the roadway gradient. 3. Observer Characteristics. These include the location and height of the observer and the intervening barriers, such as planting, struc- tures and the terrain. This method was used for the evaluation of all the alternates considered in this report. The 70 dBA generalized contours were plotted for each align- ment and noise sensitive receptors within these boundaries were identified. Existing ambient noise levels at sensitive sites were measured in the field in December, 1977. Existing and projected noise levels for these sites are presented in Figure 15, Environmental Impact Statement. Noise impacts for each of the alternates are discussed below: North -South Segment The North -South segment, common to Rupp Hollow, Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates, extends from north of U.S. Highway 20 to Asbury Road. The existing land use in this section of the arterial consists primarily of vacant or agricultural land. The 70 dBA L10 contour for the year 2000 was -I25- predicted to extend up to 110 feet from the edge of the paved roadway. Since the toes of the arterial extend approximately that far, the impact of noise on the existing land use will be minimal. The future Generalized Land Use Plan for Dubuque ("Dubuque Annexation Study - 1976") indicates that most of the area is planned for high density residential development. There is some new residential development along Admiral Street where the existing L10 noise levels were found to be approximately 45 dBA (Site 9). Further residential development in this area will take into account the noise aspect from the North-West Arterial. Therefore, the arterial is not expected to have a significant noise impact. Rupp Hollow Alternate The noise levels north of Asbury Road to Derby Grange Road will vary be- tween 70 and 71 dBA at a distance of 100 feet from the roadway. There is very little existing residential or commercial development that will be af- fected by the increased noise in this area. However, the existing noise levels of 45 dBA will be raised. The section of roadway between Derby Grange and Clay Hill Roads is anti- cipated to have noise levels of only 67 dBA at a distance of 100 feet from the roadway. This section of the roadway will have very little impact, if any, on the existing or future land use. The northeastern section of the Rupp Hollow Alternate, located between Clay Hill Road and U.S. Highway 52, is expected to have noise levels of about 73 dBA at 100 feet from the roadway. As this section of roadway lies pri- marily in a steep valley and the noise will be attenuated such that noise -126- contours will not extend as far as the theoretical calculations indicate. There are two mobile homes (Site 2), one house and barn (Site 1) within the area that may experience noise levels in excess of 70 dBA by the year 2000 because of the new arterial. East-West Segment This segment is common to both Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Al- ternates. The route between Asbury Road and John F. Kennedy Road will have noise levels of approximately 71 dBA at 100 feet. East of John F. Kennedy Road the 70 dBA contour will extend to 200 feet from the road. Noise attenuation will occur in this area wherever the roadbed is elevated or de- pressed. Thus, the 70 dBA contour will actually be closer than 200 feet for some of the route. There are approximately nine residential properties which are located in or near the 70 dBA contour. Marshall Park and the YMCA Camp lie outside the generalized 70 dBA contour. These areas will be impacted, however, as the present L10 noise levels are between 40-50 dBA. Union Park Hollow Alternate The 70 dBA contour will extend to 200 feet from the road in this align- ment, except where noise attenuation occurs. One residential property (Site 4) is expected to have noise levels of 75 dBA by the year 2000. Shooting Club Alternate The segment of this alternate between Asbury Road and Carter Road will have the same impact on land use as the Union Park Hollow Alternate. Although the noise levels at Marshall Park and the YMCA will increase by approximately 15-20 dBA they will not exceed the 70 dBA standards. The rest of the alignment -127- which lies between Carter Road and U.S. Highway 52 will have noise levels of 75 dBA at 100 feet and 70 dBA at 200 feet from the roadway. As the noise contours for this segment of the roadway will also vary depending upon the topography of the surrounding area, the 70 dBA contour will generally be less than 200 feet from the roadway. The only noise sensitive receptor in this area is the Dubuque Shooting Society (Site 5) where the exterior noise levels are expected to be approximately 75 dBA in year 2000. The present noise level at this location is 55 dBA. If this alignment is accepted as a final solution, noise attenuation measures will have to be provided to bring the noise level down to approximately 70 dBA. A summary of the sensitive site analysis is shown in Table 54. TABLE 54 SUMMARY OF THE SENSITIVE SITE ANALYSIS Road Segment Noise Level, L10, at 100 Feet from the Roadway and Number of Sensitive Sites Affected With Noise Levels in Excess of 70 dBA (Shown in Parentheses) Rupp Hollow Union Park Shooting Alternate Hollow Alternate Club Alternate North -South Segment from U.S. Hwy 20 to Asbury Road Asbury Road to Derby Grange Road Derby Grange Road to Clay Hill Road Clay Hill Road to U.S. Hwy 52 Asbury Road to John F. Kennedy Road John F. Kennedy Road to U.S. Hwy 52 71 (None) 71 (None) 71 (None) 71 (None) 67 (None) 73 (3) - 71 (None) 75 (1) 72 (None) 75 (1) -128- Evaluation of Alternates Factors considered in arriving at the final values of the desirability ratings are: 1. Land Use. 2. Number of People Subjected to Noise Levels in Excess of Noise Standards (70 dBA). 3. Number of People Subjected to Increased Noise Levels (Compared to Existing Noise Levels). 4. Financial Value of Affected Property. Land Use Land use plays a very significant role in determining the permissible levels of noise. Federal Noise Standards have assigned the maximum permis- sible noise levels on the basis of land use categories (Ref.: Federal -Aid Highway Program Manual, Vol. 7, Ch. 7, Sec. 3). In order to evaluate the alternates on the basis of land use, the analysis was carried out 4n a gomm-- nity-wide basis. The following streets were included in the analysis: U.S. Highwa,y 20, Pennsylvania Avenue, Asbury Road, Thirty -Second Street, John F. Kennedy Road, Carter Road, Grandview Avenue, University Avenue, Rupp Hollow Road and U.S. Highway 52. The generalized 70 dBA noise L10 contours were plotted on the City map and were then overlaid on a land use map to determine the area under the noise contours for each land use category. Weight factors were assigned to the land use categories: Land Use Category Weight Factor Residential, Parks and Open Spaces, Public and Semi -Public 10 Commercial 4 Industrial 2 -129- Areas for each land use category where the noise levels exceeded the noise standards were multiplied by the weight factors and combined to obtain the total weighted area (Table 55). Based on the total weighted area, com- parative ratings on a scale of zero to ten were assigned to all the alter- nates with ten being more desirable (Table 56). TABLE 55 TOTAL WEIGHTED AREA WHERE NOISE LEVELS EXCEED 70 dBA BY ALTERNATES AND LAND USE CATEGORIES. Land Use Category Weighted Acres Affected Alternate 05 0 L aJ E 0 L) (s v a) a.) zs. a) Street Widening 461.7 Shooting Club 533.8 Union Park Hollow 496.2 Rupp Hollow 523.2 57.3 35.0 76.3 96.5 53.5 63.1 17.0 131.5 68.3 2.0 624.3 62.4 2.4 771.4 63.6 2.3 678.7 79.9 2.8 754.4 Number of People Subjected to Noise Levels in Excess of Noise Standards In this part of the evaluation process, comparative ratings were assigned on the basis of number of sites and number of people who would have to be re- located. As there are very few houses which will be located in an area with noise levels in excess of 70 dBA (see Table 54), all the alternates were assigned relatively high comparative ratings on a scale of zero to ten (Table 56). Number of People Subjected to Increased Noise Levels There are numerous locations where the noise levels will increase by 20-25 dBA but will not exceed the noise standards. Such locations occur in Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates. In Rupp Hollow Alternate, however, the alignment lies in a low area, therefore the noise will not travel very far. Also, since the total number of people affected in this manner is not very large, all alternates were assigned high values. Financial Value of Impacted Property The financial values were based on the impact to properties in each al- ternate: Rupp Hollow Alternate - two trailer homes and one house; Union Park Hollow Alternate - one house; Shooting Club Alternate - Dubuque Shcoting Society Clubhouse. Since each of the properties affected is different in value but total property affected is very small, all alternates are assigned relatively high but different noise comparative ratings as shown in Table 56. The Street Widening Alternate is rated as neutral as there are no sensi, tive receptors involved. Union Park and Rupp Hollow Alternates are rated second and third best. Shooting Club Alternate has the lowest rating because of the significance of the Dpbuque Shooting Society Clubhouse where noise levels are predicted to be 75 dBA for year 2000. Construction Noise Noise from heavy construction equipment and haul trucks is relatively short-term but nonetheless has a disturbing impact upon sensitive site land use near the construction site. In an effort to minimize the adverse effects of the construction period, contractors will be required to equip and main- tain trucks and machinery to limit noise emissions to the lowest extent possible. Contract specifications will also restrict extremely noisy con- struction activity to the day -time hours in order to minimize conflict with noise sensitive night-time activities. Additionally, contractors will be encouraged to exercise discretion and appropriate public relations policies in response to objections to construction noise which may arise. TABLE 56 COMPARATIVE NOISE RATINGS AND DESIRABILITY RATINGS Alternate Basis for Assigning Comparative Rating i rel N O > L O Vf C -•r r a) a 0 V) O N p Z N M. 0 r Q r 0 W O O rtS O a) a.)O 4- 3 v aa) 0 fa_ - 4'Z a 0) U O N LI) 4-3 O N a)N cZ 4-) N i U U i U rtf U +) Q) 41 X N (L N C U - Rf .Q •r'7 W 10 'r") S' ITS rd U C C1 Jc[ ZNF-+ Z N Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 10.0 10.0 8.1 8.5 9.2 9.5 8.3 9.0 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.0 9.5 9.7 10.0 9.5 40.00 35.10 37.90 36.80 5.00 4.39 4.74 4.60 -132- Drainage This section of the report focuses on an analysis of all major and minor drainage crossings affected by the proposed North-West Arterial align- ments. Also included are preliminary design data for drainage facilities which will be required within the North-West Arterial corridor. Some major stream channels or areas requiring special drainage consid- erations are crossed by various alternate alignments. In addition numerous minor drainageways are crossed. Each major stream crossing and special problem area will be reviewed in detail in this section of the report. TABLE 57 STORM FREQUENCY AND EXCEEDENCE PROBABILITY Frequency Exceedence Probability (Years) (Percent) 1 2 5 10 25 50 100 100 50 20 10 4 2 1 Throughout the discussion which follows, reference will be made to various rainfall or flood event frequencies such as the ten-year rainfall, the 100-year flood, and so forth. Table 57 provides data on rainfall (or flood) frequencies in relation to the probability of occurrence of the -133- event in any given year. A rainfall (or flood) event "exceedence probabil- ity" is the probability that a given frequency rainfall be equaled or exceeded once within any given year. For flood has a one percent probability of being equaled or in any given year. or flood event will example, a 100-year exceeded once with - Design Criteria The following provides information regarding the design criteria used for the crossing of major streams and minor drainageways as well as the cri- teria for roadway drainage. Major Stream Crossings Crossings of major streams (drainage area greater than two square miles) in an urban area require approval of the Iowa Natural Resources Council (INRC). The INRC has outlined certain minimum hydraulic design criteria in their 1975 departmental rules and regulations Number 580. In general, this criteria requires that for bridges and road embankments in urban areas: 1) the maximum allowable backwater for the 50-year and lesser floods is limited to 0.75 foot, 2) the maximum allowable backwater for the 100-year flood is limited to 1.0 foot, 3) the minimum freeboard for low superstructure horizontal bridge members above the 50-year flood is three feet. The crite- ria further indicate that "Backwater* effects are to be minimized for all stages which affect maximum or high flood damage potential buildings or building complexes or for all stages which would tend to reduce the level of *Backwater is defined as "the increase in water surface level immedi- ately upstream from any structure, dam, obstruction or deposit, erected, used, or maintained in the floodway or on the floodplains caused by the result- ing reduction in conveyance area" (Natural Resources Council (580), 1975, Ch. 2, p. 1). protection of certain flood control works, unless acceptable remedial mea- sures are provided or such buildings are removed or the uses relating to human occupancy are prohibited" (Natural Resources Council (580), 1975, Ch. 5, p. 5). Design criteria, as outlined in the Federal -Aid Highway Program Manual (Federal Highway Administration, 1974), pertaining to the hydraulic design of highway encroachments on floodplains, were also used in establishing the design of major stream crossings. Minor Drainageways Minor drainageway crossings with drainage areas less than 200 acres were designed for the 10-year frequency storm. Minor drainageways with drainage areas between 200 acres and 2 square miles were sized to accommodate the 50- year flood. Reinforced concrete pipes were used for smaller flows while reinforced concrete box structures were used to convey larger flows. Roadway Drainage Roadway median drains and curb drainage were designed based on rainfall frequencies and data set forth by the American Association of State Highway Officials (1973). Inlets and connections on non -depressed roadways were designed to accommodate a 10-year rainfall, while those on depressed road- ways were designed to accommodate a 50-year rainfall. Median drains were designed to accommodate the 10-year rainfall except where backup from flows in excess of the 10-year event would cause inundation of the roadway sur- face. Median drains at these locations were designed for the 50-year storm. Areas of Special Drainage Consideration Two major areas require special drainage consideration. The first is the drainage along both sides of the arterial alignment as it proceeds down the Rupp Hollow. The second is the crossing of the North Fork of Catfish Creek. Design criteria and other considerations at these locations will be discussed in detail in a later section of this report. Design Considerations for Alternate Systems Major Stream Crossings Middle Fork of Catfish Creek The south end of the North-West Arterial crosses the Middle Fork of Catfish Creek. The North -South Segment crosses at river mile 7.14 and the Crescent Ridge Segment crosses at river mile 6.69. Table 58 relates data re- garding future flood levels at both locations. New bridges at both loca- tions will span the railroad tracks and the creek. Neither structure will have an adverse effect on future flood flows and both will have adequate clearance above the 50-year flood. TABLE 58 MIDDLE FORK OF CATFISH CREEK FLOOD DATA* Flood Elevation Frequency Flow Rate RM 6.69 RM 7.14 50-year 3,842 764.3 770.9 100-year 4,918 764.9 772.7 *From "Flood Hazard Investigation, Catfish Creek and Tributaries, Dubuque, Iowa, July, 1976" Rock Island District, Corps of Engineers. -136- Minor Drainageways Flow rates at minor drainageways were developed by determining the drainage area to each site and selecting the design flow rate from the "Iowa Runoff Chart" developed by the Iowa Department of Transportation. Culverts were sized to meet the previously discussed design criteria. "Hydraulic Charts for the Selection of Highway Culverts" H.E.C. No. 5, prepared by the Bureau of Public Roads, was used in culvert design. Culvert locations are, shown on the Affected Properties, Drainage and Utilities mapping for the alternate alignments (Appendix Volume II). Roadway Drainage Roadway median drainage facilities have also been located on the Affect- ed Properties, Drainage and Utilities mapping. These facilities were estab- lished to meet the runoff needs in accordance with the design criteria pre- viously discussed. The median drainage outlets into surface drainageways along the roadway. Areas of Special Drainage Considerations Rupp Hollow The northern portion of Rupp Hollow Alternate aligns roughly with the existing Rupp Hollow Road. This segment of roadway lies in the center of Rupp Hollow. Drainage down this valley will follow the proposed road ditches on each side of the roadway. This longitudinal drainage system was designed to accommodate the 50-year storm. Runoff water will flow along both sides of the roadway until about Station 280+00 where a reinforced concrete box culvert will convey flow from the south side to the north side. From this -137- point the main flow is conveyed along the north ditch line. Box culverts are also proposed for flow under Plank Road and under the C.G. & N.W. Rail- road tracks. The normal ditch cross sections will be adequate to convey the 50-year flow. However, due to steep roadgrade and ditch slopes down the valley, flow velocities ranging from 4.0 to 7.5 feet per second will be present in the ditches under design flows. These velocities will be highly erosive in areas that are not rock cuts and will require extensive riprap or some other form of ditch stabilization. Even when stabilized with riprap, the ditches may require additional maintenance after severe storms. North Fork of Catfish Creek The North,South Segment of the North-West Arterial crosses the North Fork of Catfish Creek approximately 1,500 feet west of Rosemont Street. Recent residential development in this area has encroached on the floodplain of the creek. Additional development adjacent to and possibly in the flood - plain is anticipated in the near future. In 1971 the City of Dubuque and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) be- gan a cooperative investigation of flood problems on the North Fork of Cat- fish Creek within and adjacent to Dubuque. A preliminary investigation in 1972 identified potential runoff impoundment site in terms of flood control was along the portion of the North-West Arterial roadway. sition costs for the proposed reservoir made sites. The most desirable alignment of the North -South However, right-of-way acqui, the project economically un- reviewed in conjunction with the design of the North-West Arterial with the twofold objective of: 1) reducing future high -frequency floods downstream of the roadway and, 2) delineating the floodplain and floodway areas immedi- ately upstream and downstream to guide future development in this area. In general, development in the floodplain in the State of Iowa is con- trolled by the Iowa Natural Resources Council (INRC). INRC criteria require that residential and commercial development be protected from flooding to the level of the 100-year flood. The criteria also require that development shall not obstruct the floodway. Floodway is defined by Iowa law as "the channel of a river or stream and those portions of the floodplains adjoin- ing the channel, which are reasonably required to carry and discharge the flood water or flood flow of any river or stream" (Code of Iowa, Chapter 455A). As the INRC does not exercise its jurisdiction on streams with drain- age areas less than two square miles, approval is not required for develop- ment in this area. However, the general criteria of the INRC should be used in guiding future development to help avoid future flood damages. The Fed- eral Flood Insurance Administration also uses the 100-year flood and a flood - way concept as the basis for development of flood insurance rate maps. In consideration of the above, the 100-year floodplain and floodway was delineated immediately upstream and downstream of the roadway. Flow -Fre- quency information developed by the SCS in their studies of the watershed were used in the floodplain analyses. Floodplain and floodway mapping is presented in Figures 20 through 21. Flood profiles are shown in Figure 22. Table 59 lists data regarding the flood profile computations. The culverts feasible. Therefore, the City has requested that the flooding problems be under the proposed roadway were sized so as to limit the maximum outflow Figure 75 80 No. ?O. North Fork Catfish Creek, Floodplain and Floodway East of North-West Arterial 85 Fig. 21. North Fork Catfish Creek, Floodplain and Floodway West of North-West Arterial. 8LK) A F-- e st • 830 vl 810 70 - 1 65 tr- 00-11AkJ;110) 1 11 TAO pittitt L.. t- - 20S I5S 1 Jtjtt IOS 11 60 _ ME ILNIMIONOIMMI STATIONING ALONG SOUTH BRANCH STATIONING ALONG MAIN CHANNEL 55 50 45 T YEARI FLOE) I SICAUE - fat : ! 1 t ! t !. 1 40 I- ! 