Draft Historic Preservation Survey Report
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DRAFT SURVEY REPORT
The Architectural and Historical Resources of
Dubuque, Iowa, 1837 - 1955
prepared by
James E. Jacobsen
History Pays!
4411 Ingersoll Avenue
Des Moines, fA 50312
for the
City of Dubuque
Planning Services Department
50 W. 13'h Street
Dubuque, IA 52001
and the
State Historical Society of Iowa
600 E. Locust
Des Moines, IA 50319
CLG Grant No. 19-99.003
Architectural/Historical Survey/Evaluation
Phase 1
March 1, 2000
NPS Form 10-900-b
(Oct. 1990)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB No. 10024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Multiple Property Documentation Form
This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contects. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Properry
Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 168). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested informatione. For
additional space, use continuation sheets (Form IO-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items.
_X_ New Submission
Amended Submission
A. Name of Multinle ProDertv Listin!!
The Architectural And Historical Resources of Dubuque, Iowa, 1837-1955
B. Associated Historical Contexts
(Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.)
Context #1, Frontier City on the Mississippi River, 1837-1858:
Context #2, The Key City, 1859-1893:
Context #3, Fitful Growth and Maturation, 1893-1910:
Context #4, An Era of Stability, 1910-1955:
Context #5, The Architecture of Dubuque, 1833-1955
C. Form PreDared Bv
Name/Title
Organization
Street & Number
City or Town
James E. Jacobsen
Historv Pays!
4411 In!!ersoll Avenue
Des Moines State Iowa
Date Januarv 12. 2000
Telephone (515) 274-3625
Zip Code 50312
D. Certification
As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this
documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related
properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements
set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic
Preservation L See continuation sheet for additional comments).
Signature and title of certifying official
Date
State or Federal agency and bureau
I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for
evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register.
Date of Action
Signature of the Keeper
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Exoanded Survev of Davenoort Historic NeiQhborhoods
Name of Multiple Property Listing
Iowa
State
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Table of Contents for Written Narrative
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Provide the following information on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and the title before each section of the narrative. Assign
page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheets in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form
(National Register Bulletin 16B). Fill in page numbers for each in the space below.
Page Numbers
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E.
Statement of Historic Contexts
E-
F.
Associated Property Types
F-
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G.
Geographical Data
G-
H.
Summary ofIdentification and Evaluation Methods
H-
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1.
Major Bibliographical References
1-
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Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for
listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with
the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.c. 470 et seq.).
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Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions,
gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the fonn. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief,
Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork
Reductions Projects (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503.
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NPS Form 10.900-a
IRev.8-66)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024.0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
1
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Introduction
By any standard Dubuque is and has always been a distinctively different place by Iowa standards. On one hand
the city served as the port of entry for Iowa settlement and was the state's first city. On the other hand Dubuque has
always been geographically separated from the state and has made her fortune from a tri-state market area. IfIowa is
protestant, Republican, and less than friendly with organized labor, Dubuque has assumed the opposite extremes of
Catholic, Democrat and strongly pro-labor.
The city has been strongly self-reliant from the start, eschewing the out-of-state investors who dominated the
development of the other Iowa cities. During the Civil War the city dared to lead in the political opposition to the
national war policy and its attending repression of thought and action.
This conservative bastion has opened up in recent years. The invention of color photography brought fall
tourism to Northeast Iowa, the queen of fall leaf colors. Belated road improvements finally conquered the topographical
obstacles to integration. Mississippi River bridges, early and later, revived regional markets, and opened doors to the
city (or as some allege, allow passersby to pass on by). Today like most cities the future hopes for continued growth are
as rooted in suburban industrial parks and arterial road systems as they are in the historic city.
Dubuque, unlike most Iowa cities, never reached the vaunted 100,000-population figure (it was predicted to
achieve that number by 1940), and large-scale growth sputtered out by World War I. The city never gained the acres and
acres of bungalows and Tudor cottages, Lustron houses and the like. Its building inventory largely pre-dates 1920 and
consequently the architectural legacy of Dubuque is unmatched elsewhere in Iowa, both in quality and scale.
Dubuque is a strikingly different place because of its many differing heritages. Predominant among these is an
Irish-German and strongly Catholic population which left their mark architecturally in beautiful and massive churches
and vernacular 19th century housing. Exploring the streets and alleyways of Dubuque' s history teaches the visitor to
appreciate the wealth of architectural surprises which mirror the heritage ofIowa's "Key City."
Historical History
It is a daunting task to attempt to synthesize not only the findings of previous Dubuque historical surveys but also
the historical and architectural contexts of the city. Dubuque has rightfully intrigued Iowa historians since the beginning
of a state historiography and suffice it to say that the available secondary literature which treats Dubuque is extensive and
fairly contextually exhaustive.
The availability of generations of talented and inquisitive scholars at Dubuque's many institutions of higher
learning has necessarily added to this historical legacy. Numerous religious histories, covering the range from parish to
diocese, supplement the reading list.