35 tt. T I ' 1 I ! • : 1 1 • 1 1 1 • I I • I 1 ] ; L I1 -1 II II, t r I 1 Dt NORTH -VEST ARTERIAL DUBUQUE IOWA 30 , 1 • 1 1 ; 4 -1 1 25 1 AMIE FIG. 22 FLOOD PROFILES NORTH FORK CATFISH CREEK 850 840 830 820 LIJ bJ — J 810 800 CANNEL 45 40 35 30 25 ii.0 I l I I t T I (!1 I TN 1 NORTH-WEST ARTERIAL DUBUQUE, IOV .1 FIG. 22 FLOOD PROFILES NORTH FORK CATFISH CREEK -- 850 840 830 1- J 820 0 1- w J w 810 800 TABLE 59 100-YEAR FLOOD DATA NORTH FORK CATFISH CREEK NEAR NORTH- WEST ARTERIAL Water Surface Flow Station* Elevation Rate Remarks 27+60 810.6 1,230 Downstream of Rosemont 29+30 817.6 1,230 Upstream of Rosemont 37+00 818.1 1,200 41+50 819.5 820 Downstream of N-W Arterial 45+00 831.2 1,365 ppptream of N-W Artpri41 53+50 831.2 1,365 57+50 834.0 975 60+50 841.8 975 64+00 845.0 975 69+00 848.0 975 3+00 S 819.Q 424 Downstream of N-W Arterial 7+00 S 833.5 660 Upstream of N-W Arterial 8+5Q S 833.5 660 13+00 S 834.3 660 17+00 S 840.5 475 20+00 S 845.4 475 *Stationing is shown on the floodplain and floodway mapping, Figures 20 and 21. -143- from the 100-year flood to about that of the 10-year peak -flow without the roadway. The 100-year flood profile in the developed areas immediately downstream of the roadway was reduced approximately one foot as a result of this flow reduction. Areas upstream of the proposed roadway are presently undeveloped and future development can be planned so as to avoid flood damages. Other Areas Two other minor problem areas require special drainage consideration regarding possible erosion problems. The first is along the north ditch between Stations 136+00 and 142+00 of the East-West Segment alignment. The fill for the proposed roadway will extend over the existing channel of this location requiring a minor channel relocation. Due to steep slopes in the channel, high flow velocities are anticipated during intense storms. The relocated portion of the channel should be riprapped to prevent erosion. The second problem area is in the vicinity of the Thirty -Second Street between U.S. Highway 52 and Grandview Avenue. In the Street Widening, Rupp Hollow and Union Park Hollow Alternate systems, Thirty -Second Street will be widened to four lanes in this area. This widening will be to the north and will encroach on the flood water detention area along Thirty -Second Street east of Fink Street. The widening under the Street Widening and Rupp Hollow Alternates will include a median and thus will encroach more than under the Union Park Hollow Alternate. This encroachment into the detention area has been minimized by construction of a concrete retaining wall along the north shoulder of the widened street. The outlet structure from this detention area will also need to be relocated. i A channel change will also be required upstream of Fink Street. Due to steep channel slopes, high velocities are anticipated during intense storms. The relocated portion of the channel should be riprapped to prevent erosion. Evaluation of Alternates Variation in alternates due to the effects of the drainage systems should be minimal if the systems are all adequately designed. Cost of the drainage improvements required for each alternate will be included with other construction costs and evaluated within the cost analyses, Thus, the variables used for evaluation within this section were needed for additional flood control, maintenance of riprap after storms, possible erosion control in steep sloping ditches, etc. In conjunction with widening of Thirty -Second Street (Street Widening, Rupp Hollow and Union Park Hollow Alternates), the storm water detention area on Bee Branch along Thirty -Second Street will need to be modified. The outlet structure will be relocated, a concrete retaining wall will be con- structed along the Thirty -Second Street side of the detention area and some additional earthwork excavation will be needed to provide additional storm water storage area to off set that occupied by the retaining wall and asso- ciated fill. Under the Union Park Hollow Alternate a median is not required in the Thirty -Second Street widening thus reducin9 this encroachment. Experience has shown that this detention area at its present size is not adequate for high frequency storms. Additional encroachment will limit alternatives for future flood control improvement in this area. The channel change upstream of Fink Street will require riprap and may need some maintenance after severe floods. Carter Road Extension (Street Widening and Rupp Hollow Alternates) and Grandview Avenue Extension (Shooting Club and Union Park Hollow Alternates) cross steep hills and valleys. Ditches along these steep grades that are not in rock cuts may require erosion protection or maintenance. All three alternates of the North-West Arterial cross the North Fork of Catfish Creek at the same location. Sizing of the culverts at this loca- tion so as to reduce downstream flood flows will provide limited flood pro- tection for existing downstream development. One area along the north ditch line of the East-West Segment of the Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates will require some riprap to stabilize relocated drainageways. This location may require some mainte- nance after severe storms. Other areas of these alternates along steep sloping ditches may require some erosion protection if not in rock cuts. Where the Rupp Hollow Alternate follows the Rupp Hollow, drainage from this area will follow the road ditches. Extensive riprap or other erosion protection will be required in the ditches that are not in rock cuts. Some maintenance of this riprap may be needed after severe storms. In consideration of the above the following ratings (Table 60) were de- veloped for the various alternates. A rating of 5.0 is considered neutral with less than 5.0 negative and greater than 5.0 positive. -146- i TABLE 60 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATES Alternate Flood Protection Erosion Control Average W.F. Catfish Bee Branch Maintenance Rating Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 5,00 5.30 5,80 5.30 3.00 5.00 8,50 3.00 4.50 4.30 4,30 4.00 4,17 4.87 4.3,7 4.10 Vegetation Plant Communities of the Dubuque Area The Dubuque area is a much dissected upland region containing a wide variety of plant and animal habitats. It is thought to have served as a major refugium for plants during Pleistocene glacial times. The pre - settlement vegetation consisted of Eastern Deciduous Forests in the valleys and moist slopes and oak openings and prairies on the ridgetops and drier slopes. Studies of the original land survey records (1836) of Dubuque County indicate that from 25-40 percent of the County was forest, 45-50 percent was oak opening and 11-30 percent was prairie (Bonuso, 1968, Schmidt, 1971). Most of this area has been heavily used for agricultural, industrial, and urban development. However, on those slopes whose steepness precluded development and in the deeper ravines, native vegetation still persists. These slopes and ravines provide a number of microclimatic differences where the type of vegetation is largely controlled by the slope orientation. Maple -Basswood forests occur on the more sheltered, moist middle and lower portions of east- and north -facing slopes and ravines. Oak -Hickory stands are present on the upper, drier portions of these slopes. These forests are second growth, reflecting intensive past disturbances of logging, mining and overgrazing. The ridgetop prairies have been almost completely destroyed but a few remnants persist on the steeper slopes. These remnants, referred to as "hill prairies" contain the last reservoirs of many of the prairie grasses and wildflowers that once characterized the Iowa landscape. They occur on ■ i • I • extremely dry south- or west -facing bluffs that are exposed to strong prevailing winds and have had little or no past grazing pressure. Periodic fires, necessary to maintain prairie species and prevent woody species invasions, occurred naturally prior to human settlement. Recent suppression of fires and/or overgrazing have resulted in woody invasion (primarily by red cedar, Juniperus vir9iniana). Vegetation in the Dubuque North-West Arterial Corridor Areas of native vegetation were located Iv a ground survey of the corridor during April and May, 1977. Stands of deciduous forest, hill prairies and oak openings were encountered and served as sites for vegetation study from May through October, 1977, Site locations are marked in Figure 23 and on the aerial photos in ApPendix of the accompanying Environmental Impact Statement. Woody and herbaceous species were identified and voucher specimens collected. Estimates of the relative abundance of major species, ecologic value of each site and amount of disturbance were made. At forested sites tree species with stems greater than four centimeters diameter at breast height (DBH) were sampled using the point-quarted method. Tree seedlings and saplings were recorded to estimate reproductive potential and future successional trends. A map of the native vegetation along the various alternate alignments was prepared using data from the ground survey and 1:200 scale aerial photo- graphs (Figure 24). Species encountered in the survey are listed in Tables A-1 through A-3, Appendix A. The various sites are discussed in the following paragraphs. Deciduous Forest Extensive stands of deciduous forest occur in the Shooting Club Alternate alignment and Rupp Hollow alignment. A stand in Union Park Hollow would be crossed by the East-West Segment and the Carter Road Extension alignment (part of the Street Widening and Rupp Hollow systems). Rupp Hollow Forest The Rupp Hollow Forest (Sites 1 and 2, Figure 1) is located in an upland, xeric, relatively flat habitat that is dissected by minor drainage - ways. It is dominated by bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) and various pioneer oaks: bur oak (Quereras macrocarpa), white oak (Q. alba), red oak (1 rubra) and black oak (Q. velutina). In the moister ravines that dissect the forest, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) is dominant with basswood (Tilia americana), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) present in smaller numbers. Tree seedlings are abundant and represent more species than in the canopy, indicating good reproductive potential. Dominant seedlings include: box elder (Acer negundo), sugar maple, basswood, ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), slippery elm, hackberry, white ash (Fraxinus americana), shagbark hickory and bitternut hickory. The shrub layer is well -developed including: several dogwood species (Cornus sp.), black cherry (Prunus sertona) and prickly ash (Xanthoxylum americanum). The herbaceous ground cover contains many spring ephremals and perenniels that are associates of upland deciduous forests. Species are listed in Table A-1, Appendix A. This forest is second growth and has been severely disturbed by past logging and mining activities. Exploratory mining pits up to 20 feet in diameter and 15 feet deep are scattered throughout the forest. Most of the -150- •0 H RUPP HOLLOW ALT. --/ UNION PARK HOLLOW AL LEGEND CROPLAND FOREST HILL PRAIRIE PONDS FIG. 24. AREAS OF NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE PROJECT AREA w cc cc Wcc - Z O - O LL S d 0 Z Q Q Z W O_ CC h- Q Q - U W W • a • cc J W a. QCC E— Z �m o m Q w = Cr W LL- i 4 p z N _1 4 N LL ■ trees sampled were less than six -inches in diameter. However, the species richness of the tree seedling and herbaceous cover indicate recovery potential with progression toward a mature forest. There are approximately 54 acres of forest at this site, bisected by the present Rupp Hollow Road. The proposed Rupp Hollow alignment would remove approximately 11 acres of the forest. Shooting Club Forest This forest occurs in a moist habitats on a sheltered, north -facing slope and extends to a drainageway at the slope's base (Site 7, Figure 23). Dominant tree species are sugar maple, basswood, slipRery elm, white ash, ironwood, shagbark hickory, bitternut hickory, white oak, red oak and bur oak. A stand of mature, possibly introduced, white pine (Pinus strobus) occurs along the eastern borcer. The tree seedling, shrub and herbaceous layers are well -developed with upland forest associates (species list appears in Table A-1, Appendix A). Although this forest shows some evidence of past disturbance; it was limited and not of recent origin. There is a good tree species representation in all size classes and a number of trees are over ten inches DBH. This forest is approximately 38 acres with about six acres to be removed by the Shooting Club alternate alignment. Union Park Hollow Forest This forest occurs on the north -facing slopes and deep ravine adjacent to the East-West Segment (Site 5, Figure 23). The southern edge of this forest would be crossed by the East-West Segment alignment and the Carter -153- Road Extension would bisect the forest. The largest stand of Maple -Basswood forest within the City occurs here. It is a relatively mature stand with well -developed shrubby and herbaceous associates. The majority of the forest is owned by the Young Men's Christian Association of Dubuque and it has been protected from disturbance for some time. The forest covers about 155 acres, seven acres of which will be removed by the East-West Segment and six acres by the Carter Road Extension. Hill Prairie Hill prairies occur in the Rupp Hollow Alternate alignment, in Union. Park Hollow (crossed by Carter Road Extension) and along 32nd Street (crossed by Grandview Extension). Rupp Hollow Hill Prairies These prairies cover the southeast- and northwest -facing bluffs along the present Rupp Hollow Road (Sites 3 and 4, Figure 23). The prairies on the southeast -facing bluffs (located north of Rupp Hollow Road) are by far the best quality of any in the corridor. They have not been subjected to grazing pressures and woody invasion is at a minimum. Excellent stands of little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), big bluestem (A. gerardi) and other prairie grasses ocur here. Prairie legumes, composites and early spring wildflowers are abundant. A list of species is presented in Appendix A, Table A-2. Many of these species are found only rarely in Iowa. The prairie on the northwest -facing slopes (south of Rupp Hollow Road) has a similar species composition; however, shrub and tree invasion is extensive and the prairie is only patchy. -154- Approximately 45 acres of hill prairie occur on these bluffs. The Rupp Hollow Alternate alignment would destroy about six acres of this prairie. Union Park Hollow Hill Prairie This prairie occurs on south- and southeast -facing bluffs to the north of the Union Park Hollow Alternate alignment. It would not be affected by the Union Park Alternate; however, it would be crossed by Carter Road Extension. The prairie is of good quality, with a rich diversity of grasses and wildflowers (see Table A-2, Appendix A). However, it has been invaded 0 woody species and needs management to be maintained. There are about 26 acres of hill prairie here; one acre of which would be crossed by the Carter Road Extension. Thirty-second Street Hill Prairie This prairie is located on the south -facing bluffs to the north of 32nd Street. It is the poorest quality hill prairie in the corridor as extensive woody invasion has occurred and species composition is not good. This prairie is about 44 acres and approximately one acre would be impacted by 32nd Street Widening, three acres by the Carter Road Extension and two acres by the Grandview Extension. Open Woodland Several areas of open woodland occur in the corridor. These are generally sites where woody species are reinvading previously logged or mined areas. One such woodland (Site 6) in the Union Park Hollow Alternate alignment proved to be of ecological value. Occurring on north- and northwest - facing slopes, the area contains a unique mixture of prairie and open deciduous forest. Oaks and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) are major -155- tree species, as well as black walnuts (which were planted). Of particular interest is the occurrence of post oak (Quercus stellata), recently placed on the Iowa Threatened Plant list (Iowa Conservation Commission, 1977). Also, upland deciduous forest wildflowers are abundant. The prairie elements are limited to the northwest -facing slopes and contain a mixture of wet and dry prairie species. Several of the species are rare for Iowa (see Species, Table A-3, Appendix A). Shooting star (Dodecatheon meadia) has not been reported previously from Dubuque County (personal communication, Dr. Ed Cawley, Biology Department, Loras College, Dubuque). The mixed species assemblage and vegetation dynamics make this site of particular ecologic value. Approximately five of the twenty-six acres here would be removed by the Union Park Hollow Alternate. Summary of Corridor Vegetation Good quality deciduous forest occur within the Shooting Club Alternate alignment and Carter Road Extension alignment. Poor quality, recently disturbed, deciduous forest occurs in the Rupp Hollow Alternate alignment. These are all second growth forest with well -developed shrub and herbaceous cover. Hill prairie is crossed by the Rupp Hollow Alternate alignment, in the Carter Road Extension alignment, Grandview Extension alignment and by the widening of 32nd Street. The best quality hill prairie is that of Rupp Hollow. The others have been invaded by woody species and require management. A unique mesic prairie -open woodland in Union Park Hollow would be crossed by the Union Park Hollow Alternate alignment. No plant species listed as endangered or threatened by the U.S. Department of Interior (1976) was encountered in the corridor. One species, -156- ■ ■ post oak, has been placed on the threatened list for Iowa (Iowa Conservation Commission, 1977). This species occurs in the Union Park Hollow Alternate alignment. Comparison of Alternates For comparing the environmental impact of the various alternates, criteria for rating the ecological value of each vegetation site were developed. These include: Rarity of Vegetation Type The hill prairies are by far the rarest vegetation type. They exist on only a few bluffs along this region of the Mississippi in Iowa, northern Illinois, and southeast Wisconsin. Other hill prairie locations for Iowa have been documented in the Iowa Great River Road Study (Iowa Department of Transportation, 1977). The mesic prairie species assemblage in Union Park Hollow is unusual for this area of Iowa. Deciduous forests of the type occurring in the corridor are relatively common in the midwest. Amount of Similar Vegetation Afforded Protection No known Iowa hill prairies are currently protected on Federal, State or local public lands. Several of the hill prairies within the Dubuque City limits have been locally recognized, but all are on private property (personal communication, Dr. Ed Cawley, Biology Department, Loras College, Dubuque). An extensive Dubuque hill prairie along Highway 52 (adjacent to the Rupp Hollow Alternate intersection with Highway 52) has been recommended for state acquisition as part of the Great River Road project (Iowa Department of Transportation, 1977). -157- Extensive good quality stands of deciduous forest are preserved in several areas in Dubuque and adjacent counties (Swiss Valley Nature Center, White Pine Hollow State Park). Mesic prairie has been preserved in several Iowa areas as part of the state preserve system. Time Required for Replacement All of the vegetation types occurring in the corridor require long periods for replacement after disturbance. Johnson and Bell (1975) report that several hundred years are required for replacement of upland deciduous forests in this region. An equivalent time would be required for prairie replacement. Recent studies have indicated that the growth rate and age of many of the prairie perenniels is similar to that of upland tree species. Species Composition The Shooting Club and Union Park Hollow forests had the best species representation and absence of disturbed area species. The Rupp Hollow hill prairie had the best populations of prairie species and the least number of woody invaders. Reproductive Potential All areas exhibited good reproductive potential. Habitat for Threatened, Endangered or Unusual Species The Union Park Hollow mesic prairie -woodland contained the only threatened species. Prairie species of unusual occurrence were found at all the hill prairie locations. -158- Absence of Current Disturbance All of the sites are presently in private ownership. Consultation with landowners indicated that most are not currently subjected to grazing or logging pressure. Exceptions are the Union Park Hollow prairie -woodland which is currently grazed and the Rupp Hollow forest which is used as an archery range. Scientific -Economic Value The hill prairies have high value for future scientific research as they harbor species, particularly grasses and legumes that have potential value as genetic stock for new food crops. Vegetation Site Values Using the criteria above, relative vegetation values were developed for each of the sites (Table 61). The higher the vegetation value, the better quality the vegetation at that site. The estimated acres of each vegetation type removed by highway construc- tion (Table 62) was then multiplied by the relative vegetation value for that type to arrive at a comparative value for each site (Table 63). Comparative values for all sites occurring in an alignment were summed for that alignment (Table 63). Impact to adjacent vegetation was then rated based on the amount and vegetation values of vegetation adjacent to each alignment and estimates of runoff impacts to that vegetation. The largest amount of good quality vegetation would remain adjacent to the Union Park Hollow and Rupp Hollow alignments. The greatest amount of impact to vegetation from surface runoff is predicted to occur along the Union Park Hollow alignment as the alignment occurs on a ridgetop above the vegetation. -159- Desirability ratings for each alternate were developed based on the comparative vegetation value and impact rating for each site (Table 63). Discussion of primary and secondary impacts to vegetation and recommended mitigating measures are presented in the accompanying Environmental Impact Statement. ■ ■ -160- e- 1 Ltd J CO Q H RELATIVE VEGETATION VALUES FOR SITES IN THE CORRIDOR I -v S- - a c frs r (S G- r TJ C O MI O O r- 5- 0 •r' r CL 3 C O = Hill Prairie 32nd Street x 5- a 3 0 0 r • r r C O In Y •) R3 •r Ci V) C O 0 r- Deciduous Forest • r r- C O = CO LC) O O CO e-4 .-1 .-1 O O CO O tO LC) O r-1 - ,•-1 .- e-1 0 0 0 CO O L0 Ln O e-1 .--1 .--1 .-1 e-1 r-1 O O O O O L0 CT O 1--1 ,4 e-4 ,-4 .--1 ,4 40 M O CO CO 1-i 11) CO O r-1 9c M M O LC) 00 e -1 0 •r 4-3 (CS •r Q) Q) C) 0- C Q) >> O 4- 4- ro O 0 > 5- >, +4 m 4-3Q) co = Q) 5- >) 0 S- 415H E CL cc Time for Replacement Species Composition -161- Reproductive Potential N LC) Cr) N l0 M N .-•1 Tar Q) ft3 C = Q) V) 0 .N = •r (0 C •—) E Q) O c 0 5- Q) C i 5_ S- 0 I— 0 L 0 = Q) L.L) S- '0 U U 1 0 Q) C 0 4- 5_ 4- 10 •.- Q) (A 0.C1 4- i•1 C3) Q) 5- ••- r0 c •r = 4--) Q) 4-) CO U C 44 c O •r •0 Q) O V) Q) r- XI C C]_ 0 •r •r rc$ rOLJJ V) E cli U• = Q V) N1••••-. t0 t. co ..� CO N. 00 LC) 01 cj LC) LC) LO L D nzt CO Q) V) •r (1) — 43 R3CS r i) r 0 Q) H CC rn N 01 TABLE 62 ESTIMATED ACRES* OF EACH VEGETATION TYPE AFFECTED BY THE ALTERNATE SYSTEMS Alternate System Sites Deciduous Forest Rupp Shooting Union Park Hollow Club Hollow Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 11 6 6 7 7 6 Hill Prairie Rupp Union Park Hollow Hollow 32nd Street 6 1 1 4 2 6 4 Prairie - Woodland Union Park Hollow 5 *Acreages represent the number of acres that would be directly affected by construction of each alternate. AIN all All Deciduous Forest Rupp Shooting Hollow Club Sites Union Park Rupp Hollow Hollow Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 4.8 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.9 3.3 TABLE 63 COMPARATIVE VEGETATION VALUE AND DESIRABILITY RATING FOR THE ALTERNATE SYSTEMS Hill Prairie Union Park Hollow 32nd Street 5.6 .8 .8 3.4 1.7 5.8 3.4 Prairie - Woodland Union Park Hollow Total Comparative Vegetation Value Rating of Impact To Adjacent Vegetation* Total (Comparative Vegetation Value + Impact) Desirability Rating 3.9 7.5 9.00 13.6 17.9 2 3 5 3 9.5 12.0 18.6 20.9 4.50 4.06 2.90 2.50 *Based on amount and vegetation value of vegetation adjacent to each alternate and topography -runoff relationships of each alternate (see text for further explanation). Fauna The Dubuque area has a variety of animal habitats and a corresponding diverse vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. Upland species are supported in upland deciduous forests, hill prairies and open country habitats. Good deer populations occur in the wooded hollows, even within the City limits of Dubuque. The ridgetop crops and pastures are important feeding grounds for a number of species. Lowland, marshy and aquatic species are abundant in and along the Mississippi and Little Maquoketa Rivers, floodplain ponds and backwater areas. 0f particular faunal interest are the good bat populations occurring in this region. The exposed dolomite bluffs along this region of the Mississippi contain numerous caves and abandoned lead and zinc mines that are good over - wintering habitat for non -migrating populations. Migrating populations are abundant during the spring and fall. In a recent survey (Muir and Polder, 1960), four bat species were located within the Dubuque City limits. One of these, the Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalis), is an endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife, 1976) (Iowa Conservation Commission, 1977) Several individuals of this species were hibernating in a quarry on Kaufman Avenue, approximately one mile south of the North-West Arterial corridor. Survey of the North-West Arterial Corridor Habitat Survey The corridor was surveyed by foot in April and May, 1977, to locate areas for intensive animal study. A variety of good quality habitat was encountered along all of the alternate alignments: Maple -basswood and oak -hickory forests, hill prairies, mesic prairie and cropland. The vegetation -164- ■ of these habitats is detailed in the previous section of this report and depicted in Figure 24. Unique habitat for cave species was found in the caves, old mine shafts and tunnels and other underground structures (see Geology section and Figure 26). Relatively little aquatic habitat occurs: Two branches of Catfish Creek, several minor, intermittent drainageways; and a pond at the intersection of Highway 52 and Rupp Hollow Road. Based on the ground survey, the faunal elements considered critical for further study were: for 1. Bat populations, particularly the possible occurrence of the Indiana Bat and other threatened or endangered species. 2. Cave invertebrate fauna. 3. Species endemic to the prairie remnants, particularly small mammals. 