All of these historical compatriots, both past and present, have contributed to whatever quality this report can
claim to possess. Absent their efforts, this writer would have labored with considerably less guidance and certainly less
knowledge.
Geography:
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NPS Form 10.S0Q-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
I
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number E
Page
2
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The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and Staten-nn
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Much of the Mississippi River channel which borders Iowa is of very recent origin. The ancient river course
diverted from the present one below Clinton, Iowa, and followed what is termed the Princeton Channel, flowing
southeast beyond present day Hennepin, Illinois, and then generaIIy foIIowing the Illinois River southwest This course
developed as an ice margin drainage of Pre-Illinoian glaciers. Twice, Illinoian glaciers flowing southwest from the Lake
Michigan area pushed the Mississippi's course westward into southeast Iowa. The ice closed off the channel and backed
up river flow until an interim alternative course was created. Between 60,000 and 100,000 years ago, the present river
course eroded its bed by as much as 100 feet Between 25,000 and 21,000 years ago glacial flows from the northeast
permanently closed off the Princeton Channel, and forced the Mississippi into its present Port Byron Gorge channeL The
Quad Cities are located along this most recent river course, at a point where the river makes a pronounced westward turn.
Up until 9,500 years ago the river channel was periodicaIIy flooded with catastrophic late Wisconsin glacial outwashes.
Fine-grained sediments formed the Savanna Terraces which line the lower ranges ofthe watershed. Dubuque is
positioned on one of these terraces. Since 9,500 channel changes have more gradual with reduced lateral channel
movement and the formation of deltas. The Couler VaIIey, in the northwest part of the original city is an earlier channel
for the Little Maquoketa River which now empties due east into the Mississippi (Bettis, pp. 12- I 5).
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The Mississippi forms a reversed S shaped channel at Dubuque. The eastern bank is firmly defined by 200-foot
high limestone bluffs. The river vaIIey widens below Eagle Point Park and the west bank of the river was and remains
less weII defined. A broad and extensive network of islands and sloughs. There are no rapids in this stretch of the river
and consequently no potential for hydropower. Note also that the lock and dam system construction site is just above the
city and not at or below it This meant that the city site had as much river depth as could be obtained although getting
landed on firm shore was a chaIIenge. The Savanna Terrace upon which the primary city developed lies 50-70 feet above
the mean water level of the river (late 19i1i century city boosters would double this figure so as to quiet fears of flooding
and pestilence). The terrace measured a half-mile in width with a length of two miles. Sheer-faced bluffs, rising some
200 feet, encircle the city site. It is said that like Rome, Dubuque had its seven hiIIs and each hill sported a steeple or a
coIIege. Galena and Trenton limestone comprise the bluffs with Niagara limestone being present in the north end of the
city. Several steep and narrow ravines radiated out from the terrace. On the north end, broader and flatter reaches of the
terrace radiated out to the northeast and northwest, offering a distinct advantage for growth in that area (Horton, The
Urbanization Process..., p. 2)
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For a 15-mile radius beyond the bluffline lay rugged unglaciated country. The closest prairie lay several miles
west Good timber supply was to be had from atop the bluffs or from the river islands but the citysite itself was adorned
with a scattering of willows and other softwoods. Any future tree canopy would have to be planned and planted (Ibid.).
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Building stone was readily available as was clay for making bricks. A high-grade lead ore was also to be found
buried just at the bedrock surface. The terrace soil was graveIIy and sandy and was easily drained a distinct health
advantage although one that was balanced out by the proximity of backwater sloughs along the riverfrontage. While
main river flooding was restricted, flash flooding down the several ravines was a real threat to life and property (Ibid., pp.
2-4).
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It is the Galena Limestone which figures so prominently in the foundations of most of Dubuque's buildings.
This stone was used in preference to brick and continued in its popularity right through the pre-World War I years. The
stone is described as being almost pure dolomite with from three to eight percent silicon, and. carbonate of lime and
magnesium. In its natural state it is a light gray in color but iron oxidation transforms it into a light buff upon prolonged
exposure (The Industries of Dubuoue, p. 15).
NPS Form 10-90Q-a
(Rev.8-86J
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approvaf No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
3
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Why Is Dubuque at Dubuque?
Iowa historian Loren Horton concluded that Dubuque was established because of its nearby lead deposits and for
no other reason. There were good reasons to avoid the future citysite. It was a "cuI de sac" in Horton's opinion, being
hemmed in physically to the west, isolated from what normally would be a supportive agricultural market and supply
source. It was equally isolated from points east by its initial lifeline, the Mississippi, given the long-term lack of a bridge
of any sort and the difficulties which the location presented to bridge building. It wasn't until 1887 that the first wagon
bridge was opened and it provided at best an indirect route to Illinois via Wisconsin. There was no water power source
and the advantages of river commerce were hindered by the difficulty of accessing deep-water navigation. There was no
federal interest in canal construction, arsenal establishment or national roads which might otherwise have spawned town
building interests. It was finally the ready wealth offered by the lead, a wealth that apparently was more democratic in its
distribution than were the later gold and silver stampedes, that explained why the city started and why it grew to achieve
the scale that it did (Ibid., p. 4).