4, Study pf deer cpnpentratipns and movements, particularly where travel barriers and road kills might occur. Sites selected for further study of these elements include (see Figure 23 locations): Timmons Cave (Site C) - This cave is approximately 400 feet long with a passageway 10-15 feet wide and 10-30 feet high. Surveys for bats and cave fauna were conducted at this site. Brewery Cellar and Crevice (Site D) - The cellar is about 50 feet long and 12 feet wide. The walls and arched ceiling are of dolomite blocks. A spring flows out of the back wall at floor level and exits at the cellar entrance. The crevice is on the adjacent eastern ridgetop and is about -165- 30 feet deep and 10 feet wide with a 10-foot-long passageway at the Mist netting of flying individuals at the entrance to the Brewery Cellar bottom. Bats and cave fauna were surveyed at this site. Hill Prairie (Site B) - An extensive undisturbed hill prairie of about 45 acres covered the bluffs at this site. Several open mine shafts were scattered near the ridgetops. Small mammals and bats were surveyed at this site. Mesic Prairie -Woodland (near Vegetation Site 6) - An open oak woods with wet prairie species occurred on these northwest facing slopes. Small mammals, deer and bird species were surveyed here. Deciduous Forest (Site A) - An upland deciduous forest of approximately 55 acres was surveyed for small mammals, birds and deer. Cropland - Cropland in the vicinity of all forested areas in the corridor was surveyed for animal pathways, particularly those of deer. Bat Survey The bat survey was conducted monthly from September through December, 1977, under the supervision of Dr. Nixon Wilson, Vertebrate Biologist, University of Northern Iowa. A team of from 2-3 speleologists assisted in locating and descending into caves and vertical mine shafts. Seven sites along the Union Park Hollow alignment and three sites in Rupp Hollow were initially checked for bats. It was determined that only two of these sites, Timmons Cave and the Brewery Cellar area were of major ecological significance as bat habitat. These habitats are particularly valuable as winter hibernacula, breeding sites and night resting roosts during feeding. In addition, the valley between the Brewery Cellar and Crevice appeared to be a major fall swarming site, -166- indicated three species use this habitat: Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) and Keen's Myotis (Myotis keenii). The Little Brown Bat occurred in the largest numbers (17-20 netted per night). Populations of all species were highest in September and dwindled to only a few hibernating individuals by December. Timmons Cave harbors the largest hibernating bat populations in the corridor, A peak of 50 Little Brown Bats occurred in November. An occasional Keen's Myotis and Eastern Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) also was found here in hibernation. One Eastern Pipistrelle was found in a mine shaft at Site B (Rupp Hollow Hill Prairie). Comments on the status of these bat species in Iowa, their habitat requirements and use of corridor habitats is presented in the following discussion: Keen's Myotis This species is on the Iowa Threatened Animal List (Iowa Conservation Commission, 1977). It has been found in nine Iowa counties, with the present study being the first record from Dubuque County. It is known to hibernate in caves and mines, preferring extremely cool and moist microsites. The species uses Timmons Cave for overwintering and the Brewery Cellar area for feeding, roosting and fall swarming. Little Brown Bat This species is a common one in Iowa, with records from about one-third of the counties, including Dubuque County. It is known to hibernate in the State only in caves and mines along the Mississippi River, preferring -167- relatively warm, moist microsites. Timmons Cave provides the only suitable hi,bernaculum in the corridor. It is estimated that populations would reach 100 at times, about the largest one could expect to encounter in Iowa (personal communication, Dr. Nixon Wilson). The Brewery Cellar area is used during fall swarming, roosting and as a migration stopover. Big Brown Bat This is the most abundant bat in Iowa. It has been recorded many times from Dubuque County. It uses a variety of hibernacula and is very tolerant of cold temperature and low humidity. The Brewery Cellar provides a suitable overwintering area for this species. Eastern Pipistrelle This species has been recorded from about 15 Iowa counties, including Dubuque Country. It is the only species that would use the old mine shafts to any extent in the summer. They prefer the warmest microsites in caves or mines for hibernacula. Most of the mine shafts and caves in the corridor would provide suitable habitat for this species. Indiana Bat Although not encountered during the present study, this species has been reported from a nearby area in Dubuque County (by Dr. Nixon Wilson, 1976) and from one mile south of the present corridor (Muir and Polder, 1960). Only, one other Iowa record (Jasper County) occurs. Suitable habitat for this species occurs in the corridor, and there is potential for finding the species in a longer -term study (Dr. Wilson, personal communication). The species prefers hibernacula with temperatures between 3-60C. and high humidity, conditions which are found in Timmons Cave. The Brewery Cellar area would -168- provide suitable roost sites during the summer but is too cold to serve as a hibernaculum. None of the other caves or mine shafts in the corridor would provide suitable habitat. Cave Fauna A list of invertebrate species encountered in the Brewery Cellar during the Fall, 1977, is presented in Table AR4, Appendix A. Some of these species were also encountered in other underground areas but the richest diversity occurred at this site. The Cave Cricket, Ceuthophilus sp., associated with cavelike habitats, was found in nearly all the mine shaft eaves in the corridor. The Cave Moth, Scoliopteryx libatrix, was perhaps the most unusual species encountered. It is not native or endangered but is rare in Iowa and is of particular interest because of its ecological relationships with bats. The aquatic Crustacea and Tubellaria are associated with the spring water in the Brewery Cellar. Small Mammals The only species of small mammal trapped in the deciduous forests and open woodlands was the common White-footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Very high population levels were found in Spring and Fall, 1977, trappings. Several Eastern Chipmunks (Tamias striatus) were trapped in open, grazed areas in the fall. The White-footed Mouse was also the dominant species trapped at the hill prairie sites (fall trappings only). An occasional Short -tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) was also trapped here. Deer Deer were sighted in the forested hollows in the corridor, including Union Park Hollow, Shooting Club Hollow and Rupp Hollow. Particular attention -169- was paid to deer tracks as an indication of regular pathways between bedding grounds (hollows) and feeding grounds (crop). Presence of deer tracks indicated that deer could be expected to cross regularly the East-West Segment, Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club alignments. An examination of the relationship of forested hollows to cropland (see Figure 24) in this area reveals that these alignments would present a barrier between forest and cropland that may foster deer -vehicle collisions. Other Animals Casual observations of other species and road kills during the course of this study indicated that the following species are present. This list should not be considered inclusive by any means due to the short-term nature of the study and the study's concentration on only major faunal elements. Rupp Hollow Forest - Union Park Hollow Forest Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger) Opossum (Didelphits virginana) Woodchuck (Marmota monax) Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Hill Prairies - Union Park Hollow and Rupp Hollow Yellow -bellied Racer (Coluber constrictor) Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) Pocket Gopher (Geomys bursarius) Brewery Cellar Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) Pickerel Frog (Rana palustris) Green Frog (Rana clamitans) -170- Rupp Hollow Pond Inactive Beaver Lodge (Castor canadensis) Over fifty species of birds were observed in the corridor from April through December, 1977, including several unidentified owls and hawks. Evaluation of Alternates For evaluation of the impact of each alternate on animal species and animal habitat, several criteria were employed: Amount of good quality habitat that will be destroyed or deteriorated by the arterial. The Rupp Hollow alignment will remove the largest amount of hill prairie anddeciduous forest habitat (see Table 62). Also, resultant noise and air pollution will be greatest in this align- ment. Deterioration of underground habitats from surface runoff, vibrations and microclimatic changes would occur in the Union ParK Hollow and Carter Extension alignments, Species Composition. The Union Park Hollow Alternate harbors the Towa threatened Keene's Myotis as well as good populations of other bat species and cave fauna. A good diversity of bird and small mammal species occurs in Rupp Hollow, Union Park Hollow and Carter Extension alignments. Travel Barriers. The greatest travel barriers will occur where woodland species will be separated from their feeding grounds in the upland fields. This is potentially serious in the Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Hollow alternates. -171- Road -kill Potential. Road kills are predicted to be serious where animal travel lanes are crossed in Union Park Hallow and Shooting Club Hollow Alternates. Rupp Hollow and Carter Extension bisect forested areas and would have some road -kill potential but do not separate wood$ from fields. Also, Rupp Hollow follows a long -existing rqad that parallels a natural barrier. These factors were assigned impact values for each alternate based on the judgment of the study team ecologist (Table 64). The total impact of each alternate was then expressed as a desirability rating (see Summary and Evaluation Methodology). Union Park Hollow Alternate is predicted to have the greatest overall negative impact and Street Widening the least overall negative impact. Discussion of primary and secondary impacts to fauna and recommended mitigating measures are presented in the accompanying Environmental Impact Statement. TABLE 64 EVALUATION OF IMPACT TO FAUNA Alternate Evaluation Factors* Amount Habitat Species Travel Road -Kill Total Desirability Destruction Composition Barriers Potential Impact Rating Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 3 6 8 4 3 8 5 3 6 8 3 3 7 7 3 13 20 29 19 4.50 3.62 2.50 3.75 *Factors explained in text. Values assigned based on author's evaluation on an arbitrary scale with one having the greatest negative impact. -172- Geology and Soils Geology The unusual topographic relief of northeastern Iowa sets it apart from the rest of the State as a distinctive land form. Glacial drift has camouflaged this rugged topography in the rest of the State. However, the northeast corner is virtually free of Pleistocene glacial deposits and is referred to as the "Driftless Area" or the Paleozoic Plateau. The project area is in the east central area of the Dubuque County where the major topographic feature is the Mississippi River Valley. The river occupies a broad valley, walled in by rock bluffs which reach a height of 300 feet. The tributary streams entering from the west have cut narrow valleys 200 to 400 feet deep, which are bounded by steep bluffs. The prominant topographic feature within the project area is the Couler Valley, the abandoned valley and channel of the Little Maquoketa River. The orientation of this valley is roughly north -south and it forms the eastern boundary of the project area. To the west of this valley the project area is a much -dissected upland plateau. The western upland of shale bedrock is only moderately dissected with gentle sloping valleys, whereas erosion in the eastern dolomite bedrock has produced deep, V-shaped valleys (hollows), narrow intervalley ridges, bedrock exposures and scenic views. Relief in the corridor varies from about 600 feet MSL in the Couler Valley to 950 feet MSL in the western uplands. The major valleys (Rupp Hollow, Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Hollow) lie in an east -west direction and intersect the Couler Valley. Geologic features, such as crevices, caves, springs, sinkholes, fossils and mineral crystals are abundant in the area. -173- Rock and sediment of the study area consist of Middle and Upper Ordivician dolomite, shale, limestone and alluvium, underlain by late Cambrian and Early Ordivician units (Whitelow and Brown, 1963). A columnar section of Ordovician -age rocks in the Dubuque North Quadrangle is presented in Figure 25, and a geologic map of the project area may be found in the accompanying Environmental Impact Statement (Figure 104). The bottom -most member, the Decorah formatignq comprises the bedrock for only a small area in the northeastern corner of the corridor. Ranging from 45 to 48 feet in thickness, it consists of shale, shaly limestone and dolomite. Conformably overlying the Decorah formation, the Galena Dolomite forma- tion is predominately dolomite, with some limestone and shale. Thickness ranges from 224 to 235 feet in the area, and it contains a lower cherty unit and an upper, non-cherty unit. Joints enlarged by solution are common throughout the formation. Lead and zinc ore was mined in the Dubuque area from these joints. The Upper Ordivician series is represented by the Maquoketa Shale. It caps most of the upland in the project corridor. Average thickness is 100 feet in the area. The lower part of the formation contains fossiliferous shale interspersed with siltstone and granular dolomite. The upper portion contains a pale blue shale that becomes quite plastic when wet. The alluvium in the Couler Valley is fill that is predominantly glacial outwash of Nebraskan age, formed from metamorphic and igneous rocks. The other Valleys in the corridor contain alluvial matter from local rock and till. -174- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1123 PLATE 11 w NU.. 0 o E .' E 2 0 w E v Columnar section Description** Thickness in feet UPPER ORDOVICIAN Maquoketa Shale Brainard Brown shay unit Shale or slate s - L— • T .Z r --/ --� _ �ro - = T T Clay shale, dolomitic, yellowish -green to grayish -green and pale blue, soft; plastic if wet; nonfmssilircrcus. sr + sr m ^n _ tl w v w v v en 0 W T T - Shale, olive -gray to olive -black, silty; interbedded dusky yellowish -brown to dark -yellowish -brown fine- to coarse -grained crystalline and granular argillaceoue fossiliferous limyo dolomite and dolomitic limestone. o I '1 - -i r - [/-T 1 / 4-'4 ! ,r /-+T / Shale, brownish -block to dusky yellowish -brown, silty; containing black specks end fossil markings; interbedded limy dolomite and dolomitic limestone as above; locally interbedded yellowish- brown dolomitic siltstone; phosphatic pellets and small. foeaile common to abundant in lower 4 ft. DEPAUPERATE ZONE o ar I in ed 0 m ; to .o 1- / F Fn ^�-_ /.-.; — /.�/ ? -, i - i..i •} M i DDLE 0 P.D O V I C I A N w E o o O a a o 0 EProsser Stewartville Dubuque Shaly Cherty unit Noncherty unit, A '^'_ Dolomite, yellowish -gray to moderate -yellowish -orange, fine- to medium -grained, crystalline and granullar, fossiliferous; interbedded dusky yellowish -brown to pale -yellowish -brown fossiliferous dolomitic shale; ?,,,T„in =m„,,nsu cemmen. CAPROCR UNIT FIRST OPENING' 0 sr I ui rn Lo in N `r N N , ,� ^ I ", /- n 0 o Dolomite, yellowish -gray to pale -yellowish -brown, fine-grained, crystalline, dense, fossiliferous, vuggy; :orally conLainim -orange limy porous places. 27 —36 0 N ,—/ WAyellowish Ii Af '/ SECOND ePasiabo• Dolomite as above; locally limy; [t.,t.n,,rNr,•.,r,„, cmnv n. UPPER RFCF.PTAt'ULITF,S ZONE a1 D -. ---• _ Dolomite, pale -yellowish -brown and grayish -orange, fine-grained, crystalline, dense, fossiliferous; moderate -yellowish -brown limy dolomite where porous; locally dolomitic limestone; THIRD OPENING' J gastropods common in upper 10 . r-; ar:: ..,1 -^ _,..,,- .•. .._ 10 ii. ce ro r- N /'-/ /, T / .� / _ TT ` TTT 1 i / / /--/ t / / / 1 I a7a (T-ni UPPER FLINT OPENING• Dolomite, pale yellowish -brown to light olive -gray, fine-grained, dense, crystalline, vuggy; locally pale yellowish -brown to light olive -gray, fine- to coarse -grained, crystalline, fossiliferous li a •m ne 1 t ,✓ ht ,ray to 11[Th'. cish--ray chart cmmcn to aY rlan� in discreet.nodules and lara,le - hedd nr. ke pt tY u common in r _„ !,'I,rh'!'7.I,I LII F.,'30 Sr 0 7 to � _I.v n; • ', I1 UMPTAa, .r . n 1 �. - , 7 •� � �l�l . % I e' c, AA ab. ;" Dolomite, light -olive -gray to pale -yellowish -brown, dense, fine - grained, crystalline, siliceous; chert as above. si Dolomite, pale -yellowish -brown to light -olive -gray, fine-grained, dense, crystalline, vuggy; locally pale -yellowish -brown to light- olive -gray fine- to coarse -grained crystalline fossiliferous limestone; sparse light -gray to pale -yellowish -brown chart. . N 1 0 N r- = 1 0 / /9 �.1..., . i 1�A-A ' '-�+1 I /% . <IZ.t/ I Dolomite, yellowish -gray and y gray pale yellowish -brown and local yellowish -orange, fine-grained, crystalline, fossiliferous; locally limestone as above; rare chert nodules near top and bottom; livrvnta,thiex cemmcn. N N I to Z ..-_4 =i.- MAR o LOWER 6'};rF.eTA('c1,ITF,S OPENING. Dolomite as above; locally limestone as above; light -gray and light -brownish -gray chart abundant; K6., pn„,Ndm. - r� do n L.:.. 5 ft. I _./, 6 ;gyp o/ /�� • V}-IT; ,,.Z. GPM" 3 s9, l 'l,, w i N Dolomite, pale -yellowish -brown, medium- to fine-grained, crystalline, vuggy, fossiliferous; locally mottled grayish -brown limestone.to ,1.-- ' FIG. 25. STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION OF ORDOVICIAN ROCKS OF THE DUBUQUE NORTH QUADRANGLE e• 0 ° L-- v 2 Q,. 0 0 NORTH - SEGMENT ° MI ZS __ UNION PARK HOLLON A6T. STEWART'S CAVE EAST -PEST KAUPMANN iF NNAMED CAV fos 0 Ti" LEGEND LEAD PITS AREA OF CONCENTRATED LEAD MINING MINE OR PROSPECT SHAFT 0 CHURN -DRILL HOLE APPROX. OUTLINE OF UNDERGROUND MINE WORKINGS NIL v 9 tjr..31) Hai SCALE IN MILES FIG. 26. LOCATION OF MINE TUNNELS AND MINE SHAFTS IN THE PROJECT AREA OR PROSPECT SHAFT CD L.rt CHURN -DRILL HOLE I4 N THE PROJECT AREA oo H u Q oo UU Z_ 2 ca Q oo Z Z f— W Z 2 Lt. O Z � O 1 O J 1tp' LL. The Qubuque area is located along the western fringe of the Iowa - Wisconsin -Illinois lead -zinc district. Julian Dubuque began the first systematic lead mining in 1788, and lead production increased steadily until a mid-1800 peak. The last mines were closed in 1910. Extensive lead mining has occurred in the project area and numerous old mine shafts and tunnels are found today on the slopes of all the hollows of the corridor. Their locations are presented in Figure 26. Three major lead mines, Stewart's Cave, Stewart and Bartlett's Cave and Timmons Cave, occur along the EastTWest Segment of the proposed North-West Arterial. Shafts are still open to the latter two mines. The principal nonmetallic deposits of economic importance are the dolomite and limestone bedrock and the sand and gravel that compose the fill in the larger valleys. Soils Soils in the corridor vary in thickness from only a thin veneer on the narrow ridges and steep slopes to 50 feet in some of the western plateau areas. The majority of the upland soils are Fayette and Dubuque soils. The steeper upland soils often belong to the Fayette-Dubuque-Jacwin complex. Nodaway alluvial-colluvial complex is the predominant one in the level bottoms. The Fayette series consists of light colored, well drained, silty soils. They occupy the upland ridges and moderately sloping side slopes in the project area. Dubuque silt loam deep and moderately deep are light colored, well drained, silty soils. These soils are commonly positioned on upland side slopes. -177- The Nprdness series consists of light colored, somewhat excessively drained loamy soils. They often occur on gently sloping to steep upland slopes and escarpments. The Fayette-Dubuque-Jacwin complex consists of light and dark colored, well to somewhat poorly -drained soils. They occur on steep upland areas that are below the Nordness soils and steep rock land and above the soils of the alluvial lowlands. The alluvial lowlands contain Nodaway silt loam and Nodaway alluvial- colluvial complex. They are stratified and moderately -well -drained. Agricultural productivity of major soils in the area is discussed in the next Section. Evaluation of Alternates In comparing the alternates, factors which would affect highway con- struction, as well as impacts to geology and soils were considered. Factors affecting highway construction include depth to bedrock, presence of open mine shafts and tunnels, steepness of slopes, shale stability and suitability of soils for construction. Depth to weathered and sound bedrock was measured in 23 corridor loca- tions in October, 1977 (Shive-Hattery, 1977). A generally thick layer of superficial materials covers the shale bedrock along most of the North - South Segment of all of the alignments and should pose no construction problems. However, problems may be encountered in areas where Galena dolomite forms the bedrock in the eastern project areas (see Figure 14a of the Environmental Impact Study). Weathered rock in these areas should be -178- rippable, while unweathered bedrock may be hard and resistant. These conditions exist in the eastern portions of Rupp• Hollow, Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates and in the Carter Road Extension. Mine shafts and tunnels are numerous, particularly adjacent to or in Union Park Hollow. The East-West Segment, the eastern portion of Union Park Hollow and Carter Road Extension alignments will cross on or near open shafts and tunnels. The Rupp Hollow alignment misses the majority of shafts, as they are on the uplands and the alignment follows the valley. Excavation activity, especially blasting, may cause disruption and cave-in within structurally weak mines. The final design phase should involve Ietailed surface and subsurface mapping of these structures. This would be most critical for the Stewart, Stewart and Bartlett and Timmons mine systems (East-West Segment and Union Park Hollow Alternate). Slopes greater than 20 percent in the project area are mapped in Figure 27. These slopes are concentrated in the eastern portions of all of the alignments. Stability problems may occur where Maquoketa shale is present on side slopes and open excavations. This situation occurs in the eastern segments of all the alignments to some extent (see Figure 14a of the Environmental Impact Study). Surface layers of shale on slopes may move downhill as a result of slow plastic deformation. Saturation by rainwater can hasten the process. Diversion of drainage away from exposed cuttings on these slopes will be necessary. Where exposed in excavation, shale deteriorates rapidly with repeated wetting. Freshly exposed surfaces should be protected. -179- Suitability of corridor soils for highway construction was analyzed using information from the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). The SCS provides soil series profile information that addresses major soil features affecting highway construction. Soil features, such as susceptibility to flooding, material of low density, high need for cuts and fills are incor- porated into this rating. The majority of soils in the area are classified as either fair or severe relative to highway construction. Soil suitabilities in the corridor Ore mapped in Figure 28. Table 65 presents the Percent of fair and severe soils for each alternate. TABLE 65 PERCENT OF ALIGNMENT OCCURRING ON SOIL SUITABILITY FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIQN TYPE Alternate Soil Suitability Severe Fair Shopting Club Hollow 1% 99% Union Park Hollow 15% 85% Rupp Hollow 28% 72% Factors considered in impact assessment include: Soil erosion impact and impact to unique geologic features, such as landforms, caves, springs, mineral resources, etc. Soil erosion impact is predicted to be greatest in areas with steep slopes (see Figure 27 and previous discussion). These slopes occupy major areas in the eastern segments of all alignments. Soil erosion control measures should be taken during construction in these areas. Permanent control measures should be included in the final design. -180 P JECT CORRIDOR �♦� it i���I IIII ' , III (IIIII f IIIIIIL. - „,„„„,, I,I,N� I!I IJI ,I I"' tlllll fv � qll IIIIIII 'Ih'll,,,,,Ir11 IIIIIII , I ' IIIIIII �' I i III 1 p 11�� Ill IIIII- Illullll'I.I'Ir ,,IIII�IIJI l ll l IIII IIII l I' 1 I� AS UBY I,I 1141 'IIII.. 1--i--� 1 jl It1u111ii1 "I'Ilpliiii II II Ill III. 0 ji a i al-, t all ,n, AIM ♦!'III l IIIII Ills ih III111111 111� II L Ipll • • • II,,,.. III.. .glllll"'• - R 6.111lppll1111 rY++► II'IIIN•„ I'Illlllll'IIIIiI' III II' II I I�� �w, .I,iIMIllllllllulI' III III I,,I 11+,►p/1111 ll, II,,. IIII IN III IM II11111111I 11 III1 IIIIIIJI_ 111111111111101 i \ I'f,l �ii•�II IIII (IIIII IIIIIII"IIII IIIIIII ''IIII ,►IIIIIII ill 11 111111111111110 III,I� I I_ I 'IIII°�•llUI° u l 1II II 11 atldlllll I 1 + l'11111 ' III�I� I ! I'll I I lulu I �I1IIII Ibllll (IIIII IIII I Iil IIIII I1 IIII IIII IIII IIilliiiili111111111 1 ~� IH , I IIIIIIII III 111.1111I W 32, , IIIII' ,IIIII illillll II IIIIIIII IIIIIII _ l 1 _.:..