If one surveys alternative city founding sites along the Iowa side of the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Dubuque, a
better location is not to be found. Invariably other nearby towns occupy similar raised, elongated and narrow terraces.
Dubuque's alternative site might have been the mouth of Catfish Creek but the earliest settlers instinctively knew where
to mine and where to live. Mississippi River city sites commonly occupied the mouths of rivers so as to take advantage
of inland markets and power generation. Rock Island, Illinois, is another example of a city that chose not to build at the
mouth of the Rock River, preferring a main channel frontage which did provide both the power and a readily bridged
transportation corridor.
There were surely secondary explanations for Dubuque's establishment. As the story will indicate, Dubuque was
the initial front door to Iowa settlement, and it was the state's first city. It served as a "forwarding and commissioning"
support base for both points west and points northwest, up the Mississippi River. Early on the city was the base for
religious and ethnic settlement for the Catholic Church's Irish and German adherents. The groundwork for future far-
flung dioceses were laid up from Dubuque, one parish at a time.
From the start, Dubuquers believed so fervently in their collective future that even fundamental questions about
the legality of their land titles failed to dull their town building efforts. The very lead legacy which brought the first
miner/settlers to the area resulted in a land ownership squabble that took 21 years and the U.S. Supreme Court to finally
quiet (Ibid., p. 6).
When Was Dubuque Established:
The city celebrated its centennial in 1933, using the 1833 date which opened the area to white settlement. The
Old Settlers Association, founded in **** used very stringent residency criteria for its membership. One had to be in the
county prior to 1847. The actual city establishment came well after 1833, with successive incorporations taking place in
1837 and 1841. Dubuquers relished their early birthright and pushed it as early as they could to make a distinction
amongst other Iowa communities.
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NPS Form 1 Q-SOO-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
4
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County. Iowa
County and State-------
House Starts: (this can be an appendix and be represented by charts within the body of the report)
Year Total Construction New Residential Construction Notes:
Total Total Non- Number New Total Value New Multi-
Value Residential S/F Houses family Houses
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841 i
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854 Contracts for 20 business houses
as of March 11
1855 ,
1856 I 502 new buildings
1857 i 378 new buildings
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
NPS Form 10-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
5
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque CounlV. Iowa
County and State-------
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
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N?S Form 10-900-a
lAev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
6
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and Statem----
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920 551,991 90 8, 173 dw~s. 1920 census
1921 1,889,320 68
1922 2,081,716 125
1923 1,818,000 177
1924 1,616,158 163 I 8,790 dwgs.
1920-24 figures from The
Dubuauer, Dec. 1924, P. 3
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
, 1933
1934 I
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941 I
1942 i
1943 I
1944
11945
1946
1947
1948
NPS form 1 Q-SOO-a
(Rev. a-se)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
7
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956 5,500,000 233 792 total bldg. permits
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977 I
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
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NPS Form 10-S0o-a
IRev.8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-007$
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
8
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque, Iowa, 1837-1955
Name qfProperty
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
IS can e an aDDen IX 1 It DrOveS to e use u
Transportation! Municipal Industrial Commercial ResidentiallReligious
Utilities
1837 Board of Trustees
city government
1838
1839
1840
1841 Mayor/aldermen
form of government
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854 Dubuque Board of Dubuque Female
Trade formed College founded
1855 Railroad to east First gas lamps in
Dubuque July 18, April I
work be gins on
Dub & Pacific RR
1856 Shot Tower
1857 First train to St. Raphael's
Dyersville May I 1 Cathedra-52-9?1
1858 City Hall, City Jail
1859
Chronology of Major City Improvements (losses in boldened text)
Th' b d' f' b f I
NPS Form 1 Q-9QQ-a
(Rev. 6-661
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
9
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
1860
1861
1862 I
1863
1864 Town Clock Tower St. Mary's German
Catholic Church
1865
1866
1867 First railroad
bridge under
contract, opens
1869
Dubuque Street
Railway.Company
formed
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872 Town Clock
Collanse
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880 Federal funds to
dredge Ice Harbor
1881
1882
1883
1884 4ili St. Cable RR
1885
1886 10 acre fill for new
freillht house
1887
1888 I
1889
, 1890 Grand Ooera House
i 1891 Second Courthouse
I 1890?
1892
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NPS Form 10-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-86)
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
10
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
1893
1894
1895 Central High School
1896
1897 St. Luke's Meth. Ch.
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902 Dubuque Club
fanned
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908 East Point Park Standard Lumber
purchased Company bnrns,
city's worst fire
1909
1900 Carnegie-Stout
Library
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905 I
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910 Maiestic Theater
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915 Chamber of
Commerce fanned
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
NPS Form 10.S00-a
(Rev. 8-86)
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
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United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
12
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and 8tate-------
1950 County historical
society fonned
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956 Dubuque Industrial United Super Greek Orthodox
Development Corp. Market Church
fonned Insurance/Chiroprac Clark College Maria
tic Center Bldg. Josita Hall
Holy Ghost SchoolSt.