�,� II IIIII � KAUFMANN PENNSYLVANIA z S �+ O f 1 SCALE IN MILES hull '' 1111111I) IIII 111 _ qI pi' IIII III III IIIII �, I I II LEGEND SLOPES GREATER THAN 20 PERCENT SUITABI Z 0 0 USES AND' ACTIVITIES PERCENT SLOPE 0-5 5-20 OVER 20 GENERAL RECREATION AREAS • • • ENGINEERED STRUCTURES • • • GENERAL URBAN USES • • SEPTIC FIELD SYSTEMS • COMMERCIAL CENTERS • FIG. 27. LOCATION OF SLOPES GREATER THAN TWENTY PERCENT IN THE PROJECT AREA a MI t alall1111111111111111111111111111111111 RUPP HOLLOW ALT. 0 SCALE IN MILES LEGEND FAI R P00R SEVERE FIG. 28. SOIL SUITABILITY FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN THE PROJECT AREA w w w CC ott LI- w 1 Q W CC Q F— U W O CC 0 W F— Z Z 0 U CC F— f1) 0 >- Q 2 0 2 EC 0 <J < F_ W � m �Q F_ U) 0 N LL Large-scale geologic features and relationships are a major geologic resource in the corridor, particularly in the eastern segment where bluffs and hollows intersect Couler Valley. This area is also within the corridor of the proposed Iowa Great River Road and was recommended for preservation for its unique geologic features (Prior, 1977). Other geologic features that will be crossed are several caves, crevices and springs in the East-West Segment, Union Park Hollow and Carter Road Extension alignments. Based on the judgment of the Planning Team Geologist, the above factors Were rated for each alternate and incorporated into a final desirability rating (Table 66). TABLE 66 DESIRABILITY RATING FOR SOILS AND GEOLOGY Alternate Desirability Rating Street Widening Shooting Club Hollow Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 4.50 4.49 4.25 4.00 -183- Agricultural Productivity The effects of the various alternates on soils which could be used for agricultural productivity are discussed in this section of the report. Those areas in the study corridor which have been modified by urban develop- ment, and thus have little or no agricultural capability, were not included in the analysis which follows. Evaluation Methodology In order to evaluate the alternates, different soil types were grouped together according to their Corn Suitability Rating (CSR), as shown in Table 67. The CSR is established by the Soil Conservation Service and is defined as "relative productivity of corn on different soils, degree of erosion, location on the landscape and location within the state." Land Capability Classifications for the soil types were also considered. Capa- bility grouping, also developed by the Soil Conservation Service is a system of classification used to show the relative suitability of soils for crops, grazing, forestry and wildlife. It is a practical grouping based on the needs of the soils and their responses to management. All soils in one capability class have limitations of about the same degree. Capability classes are identified by Roman numerals. II and III are suitable for cultivated crops. Soils suitable for a regular cropping system than soils in Soils in Classes I, in Class IV are less the first three classes, but they can be cultivated part of the time or with special management practices. Soils in Classes V, VI, VII and VIII are not generally suitable for cultivation. -184- CSR Soil Groupings Group "1" soils, with a CSR of 60-100, are the most fertile soils in the proJect area. These soils consist primarily of Downs Silt Loam and Fayette Silt Loam with Land Capability Classes II and III. They are light to moderately dark, wellrdrained, silty soils that developed in loess under both forest and grass vegetation. The surface layer is dark -gray silt loam, two to seven inches thick and the subsurface is a grayish brown silt loam up to eight inches thick. The surface and subsurface layers may be partially or completely removed by erosion. With proper fertilization and management high yields can be obtained from these soils. For purposes of this evaluation, an average cSR of 80 was used for this group. Group "2" soils are rated as fair with a CSR ranging from 30 to 60. These soils consist of Downs Silt Loam and Fayette Silt Loam with Land Capability Class IV, Dubuque Silt Loam moderately deep, and Fayette Shale SubstratumT The Dubuque Silt Loam and Fayette Shale Substratum are light- colored, well -drained silty soils that formed in loess over limestone bedrock under forest vegetation. The surface and subsurface layers may be partially or completely removed by erosion, For this comparative evaluation, an average CSR of 45 was used to represent this group. Group "3" soils are rated as poor with CSR ranging from 0 to 30. These soils consist of Fayette and Dubuque Silt Loams with Land Capability class VI and VII along with some "Man -Made and Urbanized Lands." Man -Made Lands is defined by the Soil Conservation Service as including those soils disturbed and/qr altered by man, such as fill or cut areas in developments. Group "3" soils in this area are essentially untillable or developed areas and thy were assigned a CSR of five for evaluation. T185- A soils map showing the location of the North-West Arterial alignment and the above soils groups is shown in Figure 29. TABLE 67 SOIL GROUPING ACCORDING TO THE CORN SUITABILITY RATING (CSR) Quality Group CSR Of Soil Type of Soil 1 60r100 Gpod Downs Silt Loam (II and III*) Fayette Silt Loam (II and III) Arenzville Silt Loam (I) Caneek Silt Loam (II) 2 3Q-60 Fair Downs Silt Loam (IV) Fayette Silt Loam (IV) Dubuque Silt Loam, Moderately Deep (II and III) Nordness-Shale Complex Fayette Shale Substratum 3 d-30 Poor Fayette Silt Loam (VI) Dubuque Silt Loam (IV, VI, VII) Urbanized and Man -Made Lands *ban0 Capability Class Evaluation of Alternates In the evaluation of alternates the total acreage of land that will be directly affected by construction of each alternate route was determined. The values were then multiplied by a weight factor that was proportional to the average CSR for each group of soil affected. Total weighted acres affected by each alternate was then determined and this figure was used in relative rating of alternates. desirability rating scale of one through ten was used to rate the alternate with one representing the least and ten the most desirable rating. Five represents a neutral rating. -186- so up VI 10 ill 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 O N O 0 LEGEND SOIL WITH GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY 2 SOIL WITH FAIR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY 3 SOIL WITH POOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY SCALE IN MILES FIG. 29. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SOILS IN THE PROJECT AREA >- r >- F- F- 1- o� N THE PROJECT AREA G. 29. AGR ti The Widening of Existing Streets Alternate will affect very little agricultural land, as most widening will occur along existing street routes. This alternate was therefore given a neutral rating of 5.0. In rating the other three alternates, a value of 4.00 was given to the alternate affecting the largest number of weighted acres and the other alternates were rated relative to this alternate. Ratings are shown in Table 68. TABLE 68 RATING OF ALTERNATES RELATIVE TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY Total Soil Weight Weighted Weighted Desirability Alternate Group Acres Factor Acres Acres Rating Street Widening N.A.* N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 4.5 Shooting Club I 48 16 768 2 85 9 765 1,560 4.36 3 27 1 27 Union Park 1 48 16 768 Hollow 2 85 9 765 1,566 4.34 3 33 1 33 Rupp Hollow 1 50 16 800 2 94 9 846 1,700 4.0Q 54 1 54 *The Street Widening Alternate affects very little agricultural land. Spe text for explanation of rating. -188- Parks and Recreation The scope of this section is to describe anticipated effects of the alternates on parks and recreation areas. Maps were prepared showing the location of existing general parks and outdoor recreation areas, community - wide and neighborhood recreation facilities (Figure 11, Environmental Impact Study'). Parks and recreation areas in the vicinity of the proposed North- West Arterial alignments are presented in Figure 30. Figure 31 lists those areas where impacts to those areas are expected, and includes ownership, nature of impacts and existipg facilities, No "Section 4(f)" involvement is expected for any of the parks in the corridor. The parks and recreation areas are described in the following paragraphs. Description of Areas Marshall Park was donated to the City of Dubuque in 1974. The land 1s approximately 45 percent abandpned field, 50 percent wooded ravine and 5 percent( power line easements. Access is from Thirty -Second Street. Proposed development includes a gravel loop road (under construction) and trails (future). Both a farmhouse and barn are retained and occupied. A prominent feature of the development is a limestone monument honoring the donor. Near this monument one has extensive views east into Union Park Hollow and south- east to the next ridge. Primarily because of size (50 acres), this facility can be classified as a general outdoor recreation area. Main usage is ex- pected t9 be picnicking and hiking. The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) Camp occupies part of his- toric Union Park (see Historic section, Environmental Impact Study). Nearly -189- ■ ■ II 1 all the land is steeply sloped. About 80 percent is forested with an additional 10 percent planted in young pines. Access occurs from John F. Kennedy Road to the north of the camp. A swimming pool, stable and storage area are on the upper slope while a lodge and cabins are on a lower slope of the hollow. Foundations of old Union Park structures are at the bottom of the hollow. Active recreation (ball fields), roads and parking are restricted to upper slopes nearest John F. Kennedy Road. The Dubuque Shooting Society is a private club. The land is 70 percent wooded upland and ravine with the remaining 30 percent level to moderately sloping lowland. Facilities include a clubhouse spanning the drainageway, a custodian's residence, paved parking for about 60 cars, picnic area and shooting range. Access is from U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3. Most usage is Social with the clubhouse being used throughout the year. Basic Street Widening is an element of all systems and considered equal in the evaluation. One part of basic widening, Dodge Street, will affect an existinD area, Booth Tennis Court. Impacts on this area should be discussed in the Environmental Impact Statement for the Street Widening project. Evaluation Methodology The evaluation was based on the following: 1. Primary. Existing recreation land is directly affected. This may include actual encroachment or temporary construction easements. 2. Secondary. (See also specific areas of report, i.e. Noise.) a. Access...This refers to access by auto, bicycle and pedestrian traffic. Positive effects would be improvement of access or -190- connection to potential greenways for bicycle and foot trails. Negative effects include loss of car or service vehicle access- ibility, barrier and loss of safety for pedestrian park users. b. wildlife and vegetation...Negative impacts to wildlife would include removal of habitat, barriers across regular travel lanes, increases in road -kill potential and noise. A positive impact would be the addition of new habitat types in the highway right- of-way. Negative impacts to vegetation include direct removal of vegetation as well as secondary impacts of air pollution and pollution from highway runoff. c. Noise.,.Passjvuses such as picnicking, hiking and nature trails have a lower tolerance for noise levels as natural sounds (birds, wind, water) are masked by traffic background. A higher noise level can be tolerated for active uses such as ball fiefs, tennis courts and swimming pools because the activities them- selves generate sound. Design noise levels are 70 dBA (L10) for recreation areas, picnic areas, playgrounds and most parks and 60 dBA (L10) for parks or open spaces which are recognized by local officials for activities requiring special qualities of serenity and quiet. (See Noise section for noise analysis of sites.) d. Soil and drainage... Any areas below steep slopes would be af- fected by increased run-9ff created by roadway construction. e. Air...Prevailing winds could carry pollutants to use areas dur- ing peak summer use (assumed for recreational areas). -191- 0 COMM NE I P LL ce CC CC a g O 0 3 N., w LLJ Ad1N300 011 31V91S3410 D: OTING CLUB ALTERNATE / Z s N3S.0- N3A3da ,.i lour IMI ur Od S53Nd3011M Ni AdiNn00 30 WEST_SEGMENT N W 101. rank J_ PNB° 4 FIG. 30. LOCATION OF PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS IN CORRIDOR mwce _ I- Z w o AREA OWNERSHIP EXISTING FACILITIES DESCRIPTION m '- y' ,, , cD cn = a w re w �� a U 1-a of TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATE* PRIMARY --IMPACTS SECONDARY I MPACTS REMARKS W c a % OF TOTAL ACCESS WILDLIFE z o 4- w W > NOISE , SIL AND DRAINAGE AIR VISUAL OCITY _ MARSHALL PARK OF DUBUQ�JE UNDEVELOPED PLANNED - PICNICKING TRAILS NONE 50 I 0 — O CARTER ROAD EXTENSION 2 0 — AO CARTER ROAD EXTENTS -ION 3 O - — 0.0 O ‘-O O 4 0 — OOOOOOo AYMCA YMCA CAMP SUMMER CAMP INCLUDES TRAILS, LODGE, AND S,CABINS MODERATE 102 1 0 — -4 O O • CARTER ROAD EXTENSION 2 0 , — O O • CARTER ROAD EXTENSION 3 0 — O O 000 NOT VISIBLE FROM CABINS 4 0 O O O O O NOT VISIBLE FROM CABINS II SHOOTING CLUB DJIBUQUE SHOOTING SOCIETY CLUBHOUSE (SOCIAL' CUSTODIAN'S RESIDENCE PICNIC AREA SHOOTiNG RANGE PRIVATE (H I GH ) 25 1 0 — 2 0 3 O ' — - 4 12.8 51% 0 Q Q O •SECONDARY IMPACTS FOR REMAINING LAND; NOT 4(f) - STREET WIDENING 2 - RUPP HOLLOW 3 - UN10N PARK HOLLOW 4 - SHOOT ING CLUB 0 LOW IMPACT MEDIUM IMPACT • SIGNIFICANT IMPACT FIGURE 31. IMPACT TO -PARKS AND RECREATION -AREAS IN THE CORRIDOR f. Visual...Negative effects are change of existing views from natural to less natural; loss or alteration of vegetation pat- terns; and development of adjacent areas that would require extensive change of existing topography. A positive effect would be planting in the arterial right-of-way to soften ridges, cuts and fills and screen existing ridge development. 3. Effects on potential parks, greenways and recreation areas near future residential neighborhoods. 4. Preservation of existing natural and topographical features such as the bluffs and hill prairies as continuous open space. These regions also provide recreation opportunities for adjacent residents. Ac- tivities include use by clubs (i.e. Dubuque Field Archers at Rupp Hollow), hiking and seasonal uses of hunting and snowmobiling. Evaluation of Alternates Widening of Existing Streets Alternate No existing parks and recreation areas are directly affected. The Car- ter Road extension creates secondary effects at Marshall Park and YMCA Camp. The alignment pf Carter Road across Union Park Hollow wquld interrupt a continuous open space and vegetation patterns of deciduous forest and hill prairies. The lack of continuity as well as the required construction would act as a visual barrier. Potential for parks and greenways is very limited. Encroachment on existing vegetation along streets reduces opportunities for greenways. -194- Rupp Hollow Alternate No existing park or recreation area is directly affected. The second- ary effects on Marshall Park and YMCA Camp are listed on Figure 31. The Carter Road extension as in the Street Widening Alternate has secondary impacts on Marshall Park and the YMCA Camp, with the visual impact on the YMCA Camp being significant. Rupp Hollow is the primary natural feature affected by this alternate. The most frequent recreational use would be driving for pleasure. The scenic value of this area would be altered by rock cuts and riprap required for drainage. Vegetation recovery is possible, but limited to the middle and upper slopes and would require many decades. The development of the North -South Segment (U.S. Highway 20 to Asbury Road) is similar for all three North-West Arterial alternates. Lack of neighborhood recreation facilities in this rapidly developing residential area was noted in the Dubuque Recreation and Open Space Plan, 1973. Oppor- tunities exist to coordinate future neighborhood parks and open space as buffers along the alignment. Union Park Hollow Alternate' No existing park or recreation area is directly affected. The second- ary effects on Marshall Park and YMCA Camp are listed on Figure 31. The low impact rating for access is due to the initial barrier effect of the arterial to pedestrian access from the south. Affected natural features include wooded drainageways in the vicinity of Thirty -Second Street and John F. Kennedy Road and the lower (eastern) end of Union Park Hollow. Recreational use is limited to adjacent residents. -195- EVALUATION OF PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS (0I-I) k41.1.1.geal.sa0 ie4o1 O C o O f6 •r co Ce1 R >- S r LC) O RS 1 s>o to W 6u ped alq.ssod wnwi.xpw 6upeld pagg61.aM pauNwog 6uped pe .g61.aM aol.opj ;46.aM (0I-I) 644pd ka.m.ge.4sa0 6uppj pal.gb e ao4op j 4qb .eM (0I-I) 641.eb kl.1.u. ci i. s a0 Evaluation Factor LC) Ln o O c O O N r! - ) Ln O o LC) CD c c 1-4r; .-� Ln o O O Ln o t71 nt LC) O o O N r-i r4 Lc) Ln O - Lc) oLnoLn LC) .-i lO N ri r♦ C' ) 000 ccc ra a r, r OoO Lt7 LID r) o LC) o o Ln C) r, O O O OLC) O Ln Ln M Kt 0 O 1` o Ln O Lc) LC) rl lO N QcQ Li) LAD CY) O O O .-+ rl r-4 000 Ln l0 M O LC) O o LC) C) ri CD O O N ri r/ oLno Ln Ln M 0 Lno CD LC) 01 ri Ln Ql r-4 N O Lc) LC) Ql L) N C O O O N - rl LC) LC) LC) •Zt Ln N o 0) m RS 4 ) RS m tv tv 0) to tv Q a) ¢ L a Q N t7) N rtS O to C)) to tll C ) to Cn C -C) C C -0 r C 'C C T3 C •r C S- •r C Cl: •r C ( •r C •r 4) f!Y to +) f0 !n 4) cc; N C 4-4RS Vi Nl r 4) N r U) 3 In N i N r 0) 0.1.- -le 1-r •r ,C S- o •r- -lL i 0) •r Y S- •r X S. = Q X L= r X S- O +- X S_ = X W RS 4-) W MS 4) r W RS +) r' W [Z R) W CL. co d ItsO a tC Q C N C co 7 C 0) = C 4) 4- Q) 0 L.L. ,— Or LL_ Or'Lk. Ti 0rR5 Li - 0 +) RY O RS .Y RS O RS V)•rr. t/) •r r S- V) •r r r N•r r tT C 4) 4-) (C3 C)) +) +) its Rf +) 4) RS r 4 )O C S. O C - c o C Sr a o C i- O U t= S •r tl) O W = •r O tU = CL) t)) 7 S tU W = C +) 4- +-) +-) i-) 4- i-) +) C 4- -N 4-) 4- 4-) +-) 0) r 4- 0 rt3 O 4- 0 RS 4- 0 RS O 4- 0 its iZ -0 Q LiJ O W 0_Z r W a Z !Z W 0-Z .1--.0 C 3 -196- S U R Triangular pieces of land near Marshall Park and YMCA Camp may offer expansion possibilities for the recreation areas in the medium -range evalu- ation period. Use would probably be limited to a buffer area. Shooting Club Alternate The Dubuque Shooting Society land is directly affected. Although the alignment avoids existing structures, parking and the shooting range will be affected and the clubhouse falls within the 70 dBA noise contour (see Noise). Replacement of any existing parking or the shooting range would be difficult due to lack of gently sloping land. The secondary effects and potential for expansion of the YMCA Camp and Marshall Park are similar to the factors noted for Union Park Hollow Alternate. Table 69 summarizes the evaluation of the various alternates. In gen- eral, the positive rating (above 5.0) for effects on existing areas reflects increased accessibility to all recreation areas in the project area. Aesthetic Considerations This section outlines and evaluates some of the anticipated aesthetic changes and a landscape design response to those changes. All the senses, as well as frame of mind combine to influence an observer's aesthetic experience. However, the evaluation method used here concentrates on the most familiar sensory -judge sight. Description of Landscape Character Dubuque's land forms are part of its visual resources. The rolling, bedrock -controlled terrain and stream floodplains have shaped both natural -197- and man-made patterns. Landforms in the eastern portion of the corridor are also within the Iowa Great River Road Corridor and are recommended for preservation by the Office of the State Geologist for their scenic value (Prior, 1977). The Geology section (page 173) describes these landforms. The location of major roads in the corridor reflect this association of landform and pattern. Pennsylvania Avenue, Asbury Road and John F. Kennedy Road alignments are close to ridge lines that divide the drainage basins of the corridor. These ridge roads existed in 1875 (Andreas Atlas) and still provide much of the character of the rural pubpque region; villages connected by roads that closely match the landforms. Each drainage basin has different characteristics which include orienta- tion of slopes and ridge lines, percentage of steep slopes, rock outcroppings and vegetation. This is reflected by land use that changes from nearly 100% agricultural to developing residential areas with a density of four to six units per acre to residential areas in the Union Park Hollow area with a density of less than two units per acre. The spatial and visual character of the ridge lines and roads is also identified in the Environmental Study, City of Dubuque, Iowa, 1977. The relation of the arterial to these ridges and roads will determine future visual and urban patterns. Most views are open and often 360° in arc, and the corridor is visible from many other parts of the City. Evaluation Methodology The evaluation of alternates involved three parts: 1. Delineation of viewer's visual impact areas to aid in determining landscape design. ■ 111 I 1111 2. Sectional evaluation of the factors of scale, barrier and potential for change between the arterial and adjacent land use. 3. Route rating for each alternate using the relationship to City plan; respect for existing landforms and unique features; and driver's impressions of the community and countryside. Visual Impact Areas The primary purpose of the visual impact area is to aid in identifying land use areas which should be provided screening and buffer zones. Visually -affected areas were determined from field observations, aerial photographs, topographical maps and the alignment of each alternate. Although distant views of roadway are possible, the visual impact area was limited to one-fourth mile from the proposed alternates. Objects within this limit are part of the "foreground" of the viewer, and it includes the horizontal field of vision for the driver. For example, at 45 m.p.h., the focal point of the driver is ahead 1,200 feet. With a horizontal field of 65°, objects within 750 feet of road at this distance can be noticed. The evaluation does not attempt to quantify the value of view within the visual impact area as many variations in value can occur for the same segment. For example, a road cut exceeding 15 feet below the existing 11 II ground conceals both road and traffic, but the cut itself can cause a visual interruption of a ridge line or removal of vegetation. • In addition to determining visual impact areas, a sectional assessment was made using the existing and proposed land use within each impact area. The pages following list the impacts that were considered critical for each land use and the areas in the corridor where that land use occurs. CRITICAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS FOR LAND USE CATEGORIES N No. Land Use Critical Impact Considerations Areas Affected 1... Residential A. Overwhelming scale that intimidates and reduces privacy of nearby resi- dences. B. Visual barriers. C. Opportunities and dangers in potential for change. Less than seven percent of the land within 4-mile of all arterial alignments is exist- ing residential areas. 2... Commercial A. Danger of encouraging commercial -strip devel- opments or businesses to develop in places which are attractive under other uses (i.e. at in- tersections). B. Opportunities to relate new commercial develop- ment in a visually sat- isfactory way. Existing commercial uses are limited to the vicinity of proposed intersections with U.S. Highways 20 and 52. Con- ceptually, commercial uses are not indicated at any other proposed intersections. 3... Institutional/Schools No. A. A negative factor would be the possibility of creating a physical bar- rier to expansion. (CONTINUED) No existing institutional usage is immediately adja- cent to alignments. CRITICAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS FOR LAND USE CATEGORIES Critical Impact Considerations AIM MIN ISM Areas Affected 4... Industrial A. Scale not likely to be a problem. B. Can provide a contrast to other parts of the City. C. Effect of highway as an influence toward visual improvement of an area. Light industrial use exists in Couler Valley only. 5... Parks/Recreation A. Disruption of land so that it is no longer capable of providing the same quality of experience. B. Opportunities to integrate parks or greenways with highway. Existing public parks in the corridor are slightly affect- ed (see Parks and Recreation). Developing residential areas between Pennsylvania Avenue and Asbury Road are deficient in recreation areas (Recrea- tion and Open -Space Plan, 1973). A linear park develop- ment is recommended for this area. 6... Agricultural A. Effects on projected land use near urban areas. B. Respect for topography and farm patterns. As indicated on the future land use map (see Land Use), these areas are primarily tilled fields and pasture on gentle to moderate slopes. This offers the line of least resistance (ease of construc- tion) for future development. Residential use is assumed for most of the corridor. The considerations of Category 1 apply. CRITICAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS FOR LAND USE CATEGORIES Areas Affected Impact Considerations N its 0 w , N f0 •• C r- RS a •N +' ( «3 > S_ a 0 = • = Q1 +> • N N C C +. a •P i M •P M +� N > rtS >, > .� tN 4- a .0 f0 f0 - •P > 33%- X10el- a t (o4- a c4.)4-4- Cr)3 0 t0 t0•P 0•P 0 S_ Cr- s+>+-, • 4- • i- C4- a a77 0ai-v 0 C •P •P 0 0 E C ▪ •P•P 3 V C a rt3 U d-1 ID r � „ 0 = 0 a •P 0-1D C a r- S_ +) V) C 0 0T34-4- 0-C a 0 C •r- C 4- C E t0 • (.) •P +) f0 W •. •P 0 C .0 S- W -0 0 C 0 (0 0 r- t0 C S_ a 0 0- CC 0 • • • N. -202- The open -space category in this table includes the vacant and despoiled land of Couler Valley, drainage areas, steep slopes, rock outcroppings and native vegetation of the corridor. For larger environmental areas such as the bluffs, preservation may be considered. Both the Victor Gruen Study (1964) and the Recreation and Open -Space Plan, (1973) recommend preservation of the following: Union Park Hollow from Couler Valley to John F. Kennedy Road; Couler Valley bluffs from 32nd Street to the Little Maquoketa River; and Sageville Road ravine (Rupp Hollow Road) from Couler Valley to John F. Kennedy Road. Since those reports, urban encroachment in these areas include residential development in Rupp Hollow and industrial structures that are carved into the Couler Valley bluff south of the intersection of John F. Kennedy Road and U.S. Highway 52. All alternates affect these areas either directly or through some element of the system (i.e. Carter Road Extension). For smaller drainage areas, interruption of continuous open -space patterns emphasize the barrier effect, a lack of visual transition for both driver and viewer of the road. Visual impact areas and typical cross sections of these areas are presented in Figures 32-38. The cross sections illustrate the relation of the North-West Arterial alignment to future development areas and existing vegetation and depict recommended future landscaping to reduce the visual effect of the highway (also see Environmental Impact Statement, page 66). Sectional Factors Factors of scale, barrier and change used in this evaluation are described below. -203- RA0F0110 SEGM, ITOMF1 SOUTH W/ DEL MONACO PP HOLLOW ALTERNATED* 1 RESIDENTIAL 2 COMMERCIAL 3 INSTITUTIONAL/SCHOOLS 4 INDUSTRIAL 5 PARKS/RECREATION 6 AGRICULTURAL 7 OPEN SPACE ROADWAY LOWER THAN EXISTING GROUND. VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED AREAS WHERE VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED BY EXISTING VEGETATION AND PROPOSED LANDSCAPING 0 500 1000 2000 SCALE IN FEET FIG. 32. VISUAL IMPACT AREAS - CRESCENT RIDGE, NORTH -SOUTH AND RUPP T EGMENT ❑[J OD KOP r` -,, -,(t. II 111 �ch0bc t _ =`4 11 C.A. -lPA I/ j`i "4tic _ L' `�A . r t `f _�: 1 ON PARK HOLL A ALTERNATE 1 RESIDENTIAL 2 COMMERCIAL 3 INSTITUTIONAL/SCHOOLS 4 INDUSTRIAL 5 PARKS/RECREATION 6 AGRICULTURAL 7 OPEN SPACE ROADWAY LOWER THAN EXISTING GROUND. VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED AREAS WHERE VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED BY EXISTING VEGETATION AND PROPOSED LANDSCAPING 0 500 1000 2000 SCALE IN FEET FIG. 33. VISUAL IMPACT AREAS - EAST -WEST SEGMENT AND UNION PARK HOLLOW INN ❑❑ ■ %`'! NO FH—Fgsf)UTO SE 1 RESIDENTIAL 2 COMMERCIAL 3 INSTITUTIONAL/SCHOOLS 4 INDUSTRIAL 5 PARKS/RECREATION IS AGRICULTURAL 7 OPEN SPACE ROADWAY LOWER THAN EXISTING GROUND. VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED AREAS WHERE VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED BY EXISTING VEGETATION AND PROPOSED LANDSCAPING 0 500 1000 2000 SCALE IN FEET FIG. 34. VISUAL IMPACT AREAS — NORTH —SOUTH AND EAST —WEST 1 F KORY n HILL C T. AF �or 0 1 RESIDENTIAL 2 COMMERCIAL 3 INSTITUTIONAL/SCHOOLS 4 INDUSTRIAL 5 PARKS/RECREATION 6 AGRICULTURAL 7 OPEN SPACE tioh, M CT /NG CCU e p4 �qk 4�'S ALrE RNA TE " c FIG. 35. VISUAL IMPACT AREAS - EAST -WEST AND SHOOTING CLUB ROADWAY LOWER THAN EXISTING GROUND. VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED AREAS WHERE VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED BY EXISTING VEGETATION AND PROPOSED LANDSCAPING 0 500 1000 2000 SCALE IN FEET AOUIN 1 A^ ca_ Z 1 RESIDENTIAL 2 COMMERCIAL 3 INSTITUTIONAL/SCHOOLS 4 INDUSTRIAL 5 PARKS/RECREATION 6 AGRICULTURAL 7 OPEN SPACE FIG. 36. VISUAL IMPACT AREAS - RUPP HOLLOW ROADWAY LOWER THAN EXISTING GROUND. VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED AREAS WHERE VISUAL IMPACT REDUCED BY EXISTING VEGETATION AN PROPOSED LANDSCAPING 0 500 1000 2000 SCALE IN FEET v- MO11OH ddflEi - a r, 30VdS N3d0 r m z rn m 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 800 S 1VNflllfl3IN9d NOIld3803N/SNNdd ld I NISfl4N I S100HDS/ lvN01 lfll I lSN I 1d10N3WW00 1VI1N30IS3N II/ I/ 11 PI II a a in i Bill ARTERIAL EXISTING WEATHERED LIMESTONE 800 N 700 SCALE IN FEET 0 50 100 FUTURE R-3 69000V RUPP HOLLOW - STA. 254+00 I I ARTERIAL I i 700 FILL CREATES VISUAL BARRIER.PLANTING REQUIRED TO SCREEN LITTER AND PROVIDE PRIVACY FOR YARD. 900 III1IIhIIlImIM1IIIiI E NORTH -SOUTH SEGMENT - STA. 73+00 FUTURE R-2 900 w 800 FUTURE RESIDENTIAL 900 E SOCFIG.37.TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS FOR VISUAL IMPACT 800 - RUPP HOLLOW, AND NORTH - SOUTH SEGMENT mimmonti ARTERIAL 11111111111 LOW PLANTING TO PROVIDE TRANSITION VrAT SLOPE CHANGE - FUTURE RESIDENTIAL 900 NORTH -SOUTH SEGMENT - STA. 95+00 w 800 PLANTING DENSE SHRUBS AN UNDER STORY (HT. I5'-20' 900 TO ALLOW VIEW OVER ARTERIAL SCALE IN FEET 0 50 100 ARTERIAL EAST -BEST SEGMENT - STA. 1 45+00 11111 Ma MI f EXISTING 800 S 700 EXISTING ARTERIAL I 1 I�- I PROBABLE ROCK CUT 800 700 N SHOOTING CLUB HOLLOW - STA. 220 + 15 FIG. 38. TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS FOR VISUAL IMPACT - EAST -WEST SEGMENT AND SHOOTING CLUB I� Scale The highway can be dominant or visually threatening to small nearby buildings and physical features. Careful transition from highway to residential area will improve this scale relationship. Landscaped visual buffer zones enclose views and reduce the apparent width of the arterial. Continuous berms and groups of trees are not overpowered by the road, yet still relate to houses. Barrier The barrier factor concerns avoidance of undesirable visual screens. A negative impact occurs where the existing view is desirable. Change Change potential includes many positive and negative visual aspects. For example, a negative change would be loss of potential neighborhood recreation sites for developing residential areas. If this condition is predicted, additional right-of-way purchase could provide needed parkland and serve as a visual buffer area. Route Factors In general, the proposed arterial passes from rolling, agricultural land to wooded, rocky hollows. Only five to ten percent of the visual impact area is developed. Future land use planning goals (as detailed in the Dubuque Annexation Study, 1976) were used in evaluation of the route factors. The value the study placed on scenic values and respect for landforms would require that the alignment follow land contours and avoid scarring the bluffs. -?11- Unique natural, geological and cultural features were identified where the alignment would have either positive or negative impacts. Continuity of landscape, visual relationship of rural and urban areas and monotony were used to evaluate the driver's visual experience. Evaluation of Alternates The following discussion presents major aspects of the evaluation of the North-West Arterial Alternate systems. Sectional Rating All arterial alternates are considered equal from U.S. Highway 20 to Asbury Road. For this segment, the most sensitive area with regard to scale and barrier is directly north of Pennsylvania Avenue. Here the fill reaches a height of about 30 feet with a corridor width of 350 feet. The power line easement on the east edge creates planting restrictions and increases the barrier effect. Both width and fill dominate a future residential area and prevent any visual transition across the arterial. Planting of under - story, shrubs offer only limited relief, screening associated impacts such as roadside litter. Both the Shooting Club and Union Park Hollow Alternates would introduce a change of scale to existing developments near the intersection of John F. Kennedy Road and 32nd Street. About 60 percent of Marshall Park would be visually affected. Screening of the arterial in this section is hindered by a power line easement. The transition from ridge to Couler Valley affects about equal land areas for both alternates, but the scale of existing land use in Couler Valley (commercial and light industrial) is more compatible with the Union Park Hollow Alternate. -212- r III In comparison, the Rupp Hollow Alternate affects less developable land per unit length than either the Union Park Hollow or Shooting Club Alternates. In the hollow, the arterial remains "invisible" within adjacent ridge lines. Although incompatible in scale with residential areas in Couler Valley, this alternate blends well with U.S. Highway 52 and adjacent wetlands, In considering potential for change, the Rupp Hollow Alternate ranks lower because existing residential property is directly affected and additional intersections (Derby, Grange and 32nd Street Extension) are also introduced. Opportunities for land use change are likely to occur near these intersections. Route Rating The critical visual areas for all alternates are proposed intersections, areas of potential rock cuts, the proposed bridge over the Middle Fork of Catfish Creek, existing power lines, connections with U,S. Highways 20 and 52, effect on future development patterns and the transition from upland to Couler Valley. Most of the visual conflict arises when the standards for the required roadway --width, maximum grades, minimum degree of curvature, length of vertical curve --are applied to existing landforms. 9n the North -South Segment.the alignment crosses directly from ridge to ridge. Major at -grade intersections occur on these visually prominent divides. Although the arterial roughly follows an existing visual barrier, the powerline parallels the landforms while the road must compromise. This juxtaposition of power line and road places the lines at a driver's line of sight to nearly 50 feet above. The almost straight alignment of this segment also contributes to a lower route rating for all alternates. -213- The North -South Segment respects existing neighborhoods and provides a definite boundary for developing areas. Positive visual elements of this section are Hempstead High School, a well -sited major building; the Middle Fork of Catfish Creek, a semi -natural open space and railroad corridor; and the older core of Asbury, a ridge top village typical of others in the Dubuque vicinity. From Asbury Road to the separation of the Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates (about Station 165+00), the alignment enters the area of past, lead mining and skirts the William G. Stewart House (see Historic Section, page 169, Environmental Impact Statement). To maintain the continuity of the arterial profile, the intersection with John F. Kennedy Road requires a visual dip in the profile of John F. Kennedy Road. Adjacent residences and Marshall Park are avoided, but vegetation patterns are disrupted. In the transition from ridge to Couler Valley, both Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates have similar cross sections. Both require steep fill on the inside curve and rock cuts on the outside curve. Although small rock cuts offer variety to a driver's experience, the cuts indicated are likely to be long continuous walls. Some vegetation recovery of weathered limestone can occur during medium -range period. Similar cuts along U.S. Highway 20 west of Dubuque have grasses and red cedar occupying crevices, but the unweathered rock portions of these exposures are unvegetated. Several centuries would be required for restoration of vegetation cover. The Union Park Hollow Alternate cut would occur on an unwooded bluff scarred by lead mining and cuts for smaller roads. The arterial and subsequent landscaping could be an improvement. -214- The Shooting Club affect structures surveyed in Iowa's Great River Road, Volume 1, Part 2, History and Architecture (1977). The Shooting Club has some historic interest, but has been altered architecturally. The grouping of the Shooting Club's wooded and well -maintained grounds with a group of older residences directly to the east have visual value (see Historic Section page 170, Environmental Impact Statement). From Asbury Road to the beginning of the hollow, the Rupp Hollow Alternate rates lower than the Union Park Hollow section from Asbury Road to John F. Kennedy Road. The Union Park Hollow alignment remains the Little Maquoketa watershed boundary and avoids cutting across space patterns. In the Rupp Hollow alignment, cuts and fills are (greater than 20 feet) and disruptive to existing farm patterns. closer to open - larger However, once the arterial reaches the hollow, the rating climbs. The roadway closely follows existing landforms. As designed, the scale of the arterial tends to overwhelm the valley. Vegetation removal (woods in the western end of the hollow and hill prairie near the eastern end) would damage the scenic value for the driver. Careful planting will be required for recovery and protection of upper slopes. The Grandview Avenue, Carter Road and 32nd Street extensions were also considered. The Carter Road extension, as an element of both Widening of Existing Streets and Rupp Hollow systems is rated lowest. Where Union Park Hollow is crossed, the extensive fill would be very damaging to this scenic area. Street widening creates serious problems of scale. Although some commercial areas are affected, older residential sectors will receive the -215- SYSTEM ELEMENT SECTIONAL RATING ROUTE RATING RATING TOTALS DESIRABILITY EVALUATION FACTOR SCALE BARRIER CHANGE RELATIONSHIPRESPECT TOCITY PLAN FOR LANDFORMS RESPECT FOR UNIQUE AREAS DRIVERS' EXPERIENCE SECTIONAL ROUTE 0 + STREET WIDENING RUPP ( © + OD )x.1 TOTAL RATING WEIGHT FACTOR 4 3 0 2 1 0 3 2 0 6 8 4 5 5 0 6 5 0 3 3 0 cD a Z ~ F- 1-� POSSIBLE RATING O - x O TOTAL RATING POSSIBLE RATING 0 - x 0 EVALUATION PERIOD SHORT I o x z - SHORT o x LONG SHORT MED. LONG SHORT o x z of o c o x LONG SHORT x LONG SHORT MED. LONG TOTAL POSSIBLE x .1 • 20 TO PENNSYLVANIA AVE. N-S 4 6 3.5 10.5 4 8 4 4 4 12 5 10 5 /°0 540 520 3f5 315 20 4 12 3 / 9 60.5 150 4.03 185 450 4.11 4.09 • • • • • PENNSYLVANIA AVE. TO ASBURY RD. 2 I. 4.5 L5 3 I I 1.5 5 1.5 3 5 30 5 40 5 20 2 10 2 10 24 4 20 2 2 6 24.0 150 1.60 166 450 3.69 3.17 • . ASBURY RD. TO JFK ROAD 3 12 3 9 3 6 3 3 2. 7.5 4 8 4 24 4 32 5 20 2.5 125 2. 2 3.5 21 3. 10.5 3 9 3 / 9 45.5 150 3.03 150.5 450 3.34 3.27 • • JFK ROAD TO APPROX. STA. 165+00 2 8 2 6 3 6 3 3 1.5 4.5 1.5 3 3.5 21 3.5 28 5 20 2 10 2 0 2 12 2 10 5 15 6 18 30.5 150 2.03 144 450 3.20 2.91 • STA. 165+00 (UNION PARK) TO all 2 8 3 9 4 8 5 5 3 9 4 8 4.5 7 4.5 36 5 20 1.5 .5 1.5 .5 I 6 I 5 2 6 2.5 7.5 35.0 150 2.33 122.5 450 2.72 2.63 • STA. 165+00 (SHOOTING CLUB) TO 25 0 3 9 5 0 6 6 2 6 2 4 4 4 4 32 5 20 2.5 25 2.5 25 1.5 9 1.5 7.5 5 15 5 15 45.0 150 3.00 147.5 450 3.28 3.21 41/ ASBURY ROAD TO CLAY HILL ROAD 25 0 2 6 2 4 3 3 2 6 2 4 3 18 3 24 2 8 2 10� 2 3 18 3 15 2 6 2 6 33.0 150 2.20 115.0 450 2.56 2.47 • CLAY HILL RD. TO 15 3 12 3 9 6 2 8 8 1 3 5 10 4 24 4 32 5 20 3 15 3 15 9 © 2 10 4 12 5 15 54.0 150 3.60 152 450 3.38 3.43 • • CARTER ROAD EXTENSION 2 8 2 6 I 2 I I I 3 1 2 3 18 3 24 3 15 1 5 1 5 2 12 2 10 2,,/2/ 6 6 22.0 150 1.47 101 450 2.24 2.05 • • GRANDVIEW EXTENSION 3 2 3 9 3 6 3 3 5 5 5 10 4 24 4 32 5 20 2 10 2 10 4 24 4 20 g6 55.0 150 3.67 155 450 3.44 3.50 • 32ND STREET EXTENSION >"" 2 39 36 33 12 48 24 32 20 315 315 24 20 :://2/// 2 39 50.0 150 3.33 171 450 3.80 3.68 • • • F32ND ROM STREET W TO CENTRALLANE GRANDVIEWIDENING ill 48 5 5 318 20 3 618 18 21.5 90 2.39 74 200 3.70 3.29 • • JFK WIDENING - 2 LANE SPRING VALLEY TO DERBY GRANGE �2 V 8 4 8 3 9 3 18 3 15 18 4 / 1 112 25.0 90 2.78 63 200 3.15 3.03 • JFK WIDENING - 2 LANE SPRING VALLEY TO ARTERIAL 3 12 4 8 4.5 3.5 4 24 35 165 4 24 3 9 33.5 90 3.72 73.5 200 3.68 3.69 • JFK PENNSYLVANNA T- 2 LANE O HILLCREST :/2/1( 4 8 4445 12 24 20 30 528.0 15 90 3.11 89 200 4.45 4.03 • • JFK PENNSYLLVANIA TOG - LHNLLCREST E ONLY 416 51100 412 30 6 30 515 38.0 90 4.22 105 200 5.25 4.93 0 0 0 CRESCENT RIDGE 3 12 2 6 4 8 4 4 yy 4 yr5 24 20 10 2 10 4 24 4 20 4.5 35 4 12 47.0 150 3.13 175.5 450 3.90 3.7f • ELEMENT INCLUDED IN FINAL EVALUATION O OPTIONAL ELEMENT EVALUATION PERIOD: SHORT - 0-5 YEARS MEDIUM - 5-20 YEARS LONG - 20-50 YEARS TABLE 70. AESTHETIC EVALUATION BY SYSTEM ELEMENT UTE RATING RATING TOTALS DESIRABILITY ;T FOR :ORMS RESPECT FOR UNIQUE AREAS DRIVERS' EXPERIENCE SECTIONAL ROUTE OA + ( © + 0 )x.1 TOTAL RATING 1 0 6 5 0 3 3 0 TOTAL 0 RATING POSSIBLE RATING OA ©x .I TOTAL RATING POSSIBLE RATING 0 ©e - x � E 2 Csx J o to o w i 2 Csx J o En o w i 2 o J TOTAL POSSIBLE x .I 1/1/5 X4' 420 412 39 60.5 150 4.03 185 450 4.11 4.09 10 4 24 4 20 2 6 2 6 24.0 150 1.60 166 450 3.69 3.17 X 125 3.5 21 3. 10.5 3 9 3 9 45.5 150 3.03 150.5 450 3.34 3.27 z 0 2 12 2 10 5 15 6 18 30.5 150 2.03 144 450 3.20 2.91 5� I 6 I 5 2 6 2.5 7.5 35.0 150 2.33 122.5 450 2.72 2.63 5 25 1.5 9 1.5 7.5 5 15 5 15 45.0 150 3.00 147.5 450 3.28 3.21 2/ 10 3 18 15 � 2 /6/6 33.0 150 2.20 115.0 450 2.56 2.47 3 �� )/)/' 15 54.0 150 3.60 152 450 3.38 3.43 12 10 XX 22.0 150 I.47 101 450 2.24 2.05 210 /424 420 3 2/ / g 55.0 150 3.67 155 450 3.44 3.50 3 15 24 20 2 X 50.0 150 3.33 171 450 3.80 3.68 X8 X 21.5 90 2.39 74 200 3.70 3.29 ' A2 25.0 90 2.78 63 200 3.15 3.03 X 33.5 90 3.72 73.5 200 3.68 3.69 /3/0 //I/5 28.0 90 3.11 89 200 4.45 4.03 5/ �30 /'S / 38.0 90 4.22 105 200 5.25 4.93 2 10 4 24 4 20 4.5 35 4 12 47.0 150 3.13 175.5 450 3.90 3.71 tT - 0-5 YEARS IUM - 5-20 YEARS - 20-50 YEARS IN BY SYSTEM ELEMENT most impact. These older high -density residential areas line streets that existed in the last century. Little or no buffers exist between residence and existing street. Table 70 presents sectional and route ratings and Table 71 summarizes the evaluation. The overall negative rating (5.0 is neutral) reflects the visual incompatibility of the proposed road with future residential areas of the corridor and the short-range environmental damage of all alternates. TABLE 71 SUMMARY OF AESTHETIC EVALUATION System Desirability (1-10) Arterial System And Street Total Extensions Widening System Street Widening 2.05 3.45 3.10 Shooting Club Hollow 3.36 4.32 3.52 Union Park Hollow 3.26 Rupp Hollow 3.15 3.97 3.50 4.41 3.39 -217- Summary A summary of the desirability ratings for all factors appears in Table 72. These were weighted with values from the community survey (see Evaluation and Summary Section for Methodology). Considering all factors, the Rupp Hollow and Union Park Hollow Alternates are considered the least desirable, while Street Widening is considered the most desirable. DESIRABILITY RATING MATRIX FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -218- Unweighted Desirability Ratings 0_ 0 CL r- CY 0 0 0 -14 •r $- — C /c O O0_= n lO r- Ln C) CO LO 1-. co LO LC) LI) co lfl 00 N N c0 n ko n d- cO O 0l .--4 CO in M O M d L() r, N Li") 00 N C) 01 n h N. CO LC) ct N- - LO • CO CO LO • (.0 LO - C) Ln O ON C:) ON C� h 1— N. I— LO c0 d- lD d- r-1 O I-. LO Ol Ol O) O) d- CO O) O LO LC) .--1 1-1 .--1 N n co. l0 0) co co c0 10 10 O CO O O O LC) O N .--1 LC) O r r1 LO 10 d' • d" N Cr) d' C) 01 N. N. d- O O O O O 01 Ol Cy) n cn LC) CO LC) LO •� N N d• CO d• 00) c0 My O LO d' C) LO C▪ O d d d V d• CO d Cr) d- O O O O O I- 00 - O LC) LC) L.0 ri LO d" d- LC) d- LC) Cr' cf d' CO N O O .-1 N N N O O LO LO 1.0 r-. CO 00 CO N Cr) ri r1 .-i 1-1 ri .-1 Water Quality C 0 0 •r O) 4-) PO f0 C 0) 4-) (0 • r V) 0) C (C) •r O O S- 0 0) (0 C) U -219- Geology -Soils Aesthetics Parks and Recreation SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS This section of the report is concerned with the direct and indirect sociological benefits or losses to the City of Dubuque with respect to the various alternates. The report begins by presenting an overview of selected demographic data for the North-West Arterial study corridor, and is then followed by a discussion of the evaluation methodology used in assessing the sociological effects of each alternate. The report con- cludes with an evaluation of the alternates with respect to neighborhoods, housing units, and population affected, ethnic enclaves, schools and school attendance boundary lines, churches, and cultural and social sites. Study Corridor To facilitate the discussion which follows, reference will be made to Census Tracts within the study corridor. Census Tracts are small areas into which large cities and adjacent areas have been divided for statis- tical purposes. Tract boundaries have been established cooperatively by local committees and the U.S. Bureau of Census. Tracts are generally designed to be relatively uniform with respect to population character- istics, economic status, and living conditions. Tract boundaries are established with the intention of being maintained over a long time so that comparisons may be made from census to census. Within Dubuque County, the U.S. Bureau of Census has established 15 ■ -220- census tracts. Of this number, two are within (or partially within) the study area of the North-West Arterial; Census Tracts 11 and 101. The boundary lines of these and other tracts are shown in Figure 39. Table 73 provides selected demographic data for people living in the study area. As these data indicate, approximately 46 percent of the population is under 18 years of age, 46.9 percent between 18 and 64, while TABLE 73 SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FOR PEOPLE LIVING IN STUDY AREA BY CENSUS TRACT 11 101 Total Total population 5,369 3,148 8,517 Under 18 years of age 2,523 1,417 3,940 65 years old and older 131 455 586 Black 1 1 2 Spanish 31 5 36 Foreign born 46 24 70 Foreign stock 272 178 450 6.9 percent are 65 years old or older. Regarding ethnic background, less than one-half of one percent of the total population in the study area are Black, or of Spanish heritage. The Black population in the study area constitutes two percent of the total Black population in Dubuque, while people of Spanish heritage constitute 17.9 percent of the total Spanish heritage population in the City. -221- ■ ise ,J FIG. 39. CENSUS TRACT BOUNDARY LINES. 