Columbkille's School
1957 Riverfront
industrial park
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962 Dubuque Industrial
Bureau fonned
1963
1964
1965 State's first tourism First Dubuque
center Industrial Fair
Record flood peaks
April 26
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971 Second Town Clock
to new Town Clock
Plaza, tax increment
financing district
264,178 sq. feet of
land cleared
1972
1973 Corps of Engineers
floodwall
1974
1975
NPS Form to-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
13
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and 5tate-------
1976 Majestic Theater
restoration
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982 City Island Bridge
onens AUl!ust 21
1983 Industrial Center
onened, 45 acres
1984
1985 Greyhound Park
opens June 1
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(ReI!. 8-86~
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
14
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue, Iowa, 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and 8tate-------
Context #1, Frontier City on the Mississippi River, 1837-
1858:
There is a general historical consensus that Dubuque's first historical era drew to a close with the national
financial panic of 1857-58, That collapse brought dramatic closure to truly explosive city growth from 1852 through
1857 which increased city population from * to *, The same point in time marks the emergence of an urban self-
consciousness that replaced frontier make-do with architects, city ordinances and more concerted planning and
development The Civil War years which followed produced more internal strife than major building but wartime
contracts served as the principal source of wealth for the next phase of city building, so that most difficult period is
coupled to a later time,
Historian Loren Horton studied Dubuque as a case study in city growth and planning in his 1972 work titled "The
Urbanization Process In Early Iowa: Town Planning And Growth In Dubuque, 1833-1861!' His painstaking
investigation of these early years has done much to make some sense of what happened and most important for this
study, why the city took the physical form that it did,
Lead Mining And Early Tales:
The Mississippi River was the super-highway equivalent in a time where extensive cross-country trekking was
difficult to impossible, European penetration into and control of the Upper Mississippi Valley necessarily was predicated
on using the river as a transportation and communication corridor. The first regional tourists, the Frenchmen Father
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, included the future site of Dubuque in their 1673 down river itinerary, Regional
flags changed from France to Spain in 1763, and back to France in 1800, Cash on the barrel head in the form of the
Louisiana Purchase switched theoretical flags to the United States in 1803 although only infrequent military parties could
legally raise the colors there until 1833 (Sommer, pp, 4-5),
Beginning in 1783 Quebec-born Frenchman Julien Dubuque (1762-1810) negotiated with the Fox Indians to gain
access to the Catfish Creek area ("Mines of Spain") lead deposits, He died in 1810 and his Indian compatriots rubbed out
every physical trace of his mining and smelting operations, and took up the mining themselves, They made no land
transfer to Dubuque but in 1796 Spain granted him an impressive 164,000 acres of land that roughly centered on the
Dubuque location, In 1804 Dubuque paid off his St Louis supplier, Auguste Chouteau with a land transfer of63,815
acres, Included in that deal was what became Dubuque, More about this later (Horton, pp, 4-6),
The Indian lead smelting operation was inefficient, with a high percentage of the ore being burned off in open
fire smelting, James L Langworthy negotiated rights to survey the mining area and arranged to smelt the ore on the
Illinois side, with Indian miners supplying the raw ore. By June 1830 Langworthy and brother Lucius H., were squatting
on the Iowa side of the river. Federal soldiers entered the area in response to a Sioux-Fox tribal conflict and evicted the
miners. Future president Col. Zachary Taylor and future Confederate president Lt. Jefferson Davis, commanded this
force. Recent archeological testing in the Union Park area produced artifacts which were associated with this military
operation. On June 17, 1830 the miners at "Dubuque Mines" penned an extra-legal codicil that provided for allocating
mining rights to 200-yard square claims. The eviction postdated this document The miners.returned in mid-l 832 and
were quickly evicted. The Black Hawk Treaty of September 21, 1832 terminated Indian land claims to the easternmost
50 miles ofIowa Territory and the miners, to the number of200 men, again returned to the Iowa side. In January 1833
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8.861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
15
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and Statemnn
the military again evicted them. The new area was legally opened for resettlement on June I, 1833 and the evictees and
others poured back across the river. The U.S. Congress even legitimized the 1830 miners articles and the mineral lots
served as the first land survey (Ibid., pp. 7-8).
Lead production peaked by 1840. Cupola furnaces allowed for an 80% recovery rate from the ore and slag from
previous mining efforts was eagerly reprocessed along with new diggings. The 1835 invention of a hearth furnace
process at Platteville, Wisconsin, directly facilitated lead production. Catfish Creek was the site of the second such
furnace. The Iowa mining was a part of a tri-state operation and many Iowa miners came from Wisconsin and Illinois
and were veteran lead miners. Total Iowa production figures are unavailable over the course of the industry's
development but by 1855, the other two states turned out 55,000,000 pounds of lead each year. Lead pigs were a major
component of river shipping downstream to St. Louis (Ibid., pp. 25-27).