1 SCALE IN MILES LEGEND 90 CENSUS TRACT NUMBER CENSUS TRACT BOUNDARY I SCALE IN MILES LEGEND 90 CENSUS TRACT NUMBER CENSUS TRACT BOUNDARY With regard to educational background, approximately 61 percent of the population in the study area 25 years old or older have completed four years of high school, with the median number of school years com- pleted for this same group being 12,3. Approximately 33 percent of the population in the study area are currently enrolled in school. Table 74 provides additional school enrollment data for persons 3 to 34 years old in the study area. Table 75 provides selected information for families within the study area by Census Tract. As the data indicate, there are 1,953 families in the study area, representing approximately 14 percent of all the families in Dubuque. Table 76 also provides information, by Census Tract, showing the percent of families in which a female is head of the family, as well as percent of families whose income is estimated to be below the poverty level. Data regarding broad categories of workers and mode of trans- portation to work are shown in Table 76. The "median income for families and unrelated individuals" shown in Table 76 is an estimate based on 1969 census data and increased by 50 percent to reflect increased income between 1969 and 1977. The broad categories of workers reported in Table 76 represent approximately 13 percent of all workers, 16 years old and older, in Dubuque. There are approximately 2,141 year-round housing units in the study area, This figure represents 11.9 percent of all year-round housing units in Dubuque. As Table 77 indicates, 87.2 percent of the year-round housing units in the study area are owner -occupied, 10.1 percent are renter -occupied, and 2.7 percent are vacant. The "median value of owner - occupied" and "median rent of renter -occupied" housing units shown in -223- TABLE 74 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND SELECT EDUCATIONAL DATA FOR CENSUS TRACT IN STUDY AREA Percent Total Popu- lation in Census Census Tract Enrolled 11 101 Census Tract 34.6 30.8 Persons 3 to 34 Years Old Enrolled in School Percent by Category by Census Tract High Nursery Kindergarten Elementary School College Number of Families .4 .1 7.1 2.3 63.9 24.1 21.2 6.2 TABLE 75 SELECTED FAMILY DATA BY CENSUS TRACTS IN STUDY AREA Percent of All Families In Study Dubuque Area 11 101 Census Tract 1,229 724 62.9 8.9 37.1 5.3 With Children Under 18 Years 4.5 1.0 Persons 25 Years and Older Medium Percent School High School Completed Graduates 12.4 65.6 12.1 53.5 Percent of All Families in Census Tract Whose Income With Female Is Below As Head of Poverty Level Household 72.0 .8 3.9 65.6 6.2 4.1 III III III 111 II 'III TABLE 76 SELECTED OCCUPATIONAL, INCOME, AND TRANSPORTATION BY CENSUS TRACTS IN STUDY AREA Percent of All Workers In Dubuque "White Collar" "Blue Collar" Median Income For Families and Unrelated Individuals Mode of Transportation to Work by Census Tract Private Mass Trans- Work At Auto portation Walk Home 11 101 8.4 45.5 54.5 $ 17,255 4.8 36.8 63.2 14,349 88.1 1.4 89.6 .3 5.7 2.1 3.3 5.3 TABLE 77 SELECTED HOUSING DATA BY CENSUS TRACTS IN STUDY AREA Census Tract Total Number of Year -Round Housing Units Owner- Renter - Occupied Occupied Median Median Value of Owner- Rent of Renter - Vacant Occupied Units Occupied Units 11 101 1,295 846 1,175 691 100 117 20 38 $ 38,150 35,175 $ 233 130 Year Structure Built N N W W co m at W 1-- U W J W rn rn rn 1.51 or more E 0 0 0 N 0 s N N U N M CO r'r- 00 N LO o Ln N OD Cr) ,-4 -226- Table 77 are an estimate based on 1970 Census and increased by 75 percent to reflect increased housing costs in Dubuque. Table 78 provides additional data for housing units within the study area. Evaluation Methodology Various techniques were used in order to evaluate and anticipate the effects of the various alternates on the sociological factors under con- sideration. These techniques consisted of both quantitative and quali- tative measures. Generally speaking, the disruption of any social factor as a result of an alternate was considered a negative effect, while the enhancement of any social factor was considered a positive effect. The techniques used in the evaluation process are discussed below. Field Observation The field observation consisted of community and neighborhood on - site visits by members of the Planning Team. Land use characteristics were observed and recorded for various sections along the North-West Arterial. Both land and aerial photographs were taken for segments of each section. 0n-site visits were used to determine the proportion of mixed land usage, proportion of undeveloped land area, density of population, age of dwellings in area, location of social institutions, and location of neighborhood boundaries. These observations were aug- mented with city, county, and census printed data. Demarcation of Neighborhoods Attempts were made by members of the Planning Team to determine the existence and boundaries of viable neighborhoods. Traditionally, the delineation of neighborhood boundary lines has been a problem in social impact assessment. There are a number of social factors that come to -227- mind when one thinks of the term "neighborhood." Some neighborhoods are congeries, some are ethnic enclaves, while others are social aggregates. Many neighborhoods are stable while others are in a process of change. Some neighborhoods are made up predominantly of elderly people, while others are predominantly younger people. Differentiations in neighbor- hoods cut across a variety of social factors and because of this, oper- ational definitions become somewhat difficult to formulate. Hill and Frankland (1967), Burkhardt (1971), Marshall Kaplan, Gans and Kahn (1972) and others have noted the difficulties in providing a valid definition for the term "neighborhood." Hill and Frankland have stated that a neighborhood . . . is a geographical area in which certain patterns of behavior are common and predominate. The boundaries of neighbor hood are not fixed, but fluid. In some instances, physical or zoning features provide a sharp line of demarcation for neighborhood. More often, however, no sharp distinction exists. Consequently, residents tend to define neighborhood boundaries in terms of major streets and highways . . . As a result, the "wall" around any neighborhood consists of major streets which isolate and insulate the neighborhood from the "alien" influences of other neighborhoods. However, not all people live in such neighborhoods. Many live in neighborhoods of great cultural diversity, where no pattern of behavior either dominates or is most common. It is a . . . neighborhood of acculturation rather than cultural continuity. In fact, most neighborhoods probably fall on a continuum somewhere between these extremes (p. 36). Realizing the problems involved in developing a workable definition for the term neighborhood, three means were used in an attempt to identify the existence and boundaries of neighborhoods in the study corridor: 1) observational methods of demarcation; 2) demographic delineation; and 3) a modified survey approach. Regarding the survey approach, neighborhood boundary lines were included in a question in the Community Household Survey. -228-- Aside from these factors, the Planning Team felt it essential to determine whether any of the alternates would change the character of neighborhoods. The word "character" is here defined as a quality, trait or attribute which serves to indicate the nature of a neighborhood. Im- plied in this definition are such things as standards of conduct, motives, habits, sentiments, ideals and values of neighborhood residents neighbor- hood cohesion (consisting of the behavioral and perceptual relationships* that exist quality of uniqueness definable, among neighborhood residents) as well as the overall economic a neighborhood. The sum of these confer distinctiveness and or what is here called "character." Although the term is easily an exhaustive methodology must be employed in order toaccurately measure the "character" of neighborhoods. It is beyond the scope of this study to engage such a methodology, nevertheless, an attempt, using avail- able data, was made to measure the character of neighborhoods affected by the alternates. Residential Stability Hill and Frankland (1967) have developed an indicator (called a Mobility Index (MI)) that measures the stability of a neighborhood in terms of "population mobility" and "propensity to change." The indicator *Behavior relationships are exhibited in interaction such as visiting, use of local facilities, and participation in local organizations; percep- tual relationships involve psychological identification with the neighbor- hood, commitment to the neighborhood, and positive evaluation of the neighborhood. -229- is in the form of a numerical index and is calculated using the following formula: MI = PM + PC where: PM (Population Mobility) _ (1) the percent of persons five years old and older who occupy the same residence (household) for a consecutive five-year period, and (2) of the housing units built 20 years prior to the base year of the calculation, the percent occupied by the same household since that time. PC (Propensity to change) = (1) the percent of housing units which are single-family residences, and (2) the percent pf housing units which are owner -occupied. "Population mobility" and "propensity to change" measure the stability of a neighborhood, and " . . to the degree that population in a neighbor- hood is stable, the cultural patterns of that neighborhood can be expected to be continuous, persistent and enduring" (Hill and Frankland, 1967, p. 37).* The validity of the foregoing hypothesis has been substantiated by Burkhardt (1971). Mobility Indices are calculated on the smallest geographical unit for which data are available. A high MI (the maximum being 400) indicates a very stable neighborhood whereas a low MI (the minimum being 0) usually *Hill and Frankland have also developed a three -factor index based on owner -occupied housing itears1single-family threeresidences, ndexand isprecommended in the same household over fivey where limited data are available; the four factor index will be used in this report. -230- ■ ■ (though not always) indicates considerable mobility and change (or "turn- over"). Mobility Indices have been calculated for the two Census Tracts in the study area and are reported in Table 79, and will be discussed in more detail in the neighborhood evaluation which follows. TABLE 79 PROPENSITY TO CHANGE, POPULATION MOBILITY, AND MOBILITY INDEX BY CENSUS TRACTS IN STUDY AREA Census Tract Propensity to Change Single- gwner- family Occupied Residence Population Mobility Population Household same Same Mobility as 1965 as 1949 Index 11 90.7 94.1 101 81.7 62,1 4.0 95.1 52.7 250.9 9.2 238.7 Age Distribution of Area Residents An analysis Qf the age cistributiop,of the study area was made in order to assess the degree of identification and ties to residential areas. Research indicates that an "immediate neighborhood" is relatively important to senior adults and to younger children because of neighboring practices. There are indications (Keller, 1968; Speare, 1974; and Carp, 1971) that people between the ages of 18 and 55 may be more isolated from their neighborhoods than the very young or the very old. A "Dependency Ratio" (DR) was used to analyze the age distribution of residents living in the study area. The formula for DR is: -231- DR - (%R16) + (%R60+) AC where: %R16 = percent of residents in the study area under 16 years of age. %R60+ = percent of residents in the study area 60 years old and older. AC = (Active Population), total population between the ages of 16 and 59. The higher the DR, the greater the likelihood that the very young and the very old are "dependent" upon the neighborhood. The Dependency Ratios for Census Tracts 11 and 101 were low (.91 and .97 respectively). Pedestrian Dependency Marshall Kaplan, Gans and Kahn (1972) have developed a "Social Feas- ibility Model" relative to highway corridor locations and neighborhoods. This model includes, among other things, "general pedestrian dependency" (GPD) activities, and "neighborhood pedestrian dependency" (NPD) activ- ities. The GPD is presented in the form of a score and reflects the proportion of neighborhood households that do not have automobiles and may lack the financial means to rely on private transportation. The NPD is an indicator of the dependency in walking to stores, schools, social institutions and activity centers in the neighborhood. General Pedestrian Dependency, Neighborhood Pedestrian Dependency, and overall Pedestrian Dependency (PD) scores have been calculated for the two Census Tracts in the study area. The formulae for arriving at the various scores are shown below, while the scores are reproduced in Table 80. -232- ■ ■ ■ ■ General Pedestrian Dependency (GPD) GPD =0.p•I where: yf = the proportion of households in the neighborhood having no automobiles p = the average number of persons per household in the neighborhood I = median household income for the city i = median household income for neighborhood High GPD numbers indicate high level of dependency, and the relative dependency level of various neighborhoods can be evaluated by comparing their GPD rating. A neighborhood with a high GPD will have a relatively large proportion of households which have no automobiles and have low incomes (Marshall Kaplan, Gans and Kahn, 1972, p. 24). School Pedestrian Dependency (SPD) SPD = where: s = number of kindergarten and elementary school -age children in the neighborhoods n = total neighborhood population The above formula . . . "will produce SPD numbers ranging from 0.00 to 1.00. The higher the SPD rating, the more dependent the on routes of pedestrian access to schools." This formula . on the recognition that kindergarten and elementary schools neighborhood . . "is based have smaller service areas, and that their pupils are more dependent on routes of pedestrian access than students who attend junior and senior high schools and are more often bused to and from school" (Marshall Kaplan, Gans and Kahn, 1972, p. 26). -233- Local Shopping Pedestrian Dependency (LSPD) LSPD = h•p+e N where: h = the number of households in the neighborhood having no automobiles p = the average number of persons per household in the neighborhood e = the number of people 64 years old and older in the neighborhood N = the total neighborhood population This formula . . . "will produce LSPD numbers ranging from 0.00 to 2.00. The higher the LSPD rating, the more dependent the neighborhood on routes of pedestrian access to local shopping facilities. . . This computation is based on the assumption that 'neighborhood" shopping facilities rely much more heavily on pedestrian routes of acces than city-wide shopping areas" (Marshall Kaplan, Gans and Kahn, 1972, p, 27). Social Institution Pedestrian Dependency (SIPD) SIPD + t+f+b where: t = the number of persons who have resided in the neighborhood for ten or more years* f = the number of persons of foreign stock in the neighborhood b = the number of Black persons in the neighborhood N = total neighborhood population *Data for "t" (specifically ten (10) years or more) were not readily available for Census Tracts in the study area. The SIPD shown in Table reflects a modified "t," where t = the number of persons who resided in the neighborhood since 1965. -234- O CO LU 1- V) CC V) V) z Ls-1 C-) >- CO V) LiJ LA-1 CC O >- Cn CD >- F- L) V) z L.LJ Z W tZ W Z CZ F- V) ICJ Li.! r O r C S-CvCU d-) "O S- N O CU CU U TS C1N CU CL) CL-o • C °1IV •r C W • -00 N -n C_ ra_ co C� U r- •r C O S- W O -1-) -CS C) • Tf 0- CU W CL.o C >) rt5 •r C rCS S- S -CD W u C CU CU -CS C1 C� CU Q) ao N 0) v L0 co Cif CV C31 CT CV LC) LC) M C O O LC) CO • Cr) CV CV Cy') CSl O O ri r--1 r1 O -235- This formula . . . "will produce SIPD numbers ranging from 0.00 to 2.00. The higher the SIPD rating, the more dependent the neighborhoods on routes of pedestrian access to local social institutions. The SIPD rating is based on evidence that long-time area residents and those resi- dents who are members pf ethnic and racial minorities ere likely to be dependent upon various neighborhood social institutions which strengthen each resident's special sense of community through ethnic or racial identification" (Marshall Kaplan, Gans and Kahn, 1972, p. 27). Other Methods of Assessment In addition to field observations, survey techniques, and the quantitative indices discussed above, the evaluation methodology also included meetings and communications with regional and local planning agencies, school officials, and residents living within the survey area. The major concern of the social impact assessment was the overall welfare of the people and social institutions of Dubuque. Evaluation of Alternates The evaluation of alternates consists of two parts. First, each alternate is discussed in relation to neighborhoods, housing units, and population affected, schools and school attendance boundary lines, churches, and cultural and social centers. This is then followed by an overall evaluation of each alternate and calculation of corresponding Desirability Ratings. Neighborhoods and Housing Units Affected Neighborhoods As the reader will recall, of the 15 Census Tracts in the Dubuque -236T area, the North-West Alternate traverses fwg Tracts, 11 and F: Within the study area within Tract 101 there are no "neighborhoods" (as the term is defined in this report). There is one neighborhood, though, that is outside of Tract 101 yet is immediately adjacent to and east 'of the North - South Segment (of the Rupp Hollow Alternate). The neighborhood, known as the Mattel -Byrne Addition, is located north of Pennsylvania Avenue on the westerly boundary of Census Tract 12. This is a relatively-new.neighhor- hood and because is this, current Census data is not available for calc- ulating residential stability and pedestrian dependency. An onit:e field survey of the neighborhood, coupled with data collected from the Community Survey, gives the impression that this neighborhood would have an average Mobility Index and a relatively low Pedestrian Dependency Score. Within the study area within Tract 11 there is nne neir,i 'hand immediately adjacent to both the Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates. This neighborhood, known as the Scenic Heights Addition, is -located east of J. F. Kennedy Road and north of 32nd Street:. This neighborhood has an average Mobility Index (238.71 and a Pedestrian Dependency Score of .923. None of the altern bisects thee' two neighborhoods. Witt the exception of visibility and noise levels, none of the alternates disrupts established neighborhoods.* Housing Units An on -site field survey was conducted to determine the numher and *Visibility and noise effects are discussed elsewhere in this volume. -237- types of housing units which would be displaced for the various alternates. Table 81 provides a summary of the total number of housing units dis- placed for each alternate by Census Tract. This table also shows the proportion of housing units displaced from the total stock of year-round housing units in each Census Tract. Table 82 provides additional housing data for each alternate in relation to type of housing units (i.e., owner- and renter -occupied). The "average value" and "average contract rent" shown in this table are estimates based on 1970 Census and increased by 75 percent to reflect increased housing costs since 1970. As these data indicate, the total number of year-round housing units for the four alternates range from 2 (in the Shooting Club Alternate) to 19 (in the Rupp Hollow Alternate). This displacement involves less than one-half of one percent to 0.1 percent of the total number of year-round housing units in Dubuque. As Table 82 indicates, each alternate displaces proportionally more owner -occupied than renter - occupied housing units. Population Affected Census and City Directory data (updated with demographic information collected during the Community Survey) were used in order to determine the number of people who would have to be relocated for each alternate. Total Population Table 83 provides data for the estimated number of people to be relocated for the various alternates. As this table indicates, the estimated total population to be relocated ranges from 8 (for the Shooting Club Alternate) to 73 for the Rupp Hollow alternate. -238- D LAJ J Ct_ cm F- L.) CO (n (3 w o >- CO ‹L CO(n I— W CD • <17 2 W >- d U._>-- O CO ITS 0 1- (71 0 w- >-� 0 C� I D } al 0 w�J CO ✓ 4 M ^( N C.) 0 F-- -239- year-round Renter -Occupied Owner -Occupied .• 0 h-• 0 CY) . CO d• CO a) o OLf) OLC) OLf) 0) a) O Lf) )\ m n Lf) «) = CV CO 1•--1 Lf) rC CO r+ a) crs » M M CO CO Cr) ¢ 44 W SA CIS- E sr°...n 0 LO • LO CD > = u LC7 LC) ¢ z - 0 4-) : C) : •- • ri ri U a) its iU i r'C • W i— n_ 4- ccS -) CO • 0 •--t • t0 CO LC) LC) rC ,--- • CV 0 CT r• C •r - 0 C O S w ........ `U C) i +O-) 3 C7) its (0 C C1 C N 4--) •r C w V) L) (L) -1 1--4 0 •--+ 1--4 0 4-) C R3 i .--I O O •--4 O •r• r a) i +-) ri - rl C < (-) 1-• V) V) -240- r♦ C.000 • t LC) LC) 4< 4< ri Lf) 0 •r U • N -0 a) -N U U 4-) 0 N ccs a) 0 0) a) a) • +- ) 0 a) 4- 0) 0 r0 i TS a) 0 > -C a) E C� 0 E C O Alternate TABLE 83 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PEOPLE TO BE RELOCATED FOR VARIOUS ALTERNATES Total Under 62 Years Population 18 Years and Over Street Widening 50 23 Shooting Club 8 4 Union Park Hollow 12 6 Rupp Hollow 73 31 3 1 Ethnic Enclaves For purposes of this study, an "ethnic enclave" is a distinct district in Dubuque in which the population is characterized by unity of race, nationality, or culture, thereby setting it apart from other parts of the city. Several techniques were used in order to identify such enclaves. An Index of Qualitative Variation for Ethnicity was calculated for the study area in addition to an assessment of the number of foreign born and foreign stock within neighborhoods, and an examination of Social Insti- tution Pedestrian Dependency (SIPD) ratings. As the reader will recall (see "Evaluation Methodology"), SIPD ratings reflect the belied "that long-time area residents who are members of ethnic and racial minorities are likely to be dependent upon various neighborhood social institutions which strengthen each resident's special sense of community through ethnic or racial identification" (Marshall Kaplan, Gans and Kahn, 1972, p. 27). The reader is reminded that SIPD ratings and the model from which they are based have had limited empirical testing and therefore should be considered "rough" approximations. -241- None of the alternates bisects areas with high ethnic concentrations. No ethnic enclaves are affected by any of the alternates. The Index of Qualitative Variation for Ethnicity for the Census Tracts that the alternates traverse were low, indicating that the tracts evidence homo- geneous ethnic concentrations (primarily Anglo). Elderly and Low Income The estimated number of people 62 years old and older who will have to be relocated for each of the various alternates was reported in Table 80, previously cited. As these data indicate, tide estimated total number of senior adults ranges from none for the Shooting Club Alternate to 4 for the Rupp Hollow Alternate. Table 84 proyides data regarding the estimated number of households to be relocated (by alternate) whose income is below the poverty level. As these data indicate, the number of households range from none (for the Shooting Club and Union Park Hollow Alternates) to 1 for the Street Widening and Rupp Hollow Alternates. The method used in calculating these TABLE 84 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS TO BE RELOCATED WHOSE INCOME IS BELOW POVERTY LEVEL BY ALTERNATES Alternate Number of Households Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 1 0 0 1 -242- data consisted of estimating the number of households displaced by each alternate by Census Tract, then multiplying this figure by the proportion of households in the Tract whose income is below poverty level as reported by the Census Bureau. The reader is reminded that this is a rough approx- imation of the number of low-income households affected. Schools and School Attendance Boundary Lines For purposes of this study, a school is defined as an institution for the teaching of education to children and adults. Specifically, the term will be used when speaking of primary, secondary, and post -secondary ed- ucation. Further, such institutions have established buildings, a faculty and administrative staff, and are financed either in part or in whole by public and/or private funds. The following factors were studied in the evaluation of the alternate alignments in relation to schools: 1) Number and type of schools displaced, 2) Changes in attendance boundary lines, 3) Number of students displaced from schools as a result of right-of-way acquisition, 4) Intermption or modification of busing patterns, 5) Interruption of modification of school pedestrian dependency activities, 6) School pedestrian safety, and 7) Proximity of alternates to schools. As an aid in the evaluation discussion which follows, Figures 40 and 41 show school locations and attendance boundary lines for public primary and secondary schools in Dubuque, while Figure 42 shows the location of private educational institutions. Schools Displaced None of the alternates displaces schools. -243- Changes in Attendance Boundary Lines As the reader will note (See Figs. 40 and 41), the various alternates traverse a number of public elementary, junior and senior high attendance areas. It is not expected that any of the alternates will bring a change in boundary lines for the public schools in Dubuque. Number of Students Displaced Table 85 provides data on the estimated number of elementary students displaced from Fulton, Eisenhower, Hoover, and Kennedy schools; schools whose attendance areas are traversed by the alternates. It should be noted that these data are approximations and may be slighly inflated because of the method of calculation. The word "displaced" should be thought of figuratively; in that the term assumes that the parents Of these children would not relocate within the same school attendance areas; an assumption that is not necessarily valid. As these data indicate, the estimated number of public elementary school children affected ranges from 2 (for the Shooting Club Alternate) to 16 (for the Rupp Hollow Alternate. School Busing Patterns None of the alternates negatively affect current or anticipated busing patterns. The alternates could, in certain situations, enhance busing practices by utilization of the proposed highway for selected trips within certain areas of the city. School Pedestrian Safety All of the North-West Arterial alignments enhance school pedestrian safety by removing potential hazards such as increased traffic on -244- FtG. 40. PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE CENTERS AND BOUNDARY LINES. SCALE IN MILES I FIG. 40, PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE CENTERS AND BOUNDARY LINES. LEGEND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE CENTER SCHOOL ATTENDANCE BOUNDARY 1 ■ 111 AseuRy- A } KENNEDY HEMPSTEA SR. FIG. 41. PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE CENTERS AND BOUNDARY LINES. O 1 SCALE IN MILES r LEGEND SR. JR. MN MN BM MN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH ATTENDANCE CENTER BOUNDARY JUNIOR HIGH ATTENDANCE CENTER BOUNDARY 0 FIG. 42. PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. SCALE IN MILES LEGEND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS PAROCHIAL INSTITUTIONS 1. HOLY GHOST CATHOLIC SCHOOL 2. HOLY TRINITY CATHOLIC SCHOOL 3. RESURRECTION SCHOOL 4. SACRED HEART SCHOOL 5. ST. ANTHONY'S CATHOLIC SCHOOL 6. ST. COLUMBKILLE'S CATHOLIC SCHOOL 7. ST. JOSEPH CATHOLIC SCHOOL 8. ST. MARY'S SCHOOL 1600 WHITE - 1501 JACKSON 9. ST. PATRICK'S CATHOLIC SCHOOL 10. WAHLERT HIGH SCHOOL II. LORAS COLLEGE 12.. WARTBURG THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 13. ST. MARY'S ORPHANAGE 14. MT. ST. BERNARD SEMINARY 15. ST. ROSE PRIORY I6. CLARKE COLLEGE 17. ST. DOMINI VILLA 18. MT. CARMEL 19. MT. ST. FRANCIS 20. MT. LORETTA CONVENT N CO • 2 y-I-i t--13-I DO D-1 -Icn -1-i -I Z. Drn 00 . • a. . =1Yr •. . <K O -i D O RI 0, 0 0 N m D D O O D O a y� 0 mm 3 A -1 A I- , m S -IT; O m -c O KS=0A_=y nnm 'a �'xm N aK n 0O0 0AO(Onx N NM -1r N a =a r`''<oio <i o mnnnnx Y 0O .0-al O 000-ai 0=0 mca,g c__Noog000 y h O O h x h K 3 L O O m. 0 n " 0 0 �cm-No -7 ram h = O SNOI10111SN1 1VIH00HVd S100HOS 1VIH3O8Vd S311W NI 31VDS WI SOIL Mt tia mit Iva At Mt in TABLE 85 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN DISPLACED BY ALTERNATES BY SCHOOL* Alternate 1977 Street Shooting Union Park Rupp School Enrollment Widening Club Hollow Hollow Hoover 408 Kennedy 753 Eisenhower 545 1 1 Sageville 523 5 1 2 16 Fulton 499 1 Total 2,728 6 2 3 16 1 existing streets and highways. None of the alternates should have a negative effect on school pedestrian safety. Proximity of Alternates to Schools None of the alternates are in close proximity to public or private schools. Undeveloped School Property The Dubuque Community School District owns eighty acres of property in the North-West quadrant of Census Tract 11. The land, known as the Tscharner or Old Merritt properties, is west of J. F. Kennedy Road and is traversed by the major artery serving both the Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates. The property was purchased in 1960 for a possible future site of an elementary, junior and senior high school. Plans for a junior and senior high school have now been abandoned by school officials. Current plans are to retain 10-12 acres of this site for an elementary school, should one become necessary in the future. The land traversed by the Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates would not have a negative impact on the 10-12 acres the school district plans to retain. Churches For purposes of this study, a "church" is defined as a building or meeting place which is used primarily for religious activities and which is available to the general public for the purpose of worshipping. Figure 43 shows the location of 12 churches within or near the study area. These churches were located by using U. S. Geological Survey maps, city directories, telephone directories, and field inspection. -249- FIG. 43. CHURCHES LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF THE NORTH-WEST ARTERIAL. 1 O FIG. 43. CHURCHES LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF THE NORTH-WEST ARTERIAL, I SCALE IN MILES ■ LEGEND CHURCH CHURCHES INSIDE PROJECT CORRIDOR HOLY GHOST CATHOLIC CHURCH 2 FAITH UNITED METHODIST CHURCH 3 UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH 4 RESURRECTION CHURCH 5 ASBURY UNITED METHODIST CHURCH 6 OUR REDEEMER LUTHERAN CHURCH 7 ST. PETER'S EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH 8 FRANCISCAN COMMUNITY 9 FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH 10 FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH (SUNDAY SCH. RMS.) II DUBUQUE BIBLE CHURCH 12 CENTER. GROVE UNITED METHODIST CHURCH 1 SCALE IN MILES ■ LEGEND CHURCH CHURCHES IINSIDE PROJECT CORRIDOR HOLY GHOST CATHOLIC CHURCH 2 FAITH UNITED METHODIST CHURCH 3 UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH µ RESURRECTION CHURCH 5 ASBURY UNITED METHODIST CHURCH 6 OUR REDEEMER LUTHERAN CHURCH 7 ST. PETER'S EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH 8 FRANCISCAN COMMUNITY 9 FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH 10 FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH (SUNDAY SCH. RMS.) II DUBUQUE BIBLE CHURCH 12 CENTER GROVE UNITED METHODIST CHURCH Churches Displaced None of the alternates displaces churches. Accessibility Research indicates that, aside for displacement, the chief factors of concern to church officials, when considering the placement of a major highway in relation to existing or proposed church locations, are proximity, accessibility and visibility. Further, "churches serving an entire community appear to be more dependent on visibility and access- ibility than churches serving an immediate area (Federal Highway Admin- istration, 1974, p. 23).* The North -South segment of all alternates should improve the access- ibility to the Resurrection and Asbury United Methodist Churches (Nos. 4 and 5 respectively in Figure 43). Cultural and Social Sites Cultural and social sites are here defined as any site, structure or place where significant community social or cultural activities take place. Included are such things as museums; libraries, cultural, art convention and recreation centers; theatres; and stadiums. The proposed alternate alignments were evaluated in terms of 1) possible displacement of cultural and social sites, and 2) accessibility to such sites. Displacement of Cultural and Social Sites None of the alternates displaces cultural or social sites. *I'A study of churches along the Capitol Beltway around Washington, D.C., shows that there are more interchanges with a church than with a filling station, a motel, a restaurant, a shopping center, or a school. Within a half -mile of the 37 interchanges, there are at least 36 churches. About half of them have been located there since right-of-way acquisition began" (Federal Highway Administration, 1974, p. 23). -251- Accessibility All alternates (with the exception of Street Widening) enhance accessibility to those cultural and social centers located in Dubuque. Availability of Replacement Housing The availability of adequate housing for potential relocatees is an important consideration should any onf of the alternates be adopted. It has been estimated that the current vacancy rate in the City of Dubuque is approximately three percent; 1.6 percent owner -occupied, 5.8 percent renter -occupied. Table 86 provides data regarding the number of owner- and renter - occupied housing units displaced by the various alternates. The table also shows the percent of the total year-round housing stock in the City of Dubuque displaced by each alternate. Examination of these data in TABLE 86 NUMBER OF OWNER- AND RENTER -OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS DISPLACED AND PERCENT OF YEAR-ROUND HOUSING STOCK BY ALTERNATES Alternate Owner -Occupied Renter -Occupied Total Percent of Total Percent of Displaced Year -Round Displaced Year -Round Owner Housing Renter Housing Stock Stock Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow* 13 .11 • 2 .02 • 3 .03 •• 7 .06 3 .06 *Figures do not include nine mobile homes to be relocated. -252- ■ ■ ■ II ■ R ■ A relation to the current vacancy rate cited above reveals that if any one of the alternates were constructed today, the City of Dubuque would have an adequate number of replacement housing units for the socio-economic groups involved. Overall Evaluation of Alternates In the evaluation of the alternate systems the following factors were considered of paramount importance: 1) availability of replacement housing; 2) characteristics of relocatees which may pose special prob- lems; 3) personal adjustments to relocation; 4) creation of neighborhood barriers; 5) ethnic enclaves affected; 6) effects on elderly and low- income people; 7) effects on neighboring practices; and 8) school pedes- trian safety. Also of concern, but to a lesser degree, were effects on school attendance boundary lines, and accessibility to churches and cultural and social sites. Factors such as noise and air pollution, relocation costs, etc., are evaluated elsewhere in this Appendix. Based on the foregoing data and evaluation of alternates, Desir- ability Ratings were calculated for each alternate. These ratings are shown in Tables 87 through 89. It should be noted that none of the alternatesbisects existing neighborhoods or ethnic enclaves, does not require the relocation of large numbers of elderly and low-income people, and does not displace schools, churches or cultural sites. In addition, none of the alternates affect school attendance boundary lines or school busing practices. Street Widening Alternate This alternate displaces 13 housing units in the City of Dubuque; all of which are owner occupied. Of all the alternates, this is the -253- second most disruptive with respect to housing units displaced and number of people to be relocated. Note should be made of the fact that this alternate would require the widening of 32nd Street between Central Street and Grandview Avenue. This widening would tend to have a negative effect on the residents living on the south side of 32nd Street and would no doubt disrupt the existing level of neighborhood stability. This alternate is one of the least desirable alternates with respect to school pedestrian safety, and church and cultural site accessibility Another negative feature of this alternate is its effects on "neighboring" and the degree to which an area is defined as a neighborhood. "Neibhoring" involves the exchange of services, information, and material aid between physically close residents. Neighboring essentially serves to tie residents of an area to each other. Although neighboring practices vary between and within the social classes, Appleyard and Lintell (1971) have demonstrated that neighboring is also affected by the levels of traffic on local streets. They found that in areas where there was moderate to heavy traffic volumes (i.e., 8,000 to 18,000 vehicles per day respectively) there was a decrease in social interaction between neighbors. Inversely, neighboring practices increased on streets with light traffic (2,000 vehicles per day or less). Applying these findings to the Street Widening alternate, it is likely that as traffic volumes increase on local streets in Dubuque, neighboring will decrease. Sociologically speaking, alternate transportation systems which do not directly affect neighboroing practices on a large scale (e.g., mass transit, expressways, etc.) would be more desirable than solutions that may affect such practices. -254- Shooting Club Alternate This alternate displaces two owner -occupied housing units. 0f all the alternates, this is the least disruptive alternate with respect to housing units displaced and number of people to be relocated. The Shooting Club Alternate is one of the more desirable alternates with respect to school pedestrian safety, and church and cultural site accessibility. Union Park Hollow Alternate The Union Park Hollow Alternate displaces three owner -occupied housing units. With respect to numbers of people to be relocated and housing units affected, this is the second most desirable alternate. Like the Shooting Club Alternate, this alternate is more desirable with respect to school pedestrian safety, and church and cultural site accessibility Rupp Hollow Alternate 0f the four alternates studies, the Rupp Hollow Alternate is the least desirable with respect to housing units displaced and people to be relocated. This alternate displaces a total of 19 housing units; seven owner -occupied, three renter -occupied, and nine mobile homes. Although the alternate is least desirable with respect to housing units displaced and people having to be relocated, it is one of the more desirable alternates with respect to school pedestrian safety, and church and cultural site accessibility. Desirability Ratings Based on the above data, Desirability Ratings were calculated for each alternate. As the data indicate, see Table 90, the most desirable -255- alternate with respect to sociological factors is the Shooting Club Alternate, followed by the Union Park Hollow Alternate. The least desirable is the Rupp Hollow Alternate. TABLE 87 DESIRABILITY RATINGS BASED ON NEIGHBORHOODS, HOUSING UNITS, AND POPULATIONS AFFECTED Desirability Alternate Rating Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow TABLE 88 1.75 4.75 4.00 1.50 DESIRABILITY RATINGS BASED ON SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE BOUNDARY LINES AFFECTED Desirability Alternate Rating Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow -256- 4.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Alternate TABLE 89 DESIRABILITY RATINGS BASED ON CHURCHES, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SITES AFFECTED Desirability Rating Street Widening Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Rupp Hollow 4.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 These desirability ratings were then weighted using weight factors from the Community Survey. Evaluation methodology is explained in Summary and Methodology Section. Overall, the Shooting Club Alternate is the most de- sirable and Street Widening is the least desirable (Table 90). -257- DESIRABILITY RATING MATRIX FOR SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Unweighted Desirability Ratings Cr) O O 01 O d• ce) C)• Cr) rl lD d .-i co c' o Lo O d M oo L C) O O O CO L,D d M 1� ; rl LO LC) d' O O LC) Lt) LC) N N O O O O LC) O O LC) SO d O O O M O O O CO 1.C) L O O O co 1� O O L1•) d' LC; LD L[) LS) O O LA t\ O O CV ▪ CO N O LC) LLJ O 01 0 C-U Q N .--1 e--1 CY Lt.I Q O C - C O C RD N 4-> O (6 O r cl S = i. C1 = o O +3 N VS Q r N -CI = O -o U •r O c (/) S- Or- 0 N N N co 4-) r .0 ..- .c--- 0 U U p) C 0 S_ O •r O -C = V) a) 0 - Z V) C.) -258- HISTORIC AND CULTURAL SITES Sites of historic, architectural and cultural significance occurring in alternate alignments are described and illustrated in the Environmental Impact Statement (pages 168 through 175). Evaluation of alternate systems is incomplete at this time, as certain elements of the system (32nd Street Widening, Carter Road Extension and Grandview Extension) are still being researched by the State Archaeologist's office. STAGING The construction of the North-West Arterial in either of the Rupp Hollow, Union Park Hollow or Shooting Club Alternates may be accomplished in various phases or stages. Other than constructing the facility initially in its entirety, three possible staging schemes are as follows: 1. Construct the North-West Arterial from U.S. Highway 20 to John F. Kennedy Road in the initial stage, followed by the portion between John F. Kennedy Road and U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3. 2. Construct the North-West Arterial from U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3 to John F. Kennedy Road initially, followed by the portion between John F. Kennedy Road and U.S. Highway 20. 3. Initially, construct two lanes of the North-West Arterial from U.S. Highway 20 to John F. Kennedy Road and the full four -lane facility from John F. Kennedy Road to U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3. Initial Stage Construction From U.S. Highway 20 to John F. Kennedy Road The construction of the north -south portions of the North-West Arterial from U.S. Highway 20 to John F. Kennedy Road as the initial stage will provide an alternate route for traffic currently using John F. Kennedy -261- Road and Wacker Drive northerly of U.S. Highway 20. Relative to projected traffic volumes, however, there are lesser traffic demands on this portion of the North-West Arterial than for the remaining portion easterly of John F. Kennedy Road (see Appendix A of Environmental Impact Statement). If this portion of the arterial was constructed initially, north -bound traffic, upon reaching John F. Kennedy Road, could proceed easterly to U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3 via Thirty -Second Street, John F. Kennedy Road or Rupp Hollow Road. The motorists' choice of the three roadways would be dependent upon which alternative of the arterial was constructed and on the motorists' destination. Initial Stage Construction From U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3 to John F. Kennedy Road As discussed above, the portion of the arterial between U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3 and John F. Kennedy Road is projected to serve a greater traffic demand than the remaining portion of the arterial. Southwesterly -bound traffic on the arterial would proceed generally on existing John F. Kennedy Road and Wacker Drive to U.S. Highway 20. It is expected that additional traffic may be directed to the north -south portion of existing John F. Kennedy Road and Wacker Drive should such a staging arrangement be provided, using in comparison the amount of traffic so using the latter roadways if the arterial was not so constructed. Initially Construct Two Lanes From U.S. Highway 20 to John F. Kennedy Road and Thence Four Lanes to U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3 Due to the differences in projected traffic volumes on the two afore- mentioned segments of the North-West Arterial, this scheme for staging provides for constructing two lanes of the north -south portion of the facility from -262- U.S. Highway 20 to John F. Kennedy Road and the complete four -lane facility from the latter to U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3, relative to either of the various arterial alternates. This sequence of construction will accommodate the traffic demands better than the previous two staging arrangements, while reducing the initial cost of the North -South Segment of the arterial. It is suggested that the right-of-way be acquired for the complete North-West Arterial facility as part of this staging, although only one-half of the roadway will be paved between U.S. Highway 20 and John F. Kennedy Road. Intersections on the said north -south portion may likewise be stage constructed. Estimated Costs for Stage Construction The data in Table 92 includes the estimated quantities and costs rela- tive to the aforementioned staging of the construction of the North-West Arterial. This cost estimate is provided for only the Union Park Hollow and Shooting Club Alternates due to the lack of financial feasibility of the Rupp Hollow Alternates. The cost estimate provides for the initial construction of the south - bound lanes of the North -South Segment and the westbound lanes of the East- West Segment from John F. Kennedy Road to U.S. Highway 20, in addition to a portion of the eastbound lanes of the East-West Segment southwesterly of John F. Kennedy Road. Included is a transition section between the west- bound lanes and the eastbound lanes of the East-West Segment which will pro- vide for the initial transfer of eastbound traffic from the future west- bound lanes to the eastbound lanes of the arterial. Full right-of-way and relocation costs are included for the initial construction between -263- U.S. Highway 20 and John F. Kennedy Road. Also included in this initial stage of construction (Stage I) is the complete arterial facility from John F. Kennedy Road to U.S. Highway 20 - Iowa Highway 3. Stage II, the final stage of construction, includes the completion of the arterial to a four -lane facility between U.S. Highway 20 and John F. Kennedy Road. Summary of Staging Regardless of the choice of staging or alternative of the North-West Arterial, the construction will have a minimal impact on maintenance of traffic circulation and access to properties, except for the Rupp Hollow Alternate. Staging of construction within the portion of the Rupp Hollow Alternate between John F. Kennedy Road and U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3 will be affected by the proposed roadway being constructed along an established roadway. In other areas of the respective alternates, the construction of the North-West Arterial will affect traffic movement at the respective intersecting streets, including U.S. Highway 20, Pennsylvania Avenue, Asbury Road, John F. Kennedy Road, Derby Grange Road, Clay Hill Road and U.S. Highway 52 - Iowa Highway 3. It is anticipated that traffic movements will be most affected at intersecting streets during the times that the intersections themselves are under construction. -264- TABLE 92 ESTIMATED COSTS FOR STAGE CONSTRUCTION OF NORTH-WEST ARTERIAL Shooting Club Union Park Hollow Alternate Alternate STAGE I STAGE II STAGE I STAGE II Site Clearing $ 113,200 $ 2,000 $ 114,700 $ 2,000 Earthwork 2,920,500 1,062,900 2,944,400 1,062,900 Drainage 150,500 75,000 241,200 75,000 Fencing 309,100 265,100 Pavement 2,406,300 884,100 2,376,000 884,100 Shouldering 218,700 57,600 211,500 57,600 Structures 1,507,300 1,245,000 1,489,400 1,245,000 Landscaping 115,000 37,400 116,300 37,400 Utility Adjustments 54,600 73,200 Lighting 103,200 20,600 118,300 20,600 Traffic Signals, Signing and Striping 85,800 3,300 84,100 3,300 Miscellaneous 28,000 12,000 42,000 12,000 Boring and Testing 176,900 19,700 178,000 19,700 TOTAL COST OF CONSTRUCTION $ 8,189,100 $3,419,600 $ 8,254,200 $3,419,600 Engineering & Contingencies 1,637,800 683,900 1,650,800 683,900 Relocation Assistance Costs 80,500 104,000 R-O-W Acquisition 819,000 797,900 TOTAL COST PER ALTERNATE PER STAGE $10,726,400 $4,103,500 $10,806,900 $4,103,500 TOTAL COST PER ALTERNATE $14,829,900 $14,910,400 -265- STRUCTURES Both the North -South Segment and the Crescent Ridge Alignment include a bridge over the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad tracks and the middle fork of Catfish Creek. The location, type, length, curvature, skew and estimated costs of these bridges are included at the end of this