The lead industry was significant because it brought about Dubuque's site selection and establishment and it laid
the groundwork for the financial independence that Dubuque capitalists enjoyed in subsequent years. Funds from lead
mining built up the city and capitalized future industrial development. The industry determined that the initial local
population was almost exclusively male in its composition. The lead fixation diverted attention from other endeavors
such as town foundation.
More optimistic historical sources credit the lead industry with aiding Dubuque in weathering the Financial Panic
of 1837 and this point deserves further investigation. The following claim is offered by Dubuque Its Manufacturing And
Commercial Facilities (1886, p. 13):
The financial revulsion of 1837 did not materially affect Dubuque. Its main resources were lead,
produced steadily by the industry of hundreds of miners and the working of half a dozen smelting
furnaces. This product commanded a ready cash sale in "the markets of St. Louis and New Orleans. In all
American mining districts paper money was received slowly and cautiously as a circulating medium, and
accordingly the depreciated bank note currency of the Eastern States was despised, and gold and silver
were the principal forms of money, and continued so for twenty years afterward. . .
Developing River Traffic:
The river as noted was both a transportation artery and an obstacle to overland east/west traffic. Steamboating
actually developed first on the Upper Mississippi (above St. Louis) and a regional system developed and matured within
the river valley. The cities of Galena, Quincy, Dubuque, Davenport/Rock Island, and others prospered in banking and
financing, manufacturing and shipping. Regionally this network provided the jumping off point for the extension of
settlement, agriculture and finally city building into Minnesota.
Steamboat landing counts at Dubuque for the years 1851-57 show annual increases in arrivals during 1852 and
1853 of18%, for 1854 of 61 percent (672 landings), just 25 percent additional gain for 1855, seven percent for 1856 and
10 percent for 1857. The federal government appropriated $14,000 to dredge the Barney Cut, a steamboat channel to link
the inner and outer sloughs with the main river channel. The money was appropriated in 1843 and construction must
have immediately followed by the Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps also completed a harbor survey in 1853-56
which Horton says led to improved docking facilities. He adds that the work later facilitated. construction of the first
railroad bridge (Ibid., pp. 28-29).
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NPS Form lQ-900-a
IAev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No, 7024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
16
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and Statemm-
The "contemplated canal" which appears on the city plat (see below) was being "contemplated" as early as 1836.
The required length was but a third of a mile. If the rive current could have been diverted into the inner slough the slack
water areas would have been drained and the health of the area much improved. By 1838, two canals were suggested to
move the river's channel. Nothing was done. The Dubuque Harbor Company and the Dubuque Harbor Improvement
Company incorporated in the middle 1850s with the purpose of filling in the wetlands eastward to extend the riverfront to
the river. Sixth and Third street were slowly extended eastward and by early April 1858 a bridge and levee system
interlinked the several islands (Ibid., pp. 31-32).
NPS Form 1 Q-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No, 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
17
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
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[Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
I
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number E
Page
I
18
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque, Iowa, 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue Countv. Iowa
County and State-------
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Original Town Plat, 1838 (street names enhanced for better orientation) (Horton)
...--,-r--,-!
I
NPS Form 1Q-90Q-a
(Rev.8-86l
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
19
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-mm
Initial Town Building:
Loren Horton concluded that there was no interest in town building apart from lead mining from 1833 through
1837. The settlement continued under its 1830 title "DuBuque Mines." The stuff of town building was available. The
first downriver log raft arrived in November 1833 and the first steamboat docking took place that same falL Galena
Engineer George W. Harrison prepared a town survey that same time at the instigation of private citizens but this was
simply proposing a reality on paper only. On July 24,1836, the U.S. Congress authorized funds to survey six Iowa
communities including Dubuque. The federal act reserved public squares and recognized pre-emption rights by
landholders. The initial 1837 platting effort failed and new commissioners hired surveyor Garret Vliet to finally survey
the town. This period was marked with public unrest and confusion about property rights. Finally pre-emptions were
correlated with the survey lots, the plat was certified by the commissioners on November I, 1838 and belatedly filed in
the Dubuque Land Office on February 4,1840. Public land sales began November 5,1838. Town incorporation was
accomplished in April 1837 by the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature but Horton suggests that the lengthy delay in
platting the land showed a lack of concern for formalizing a community (Ibid., pp. 8-15).
The plat was a curious one if only because of its avoidance of contact with the river. Its northwest comer was a
full half-mile distant. A narrow triangular parcel barely touched its eastern point on the riverbank. No railroad
reservation was provided nor was any bridge anticipated. The off-compass alignment appears to have been forced by the
Couler Valley streets. The entire streetscape nicely aligns with that valley. Unlike many plats the Dubuque streets did
not parallel the riverbank, likely because there simply wasn't a discernable bank! The plat breaks only once from its
overall pattern. South from First Street the streets do appear to have followed the river. Dodge Street angles northwest
prior to crossing Bluff before heading in a straight line southwest. Seven streets do the same, obediently climbing up the
westem bluffs in a straight line. In fact, just three of these follow these courses today. Fourteenth (Loras Avenue) and
17'h streets and Dodge Street ran as planned. The others were overly optimistic. Generally the platters ignored
topography and only Bluff Street made accommodations to its namesake. Just one public area, later termed Washington
Park, was provided for. No river frontage was reserved (Ibid., pp. 15-16).
Horton found that the spacing and dimensions for the standard block was actually based on a pre-existing pattern
of major buildings on Main Street between Second and Third streets. A row of buildings measured 64 feet in length and
buildings opposite them were 64 feet distant. The basic downtown lot was therefore set at this width and street were
made that wide. The resulting block, containing eight lots, four on each side, bisected by a southeast/northwest running
alley, measured 256 feet on their frontages. Alleys varied in widths and each block was slightly off square given this
slightly narrower width. Odd lots and parcels possibly dealt with pre-existing buildings. Surely many buildings were
moved to adjust to this new reality and many doubtless fronted on street lines or into the streets as welL
The finite amount oflevelland left its legacy in Dubuque. The standard parcel width is just 25 feet, a
development scale that failed in most other communities. Houses are set cheek to jowl and the city's architecture was
forced to adapt to this reality. This lack ofland forced a more intensive usage ofthe area that was available. Double
houses were numerous although admittedly apartment houses were not commonplace.
Quieting The Land Ownership Problem:
Recall that it was possible that every Dubuque titleholder was at risk of being dispossessed by the Chouteau
heirs. Those interests finally forced a legal test case with one Patrick Moloney, recipient of a federal patent in 1847. The
suit was filed in 1851. The Chouteau heirs lost in district court but appealed to the SupremeCourt in early 1852. That
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-00/8
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
20
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
court finally ruled on February 25,1854, that the Julien Dubuque claim had no legal basis. Some 11,000 Iowa residents
breathed a collective sigh of relief and went back to work building towns and farms (Ibid., pp. 18-19).
Serious Town Building:
Perhaps one motivation for formalizing a town was the competition offered by an array of settlements. These
were Eagle Point, Mount Pleasant, Couler Village, East Dubuque (not to be confused with present-day East Dubuque,
Illinois, the former Dunleith which pre-dated Dubuque's establishment), Prospect Park, South Park Hill, Julien,
Langworthy Hollow and Park HilL At least some of these were actually incorporated, but most were simply concerted
subdivision developments which had been pushed by Dubuque's leading developers. Dubuque reincorporated under the
authority of the Iowa Territorial legislature on January 17, 1840. The act set initial city boundaries which absorbed all of
the above named settlements. It also provided for a mayor and five wards, each to be represented by its own alderman
(Ibid., pp. 20-21; Dubuque Manufacturing and Commercial Facilities, p. II).
Eagle Point was the location of a separate lead mining operation. Eagle Point was also a Mississippi River ferry
crossing to Sinsinawa, Wisconsin (Dunleith had the other ferry operation(. The first city additions headed towards that
place, running to the northeast. The flat broad Coulee Valley to the northwest provided a second direction for city
extension. A third growth area was atop the bluffs between Fourteenth (Loras) and Dodge streets. Horton singles out a
small number of key developers; the four Langworthy brothers, Thomas McCraney, John King, Mathias Ham, Frederic
S. Jesup and Frederick E. Bissell, as providing the capital and leadership in these extensions (Horton, pp. 19-21, 27).
The "town" population was about 1,000 persons as of 1836. This tripled to 3,108 persons by 1840 but growth
was static for the next 12 years. The 1850 population registered just 4,071 residents, and the 1852 estimate was actually
lower, with a count of 4,012 persons. No plats were f\led until 1848. (Ibid., pp. 22-25).
The First and Only "Boom":
The boom began in 1852. Forty additions were platted in Dubuque between 1848 and 1857. Just three of these
pre-dated 1852. Thirty-seven plats were filed between 1852 and 1857. The city population increased by 50 percent
between 1852 and 1854 (6,634 residents) and it doubled between 1854 and 1856 (12,284 persons). The year 1857 pushed
the total to 15,957. The Panic of 1857-58 put an end to all this and the 1860 population total was down by 4,000 (13,000
total). The original city boundary of 1841 contained one square mile. The boundaries were extended in 1852 and again
in 1854 in apparent anticipation of what was to corne (Horton, pp. 21~25; Dubuque Manufacturing and Commercial
Facilities..., p. 12).
By 1856 new construction forced the relocation of many older buildings and the streets were frequently blocked
by their movements. The first downtown paving project, Main Street, between 8'" and 14'" streets, using crushed blue
limestone, was completed in 1856. An 1853 fire prompted the authorization of fire fighting companies on July 17, 1854.
Three volunteer companies formed between 1854 and 1857. A disastrous fire in June 1859 destroyed a four-store block,
a theater, the Post Office and the Odd Fellows Hall (Horton, 35-36).