section. The only other structures, other than drainage structures discussed in Drainage section, are one deer crossing located at Station 159+50 on the Union Park Hollow Alternate and at Station 200+30 on the Shooting Club Alternate. The size, length and estimated cost of these structures are included at the end of this section. The design of the bridges will be in accordance with the latest edition of "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" of the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (A.A.S.H.T.0.) and supplemented by the Iowa Department of Transportation, Highway Division, current standards and procedures. The design loading for bridges shall be HS20-44, or as modified by the Federal Highway Administration. Due to the preliminary nature of this study, the exact location, span lengths or type of bridge has not been determined. However, due to the height of the proposed roadway over the aforementioned railroad and creek, it is anticipated that welded plate girders of medium -length spans (140-180 feet) will provide the most economical solution. A typical section of the arterial over a railroad is shown on Plate 2 of Appendix Volume II, showing minimum horizontal and vertical clearances. Also shown is a typical cross section of an arterial bridge. The reinforced concrete box culverts, while constructed primarily to provide a safe means for deer and other wildlife to cross the arterial, will also carry some surface drainage. Location and Description Type BRIDGE TABLE 93 I. North -South Segment Horizontal Estimated Length Width Skew Curvature Cost N.B. Arterial over Illinois Central Gulf Railroad and Welded Steel Catfish Creek Girder 720' 43'-2 -0- 1°-15' S1,245,000.00 S.B. Arterial over Illinois Central Gulf Railroad and Welded Steel Catfish Creek Girder 720' 43'-2 -0- 1°-15' 1,245,000.00 II. Crescent Ridge Alignment N.B. Arterial over Illinois Central Gulf Railroad and Welded Steel Catfish Creek Girder S.B. Arterial over Illinois Central Gulf Railroad and Welded Steel Catfish Creek Girder 500' 43'-2 Varies 5° 865,000.00 500' 43'-2 Varies 5° 865,000.00 TABLE 94 BOX CULVERT FOR DRAINAGE AND DEER CROSSING Location I. Union Park Hollow Alternate Estimated Size Length Cost Station 159+50 8' x 8' 280' $129,400.00 II. Shooting Club Alternate Station 200+30 8' x 8' 320' $147,300.00 -268- EVALUATION AND SUMMARY The evaluation procedure consisted of grouping all non-costable factors into the five major factor$ of Transportation, Community Planning, Sociglo, glcal, Environmental and Economic. Each such major factor is composed of a number of subfactors. As an example, the Environmental Factor includes such subfactors of poise, air quality, water quality, wildlife and vegeta- tion. In the evaluation of the various alternate systems, each subfacor within each major factor was individually assessed. A desirability rating was assigned to each subfactor for each alternate system evaluated, These ratings were assigned to the various alternate systems based on bpth quantitative and qualitative data pertinent to the alternate system, and ranged from one to ten in Value, Desirability ratings of five were assigned to those subfactor items which resulted in no change relative to existing conditions. Ratings from a value of five to ten were assigned when a degree of improvement was determined to result for a particular alternate system, with the value of ten being the most desirable rating. When deterioration of conditions was noted relative to a particular alternate system, ratings from one to five were assigned, with a value of one being the least desirable condition. Tables of subfactor ratings are presented in the chapter which discusses that factor. Sub - factors were then weighted with the community survey value (See Community Action Plan Volume), and combined into overall desirability ratings for -269- that factor. The weighted ratings were adjusted back to the base of the unweighted ratings. These tables appear at the end of each section (Tables 14, 35, 47, 72 and 90). Table 95 summarizes the weighted and unweighted ratings for each of the five major factors. To arrive at a common basis for comparing systems, these desirability ratings were then translated into a value referred to as the Preference Index for that factor. These were obtained by dividing the smallest weighted desirability rating into the other weighted desirability ratings for that factor, thus arriving at a base of one. These values, presented in Table 96 were then weighted with their respective values from the community survey (Table 97). A second preference matrix (see Table 99) was calculated based on weight factors assigned by the Planning Team. Since the Planning Team was commissioned to assess the factors from a professional point of view, whereas the community surveys represented the community's attitudes regard- ing the factors, it was the opinion of the Planning Team that both the community surveys and the Planning Team's Preference Indices should be presented. The Planning Team increased the weights assigned to the environ- mental, sociological, community planning and transportation factors and decreased the economic factor. Comparing Tables 96, 97 and 98 the reader will note that neither the community survey weights or the Planning Team weights significantly affected the overall rating. Table 99 provides the overall ranking of the various Dubuque North- West Arterial systems. This table reflects the findings of this report based on: 1) non-costable factors; 2) costable factors; and 3) design -270- considerations. The non-costable factor rating was based on the Preference Indices. The costable factor rating was based on an economic evaluation reflecting benefits and cost savings to users of the highway facility in relation to costs involved in implementing the various alternates. Design considerations were based on Engineers' and Planners' opinions as to which facility had the best overall design characteristics. Table 100 summarizes the elements of each system that was evaluated. Recommendations regarding the selection of an alternate system will be made based on input received during the Corridor Public Hearing and this report. -271- Ln 1-4 ¢Ce CC >- C-) J LC) 1.--4 W c:C co W CC Q J 1-4I- CO W O - CO U LL O O CC Cr ¢O LL- CS 0 0 r r "C) O N N Z +3 N ZT r •r CC) O > 3 C �G O >1 0 S-r N Cv •r rt) r 0)> Ca. O C S_ = Z •r +) N rt5 CY >1 0) r 4-) .0 •r 4-3 E Or •r E 0 (-) 0 - rt3 U N S_ NCO o 0) +) C N •r S-a 4-) -0 t/) 3 Unweighted Desirability Ratings C -1C 0 0 S- r •r ITS .— C d 0 •rll 0 r 0(..) L N +- C Cv •r N C S_ Cll (/) •r Cv) LO 0) CO O . : CO d- CM CO I-C) O LC) LC) d' CY) LC) LC) - l0 d O 01 • 01 .4- 01 CO M (0 LC) LC) CO LC) • LC) 1p 01 co O O CO n N l0 LC) l0 LO • LC) .1- LC) LC) 4 -1 - LC) 00 O L1) O 01 N d- .-I LC) L CO LO) LCLO~O LC) LC) CF CC' LC) • LO LC) CO Cf) O O 0) O CO Cr) .-I l0 CO l0 • LC) LC) d- • LC) L!) r1 d- CO LC) O O r1 CO L!) CY) l0 LC) LO LC• LC) • LC) LC) r1 .-4 LO co O LC) O 01 N d- r 1 LC) Ln • .4" CO d' LC) •Ct' Transportation Sociological* Environmental TABLE 96 PREFERENCE MATRIX RESULTS FOR NON-COSTABLE FACTORS (UNWEIGHTEQ) Preference Indice5, For $ytems Union Evaluation Street Shooting Park Rupp Summary Widening Club Hollow Hollow Transportation Factors 1.00 1.21 1.20 1.16 Community Planning Factors 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.11 Environmental Factors 1.15 1.08 1.02 1.0Q Sociological Factors* 1.00 1.78 1.68 1.35 Economic Factors 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.08 Average Preference Index 1.00 1.21 1.18 1.10 *Archaeologic -historic analysis not included. - 272- - -273r TABLE 97 PREFERENCE MATRIX RESULTS FOR NON-COSTABLE FACTORS (BASED ON COMMUNITY SURVEY FACTORS) Evaluation Summary Transportation Factors Community Planning Factors Sociological Factors* Environmental Factors Economic Factors Preference Indices For Systems Community Survey Street Shooting Factor Widening Club 1.18 1.24 1.00 1.09 1.37 Average Preference Index *Archaeologic -historic analysis not included. -274- 1.18 1.24 1.00 1.25 1.37 1.00 1.43 Union Park Rupp Hollow Hollow 1.42 1.37 1.49 1.38 1.68 1.35 1.09 1.09 1.51 1.47 1.19 1.10 ■ TABLE 98 PREFERENCE MATRIX RESULTS FOR NON-COSTABLE FACTORS (BASED ON PLANNING TEAM WEIGHTS) Evaluation Summary Transportation Factors Community Planning Factors Environmental Factors Sociological Factors* Economic Factors Average Preference Index Planning Team Weight 1.38 Preference Indices for Systems Street Shooting Widening Club *Archaeologic -historic analysis not included. -275- 1,38 1.27 1.55 1.23 1.10 1.00 1.67 1.52 1.46 2.19 1.21 1.23 Union Park Rupp Hollow Hollow 1.66 1.60 1.52 1.41 1.38 1.35 2.07 1.66 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.10 RANKING OF ALTERNATE SYSTEMS Rank Order E a) 4-) V) Ln s_ •t, 0 rts 4- m 0 E 0 ^ 0 0 V) 0 •r Q)t +) 0 0 U + ) .0 0 i r- e) Cr) Q) 4- .r S- W CC.^ •il 0 a V) 4-) 0 Q) V) "0 4-3 Q) C S- •r 0 CL O E d •r- -C2 1 I r 1 Vf •r • •r U r -o r (4- r -NC (O S. +-) +.) Al V) C 0. 0 Q) U E 0 3 O ••-) 0 S- (LS r �E C 0 Q) Q) C U 4-) • .. (� � 4-)- o U S- o J 0- +3 M CO er- Q) V1 V) a •r V) -0 QJ 0 O Q) L7.. 1 0 O 0 cj 0 4-3 C C •r (C) C3 C+14-t C 0 0 C (O r RS +-) Q) + -) d 0) cn + -) r -0 U S_ 4-1 .r 0 4-) ••••r- > e--I 1-1 tT •r O 0 r- -C U V) -276- r S` Q) -0 V) •r 0 >, • (O 4-) 0) Q)•r 4- C •r = C mom •r O 0 0 0 1 V) •r I Q) 4- C U Q) -- 0) > o « • av 4-) .I) V) MS -CS•r +) Q) r >> 5•- E 0 i.-0-f- a. ai C V) •1-) V) C C rCS E Rs •r Q) E- S- 4- 0 4) • U N N CV N U •r S- 0 +) V) •r i 0 4-3 CO CO 0 0 r d 0 = 1Y U Q) t U) Q) (0 "0 C (is 113 U 0 0 U Q) S` 0 •r E TABLE 100 ELEMENTS OF SYSTEM INCLUDED IN EVALUATION* Element Street Widening Systems Shooting Union Rupp Club Park Hollow Hollow North -South Segment (U.S. Highway 20 to Asbury Road) East-West Segment (Asbury Road to Approx. Station 165+00) Station 165+00 to U.S. Highway 52 Station 165+00 to U.S. Highway 52 - John F. Kennedy Road Intersection Asbury Road to U.S. Highway 52 Carter Road Extension (32nd Street to John F. Kennedy Road) Grandview Avenue Extension (32nd Street to Union Park Hollow alignment) Grandview Avenue Extension (32nd Street to Shooting Club alignment) 32nd Street Extension (West of John F. Kennedy Road) 32nd Street Improvement - 4 lanes 16' median (Grandview Avenue to U.S. Highway 52) 32nd Street Improvement - 4 lanes No median (Grandview Avenue to U.S. Highway 52) John F. Kennedy Road Widening - 2 Lane (Spring Valley Road to Derby Grange Road) John F. Kennedy Road Widening - 2 Lane (Spring Valley to north of 32nd Street) John F. Kennedy Road Widening - 2 Lane (Pennsylvania Avenue to Hillcrest Street) X X X X X X X X X *Maps of systems may be found in the Environmental Impact Statement Volume, Figures 18-21. -277- APPENDIX A Plant and Animal Species List TABLE A-1 VASCULAR PLANTS OCCURRING IN FORESTED AREAS IN THE DUBUQUE NORTH-WEST ARTERIAL CORRIDOR PTERIDOPHYTES Adiantaceae Adiantum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern) Ophioglossiaceae Botrychium virginianum (Rattlesnake Fern) GYMNOSPERMS Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) Pinaceae *Pinus strobus (White Pine) DICOTYLEDONS Aceraceae Acer negundo (Box Elder) Aces saccharum (Sugar Maple) Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra (Smooth Sumac) Rhus radicans (Poison Ivy) Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis (Wild Sarsaparilla) Aralia racemosa (Spikenard) Panax quinquefolius (Ginseng) Aristolochiaceae Asarum canadense (Wild Ginger) Asclepiadaceae **Asclepias exaltata (Polk Milkweed) Balsaminaceae Impatiens pallida (Pale Touch -Me -Not) Berberidaceae +Berberis thunbergii (Japanese Barberry) Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh) Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple) +Introduced species *Occurs only in the Shooting Club Forest **Species that rarely occur in Iowa A-1 TABLE A-1(Continued) Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana (Blue Beech) Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) Boraginaceae Hackelia virginiana (Stickseed) Campanulaceae Campanula americana (Bellflower) Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell) Caprifoliaceae **Lonicera dioica (Honeysuckle) Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) Lonicera morrowi (Morrow Honeysuckle) Sambucus canadensis (Elderberry) **Triosteum aurantiacum (Wild Coffee) Triosteum perfoliatum (Horse Gentian) Viburnum lentago (Nannyberry) Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium albus (Lamb's Quarter) Compositae Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Ambrosia artemesiifolia (Small Ragweed) Eupatorium ur ureum (Joe Pyeweed) Eupatorium rugosum White Snakeroot) **Lactuca floridana (Blue Lettuce) Prenanthes alba (Rattlesnake Root) Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia (Alternate -leaved Dogwood) Cornus racemosa (Gray Dogwood) Cruciferae **Brassica juncea (Indian Mustard) Quercus Quercus Quercus **Quercus Quercus Quercus Fagaceae alba (White Oak) bicolor (Swamp White Oak) macrocarpa (Bur Oak) muhlenbergii (Chiquipin Oak)) Rubra (Red Oak) velutina (Black Oak) Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum (Wild Geranium) A-2 TABLE A-1 (Continued) Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum virginianum (Virginia Waterleaf) Juglandaceae Carya_cordiformis (Bitternut Hickory) Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory) Juglans cinerea (Butternut) Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Leguminosae Amphicarpa bracteata (Hog Peanut) Desmodium glutinosum (Tick Trefoil) Melilotus alba (White Sweet Clover) +Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) Menispermaceae Menispermum canadense (Moonseed) 0leaceae Fraxinus americana (White Ash) Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash) Fraxinus pennslyvanica (Green Ash) 0nagraceae Circaea quadrisulcata (Enchanter's Nightshade) Papavaraceae Dicentra cucullaria (Dutchman's Breeches) Phrymaceae Phryma leptostachya (Lopseed) Polemoniaceae Phlox divaricata (Wild Blue Phlox) Polygonaceae Polygonum virginianum (Jumpseed) Ranunculaceae Actaea acp hypoda (White Baneberry) Actaea rubra Red Baneberry) Anemone quinquefolia quefolia (Wood Anemone) Aquilegia canadensis (Columbine) Hepatica acutiloba (Liverleaf) Ranunculus abortivus (Aborted Buttercup) Ranunculus fascicularis (Early Buttercup) A-3 TABLE A-1 (Continues Rosaceae Geum canadense (White Avens) Potentilla simplex (Common Cinquefoil) Prunus serotina (Black Cherry) Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry) Rubus occidentalis (Wild Black Raspberry) Rubiaceae Galium aparine (Cleavers) Galium triflorum (Sweet -scented Bedstraw) Rutaceae Xanthoxylum americanum (Prickly Ash) Salicaceae Populus grandidentata (Big -tooth Aspen) Populus tremuloides (Quaking; Aspen) Saxifragaceae Mitella diphylla (Bishop's Cap) Ribes mi sso'ar i ense (Wild Gooseberry) Scrophulariaceae Vernocastrum virginicum (Culver's Root) Solanaceae **Solanum dulcamara (Climbing Nghtshade) Staphyleacea Staphyiea trifolia (Bladder su ) Ti l i aceac iilia americana (Basswood) Ulmaceae Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) Ulmus americana (American Elm) Ulmus rubra (Red Elm) Umbelliferae Cryptotaenia canadensis (Honewort) Osmorhiza claytonia (Sweet Cicily) Osmorhiza longistylis (Smooth Sweet ":icily) Urticaceae Lapnrtea canadensis (Wood Nettle) A-4 TABLE A-1 (Continued) Violaceae Viola papilionacea (Blue Violet) Viola pennsylvanica (Stemmed Yellow Violet) Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia Creeper) Vitis riparia (Riverbank Grape) MONOCOTYLEDONS Araceae Arisaema triphyllum (Jack -in -the -Pulpit) Liliaceae Erythronium albidum (Trout Lily) Polygonatum biflorum (Solomon's Seal) Smilicina racemosa (False Solomon's Seal) Smilicina stellata (Starry Solomon's Seal) Smilax herbacea (Carrion Flower) Smilax hispida (Green Briar) Trillium flexipes (Nodding Trillium) Uvularia grandiflora (Bellwort) Orchidaceae Orchis spectabilis (Showy Orchis) A- 5 TABLE A-2 VASCULAR PLANTS OCCURRING IN HILL. PRAIRIES IN THE DUBUQUE NORTH-WEST ARTERIAL CORRIDOR GYMNOSPERMS Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana (Easten Ped Cedar) DICOTYLEDONS Anapardiaceae Rhus glabra. (Smooth Sumac) *.*Rhus typhina (Stag horn Sumac) Asclepiadaceae Asclepias hirtella (Green Milkweed) Asclepias tubprpsa (Butterfly milkweed) Asclepias verticillata (Whorled Milkweed) Asclepias viridiflora (Green Milkweed) Boraginaceae Lithospermum canescens (Hoar` Puccoon) Lithospermum incisum (Narrow -leaved Puccopn) Symphrytum offic'i;nal s (Comfrey) Campanulacpae **Campanula ro tundi fQ1 is (Harebell) Lobelia spicata (Pale -spiked Lobelia) Caprifoliaceae Lonicera dioica (Smooth -leaved Honeysuckle) k Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Coralberry) Caryophyllaceae **Arenaria stricta (Rock Sa d.ic.-t) Lychnis alba (Evening Lychnis) Silene noctiflora (Night -flowering Catchfly) **Stellaria pubera (Star Chickweed) Compositae Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Artemisia caudata (Wormwood) Aster azureus .Azure Aster) Aster ericoides (Many -flowered Aster) Aster sericeus (Silky Aster) (-Chrysanthemum'leucanthemum (0x-eye Daisy) Coreopsis paimata (Tickseed) +Introduced Species **Species that rarely occur in Iowa A-6 TABLE A-2 (Continued) Compositae (Continued) Erigeron philadelphicus (Philadelphia Fleabane) Eri eron strigosus (Daisy Fleabane) Helianthus laetiflorus (Sunflower) Helianthus occidentalis (Sunflower) **Hieracium scabrum (Rough Hawkweed) Krigia biflora Two -flowered Cynthia) Kuhnia eupatorioides (False Boneset) **Liatris cylindracea (Blazing Star) Ratibida pinnata (Rosin -weed) **Senecio pauperculus (Balsam Groundsel) Senecio plattensis (Prairie Ragwort) Silphium integrifolium (Rosin -weed) Silphium laciniatum (Compass Plant) Solidago nemoralis (Gray Goldenrod) Solidago rigida (Rigid Goldenrod) +Tragopogon pratensis (Yellow Goat's Beard) Cruciferae **Arabis lyrata (Lyre -leaved Rock -cress) +Ca Sella bursa-pastoris (Shepard's Purse) +Lep� campestre (Cow -cress) Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia corollata (Flowering Spurge) Labiatae Scutellaria parvula (Small Skullcap) Leguminosae Amorpha canescens (Lead Plant) Baptisia leucantha (Large White Wild Indigo) Desmodium canadense (Tick Trefoil) Desmodium illinoense (Tick Trefoil) Lespedeza ca itata (Bush Clover) Petalostemumcan dum (White Prairie Clover) Petalostemum purpureum (Purple Prairie Clover) Linaceae Linum sulcatum (Wild Flax) Onagraceae Oenothera strigosa (Primrose) Oxalidaceae Oxalis violacea (Violet Wood Sorrel) Plantaginaceae +Plantago major (Common Plantain) Ranunculaceae Anemone cylindrica (Windflower) Anemone patens (Pasque Flower) Anemone virginiana (Tall Anemone) A-7 TABLE A-2 (Continued) Ranunculaceae (Continued) Aquilegia canadensis (Columbine) Ranunculus fascicularis (Early Buttercup) Thalictrum thalictroides (Tall Anemone) Rpsaceae Fragaria virginiana (Wild Strawberry) Potentilla arguta (Tall Cinquefoil) +Potentilla recta (Rough -fruited Cinequefoil) Santalaceae Comandra umbellata (Bastard Toadflax) Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis canadensis (Wood Betony) Solanaceae Physalis heterophylla (Ground Cherry) Umbelliferae Zizia aurea (Golden Alexander) Violaceae Viola pedata (Birdsfoot Violet) Viola pedatifida (Prairie Violet) Vitaceae Vitis riparia (Wild Grape) MONOCOTYLEDONS Amaryllidaceae Hypoxis hirsuta (Yellow Stargrass) Commelinaceae Tradescantia ohiensis (Ohio Spiderwort) Gramineae Andropogon gerardi (Big Bluestem) Andropogon scoparius (Little Bluestem) Bouteloua curtipeudula (Side -oats Gramma) Elymus sp. (Wild Rye) Korycarpus arundinaceus (American Korycarpus) Panicum sp. (Rosette Panic Grass) Sorghastrum nutans (Indian Grass) Sporobolus het— e—kepis (Prairie Dropseed) Stipa spartea (Porcupine Grass) Iridaceae Sisyrinchium campestre (Blue-eyed Grass) Liliapeae Asparagus officinalis (Wild Asparagus) A-8 TABLE A-3 VASCULAR PLANTS OCCURRING IN UNION PARK HOLLOW PRAIRIE - WOODLAND GYMNOSPERMS Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana (Eastern Red Cedar) DICOTYLEDONS Asclepiadaceae Asclepias verticillata (Whorled Milkweed) Boraginaceae Lithospermum canescens (Hoary Puccoon) Campanulaceae **Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell) Lobelia spicata (Pale -spiked Lobelia) Caprifoliaceae Lonicera dioica (Wild Honeysuckle) Lonicera Lonicera tatarica (Tartarian Honeysuckle) **Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Coralberry) Caryophyllaceae **Arenaria stricta (Rock Sandwort) **Stellaria pubera (Star Chickweed) Compositae Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Aster puniceus (Purple -stem Aster) +Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Ox-eye Daisy) Erigeron annuus (Daisy Fleabane) **Erigeron asper (Rough Erigeron) Erigeron strigosus (Daisy Fleabane) **Hieracium scabrum (Rough Hawkweed) Rudbeckia hirta (Black-eyed Susan) **Senecio obovatus (Round -leaf Squaw -weed) **Sen— o pauperculus (Balsam Groundsel) Senecio plattensis (Prairie Ragwort) Senecio vulgaris (Common Groundsel) Silp iumh laciniatum (Compass Plant) +Tragopogon pratensis (Yellow Goat's Beard) +Introduced Species *Species on Iowa Threatened Plant List, 1977 **Species occur only rarely in Iowa A-9 TABLE A-3 (Continued) Cornaceae tsu alternifolia (Alternate -leaved Dogwood) Cornus racemosa (Grey Dogwood) Cruciferae **Arabis lyrata (Lyre -leaved Rock Cress) Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) Camelina sativa (Gold -of -Pleasure) +Lepidium campestre (Cow -cress) Lepidium virginicum (Wild Peppergross) **Radicula palustris (Yellow Water Cress) Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) Quercus rubra (Red Oak) *Quercus stel ata (Post Oak) Quercus velutina (Black Oak) Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum (Wild Geranium) Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum virginianum (Virginia Waterleaf) Juglandaceae Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Labiatae +Glecoma hederacea (Gill -over -the -Ground) Scutellaria parvula (Small Skullcap) Leguminosae Amorpha canescens (Lead Plant) Baptisia leucantha (Large White Wild Indigo) +Melilotus officinalis (Yellow Sweet Clover) **Tephrosia virginiana (Wild Sweet Pea) Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta (Common Yellow Wood Sorrel) Oxalis violacea (Violet Wood Sorrel) Plantaginaceae +Plantago major (Common Plantain) Polygalaceae Polygala senega (Seneca Snakeroot) A-10 TABLE A-3 (Continued) Polygonaceae Polygonum punctatum (Water Smartweed) Primulaceae Dodecatheon meadia (Shooting Star) Ranunculaceae Aquilegia canadensis (Columbine) Ranunculus fascicularis (Early Buttercup) Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana (Wild Strawberry) +Potentilla recta (Rough -fruited Cinequefoil) Prunus serotina (Black Cherry) Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry) Salicaceae Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) Scrophulariaceae Castilleja coccinea (Indian Paintbrush) Umbelliferae Zizia aurea (Golden Alexander) Violaceae Viola pedata (Birdsfoot Violet) Viola pedatifida (Prairie Violet) MONOCOTYLEDONS Amaryllidaceae Hypoxis hirsuta (Yellow Stargrass) Commelinaceae Tradescantia ohiensis (Ohio Spiderwort) Gramineae Andropogon gerardi (Big Bluestem) Andropogon scoparius (Little Bluestem) Bouteloua curtipendula (Side -oats Gramma) Elymus sp. (Wild Rye) Sorghastrum nutans (Indian Grass) Iridaceae Sisyrinchium campestre (Blue-eyed Grass) TABLE A-4 INVERTEBRATE SPECIES OBSERVED AT SITE D, UNION PARK HOLLOW ALTERNATE Platyhelminthesl Tubellaria (planarians)2 Dugesia Mollusca Gastropoda Annelida Clitellata (snails and slugs) (earthworms) Arthropoda Arachnida (spiders, mites, scorpions, etc.) Araneae (spiders) Phalangida (harvestmen) Acari (mites) Crustacea (crayfish, shrimp, water fleas, etc.) Amphipoda (scuds) Isopoda (pill bugs) Oniscus (terrestrial) a fresh water species Diplopoda (millipedes) Insects (insects) Collembola (springtails) Thysanura (bristletails) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc.) Gryllacrididae (wingless long -horned grasshoppers) Ceuthophilus (cave crickets) Gryllidae (crickets) Hemiptera (true bugs) Veliidae (small water striders) Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) Noctuidae Scoliopteryx libatrix (herald or cave moth) 1 other species Diptera (flies) Tipulidae (crane flies) Chironomidae (midges) Culicidae (mosquitoes) Coleoptera (beetles) Carabidae (ground beetles) Staphylinidae (rove beetles) 1 Phylum 2 Class 3 Order A-11 4-12