Linwood Cemetery, consisting of ten blufftop acres located east of Couler Creek, was purchased by the city in
1851 and the first municipal cemetery, Jackson Park, was (poorly) cleared of its burials only in 1856 (Ibid., pp. 37-38).
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev.8-86l
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
21
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue, Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue Countv Iowa
County and State-------
The year 1857 was an important one for public improvements, The city started work on the new City Hall, three
market houses, three schoolhouses and chartered a horse railroad. The first water company simply hauled river water to
private purchasers, The gas company, formed in 1853, was operating by 1856 (Ibid" p, 40),
The U.s, Congress made the city a Port-of-Entry in 1858 and this qualified Dubuque for its own customs house,
Marine hospitals also were established to meet the health needs of inland sailors and Dubuque appears to have gained one
of these as well (Ibid,),
Ethnicity and Settlement:
The original mining population was predominantly male and appears to have been of Northern origin,
Agriculturists settled in the area beginning in 1838 when the separate Iowa Territory was established, Cholera epidemics
doubtless slowed settlement but sources are contradictory about the time sequence of these epidemics, Horton states that
1848-1857 witnessed incessant waves ofthe disease and specifies 1852 as the worst year. Another source says two
successive epidemics struck in 1839 and 1840, Both Germans and Irish immigrated to America in record numbers
beginning in the late 1840s and Dubuque's growth boom nicely coincided with these movements, The Catholic Church
is credited by some sources with actively recruiting German and Irish Catholics to the state to build up the church, This
important point deserves close consideration because the rapid population growth is likely attributable to this role of the
church (Horton, p, 38; Dubuque Manufacturine: and Commercial Facilities.. '" p. II).
From the beginning the Irish gravitated to the south end of the city and the Germans to the north end. It is
probable that the Germans were dominant in terms of their wealth, business acumen, and politics although it wasn't until
1864 that a German resident was first elected mayor. Housing for the two groups was as different as night and day if
some sources can be believed. The Irish were content, it was said, to reside in frame shacks in the former mining village
areas, while German homes were brick and substantial. Separate Catholic churches and parishes were established. By
1856 there were three German-language newspapers. Each group had its own shopping areas (Ibid., pp. 41-42).
The Role of the Catholic Church in Dubuque History:
The Catholic Church was present at Dubuque's inception, the first mass being said in the summer of 1833. The
first church, St. Raphael's was begun in the summer of 1835. The Diocese of Dubuque was established on July 28, 1837
with just three churches. It covered a huge territory that included the settled areas of Eastern Iowa and Minnesota, Rev.
Pierre Jean Mathias Loras (1791-1858), the first bishop, arrived in Dubuque on April 21, 1839, He found a town
population of 2,500 half of whom were of the Catholic faith. Loras and a small number of French priests would
transform the diocese within just a few years by means of their impressive efforts and commitments. They were off to a
rough start however because none of them spoke German (and they weren't German)! The situation was so bad that
some Catholics chose to attend Protestant services which were said in part German (mass was read in Latin and Latin is
Latin) (interview, Mike Gibson, Oldt, pp, 871-72),
A measure of Loras' accomplishment was the jump in diocesan population, said to be 54,000 as of 1858, Loras
oversaw 48 priests, 60 churches, 40 church stations. The new parishioners were German and Irish and both groups had
experienced mass emigration from their homelands during the late 1840s, The population had settled the county, the
city, and more broadly beyond those points. St. Paul Diocese was formed in 1850 (Oldt, p. 873).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
lRev.6-86)
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
22
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubuQue, Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
DubuQue County, Iowa
County and State-mm
Perhaps Loras and his minions redirected newly arrived immigrants to Dubuque but it is certain that he actively
recruited religious orders to Dubuque and Dubuque County and these made possible the remarkable and in some
instances nationally significant religious, educational and health institutions which would distinguish the Diocese, One
of the most notable, the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was transformed from a small insignificant group
ofIrish nuns to the nation's largest order. They came to Dubuque in 1833, The Trappist Monks, Brothers of the
Christian Institute and the Sisters of Visitation were the earliest orders to respond to Bishop Loras' recruiting efforts,
The first parochial school was established in 1843 at St Joseph's Prairie, a point ten miles southwest of the city, Loras
was apparently attempting to establish a separate rural Catholic community at that point The New Melleray Abbey
(formed 1849) was just two miles away, It wasn't until 1858 that the school was moved to Dubuque, This is the present-
day St Joseph's College (Ibid" pp, 873-74),
Ambitious planning sometimes outdistanced financial realities, The new St Raphael's Cathedral languished for
five years (1847-52) between the cornerstone dedication and building dedication, The German Catholics started St
Mary's Church at 8'" and White streets in 1851 and built the present-day replacement in 1864-67, The Sacred Heart and
Holy Ghost congregations were formed from St Mary's, A replacement cathedral was begun in 1857 and finished in
1863 (Ibid" p, 876).
Context #2, The Key City, 1859-1893:
The Catholic Church In Dubuque:
Bishop Loras died February 19, 1858 after 20 years of relentless work in Dubuque and he was succeeded by Rev.
Clement Smyth (1810-1865), ofIrish birth. The 1860 Dubuque religious headcount was reported as 1,400 Protestants
and 6,200 Catholics, figures apparently based upon actual church attendance. Smyth's diocese contained 50 churches, 53
priests, and 50,000 parishioners, The diocese still contained Davenport, Iowa and some points west, and Smyth was able
to produce considerable church growth in the face of both the post-1857-58 financial setback and the Civil War. By 1863
he oversaw over 80 churches, 85 priests and nearly 100,000 parishioners. Smyth served as bishop for just seven years
and was replaced in 1866 by Rev. John Hennessey, another Irish-born priest (Ibid., 880-88, Herald, February 7,1860),
The late 1870s witnessed a period of institutional growth. A boy's training school had been opened in 1865 at
Bluff and 3" streets. St Raphael's Cathedral had gained at tower and spire in 1876 and a new St Patrick's Church was
started in 1877 and finished the next year. St Joseph's Mercy Hospital opened in 1879 as did St Mary's Orphans Home
and St Francis Convent (Oldt, pp. 890-91).
Another surge of institutional growth occurred in the 1880s. The Cathedral was remodeled and dedicated in
1886, The city boasted a dozen Catholic educational institutions. Each parish and the Cathedral had their own schools,
The list included St Joseph's College, Mount St Joseph's Academy (for lady boarders), Academy of the Visitation (for
day scholars), St. Vincent's Presentation Convent, St Mary's Academy, St Francis' Convent School and St. Malachi's
School (Ibid" p. 891-92).
NPS Form 10-900'a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
23
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and State-mm
The 1891 diocesan inventory tallied 319 churches, 203 priests, 107 schools, and 615 sisters. This growth was in
spite of the division of the diocese in 1881, with the creation of the Davenport Diocese. Bishop Hennessy is credited
with being "probably the foremost advocate of parochial schools in the country." Six additional orders of nuns were
brought to Dubuque and eight institutions were established under his tenure. He served as bishop for 34 years, advancing
to Archbishop when the Diocese was established in December 1892. It encompassed Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming.
The Archdiocese (892-93).
Church growth continued unabated through the 1890s. The Sisters of St. Francis purchased the 1. P. Farley house
(Bluff and 6th streets) and established the St. Francis' Industrial School and Home For Young Ladies. The Sisters of
Charity motherhouse was nearly done. The Couler Avenue church and St. Joseph Church in West Dubuque were begun
in 1895. Two insane asylums, St. Joseph and Mercy Hospital were also started, the former being three miles from the
city. During 1898 St. Joseph's College, five female seminaries and the St. Anthony's Church (dedicated 1900) were all
under construction (Ibid., pp.893, 896-97).
Archbishop Hennessy died in 1900 and was succeeded by Archbishop John 1. Keane (Ibid., pp. 897-98).
Context #3, Fitful Growth and Maturation, 1893-1910:
Context #4, An Era of Stability, 1910-1955:
Context #5, The Architecture of Dubuque, 1833-1955
This context will simply summarize the emergence and dominance of the various styles and contain descriptive information
about local construction. A second section will identify major designers and builders. Only extant examples of their works appear in
this listing.
Key Dubuque Architects, Builders and Property Developers:
This listing is not intended to be all-inclusive and focuses on individuals who were practicing in Dubuque prior to 1955.
Dubuaue Architects:
Beck, Guido (1853- ?), Architect:
As of 1911 it was judged that Beck "has had much to do with the beauty and thoroughness of architecture of Dubuque."
Beck was born in Germany and came to America in 1882. He worked first as a stone cutter at the Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island,
Illinois. In Dubuque he turned to architectural design and by the mid-1880s was specializing in church design. By 1911 he had
designed 100 of these ranging from the "small to the cathedral" (Oldt, pp. 651-52).
Works:
St. Joseph's College Chapel and Auditorium
West Hill Roman Catholic Church
West Dubuque Roman Catholic Church
Carkeek, Thomas T. (1843-?), Architect:
I
NPS Form lQ-90Q-a
IRev.8-86)
OMS ApproviJl No. 1024-0018
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
I
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number E
Page
24
I
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
DubuQue County. Iowa
County and State-------
I
Carkeek was English-born. He was the son of a stonemason and Carkeek learned that trade and carpentry prior to emigrating
to America. He came to Dubuque from Wisconsin in 1882. He fIrst worked as an architect for Carr, Ryder an Wheeler Company
until 1891 at which time he started his own architectural practice in the Lincoln Building. He was "an entirely self-made architect."
He was prolifIc with over 200 local designs credited to his hand during his 20-year practice. A prominent Romanesque design, the
Odd Fellows Building (9'" and Locust streets) was recently demolished (Sommer, pp. 160-61; Odlt, pp. 708-09).
I
Works:
I
701 Bluff Street
August A. Cooper House ("Redstone') (1890, 504 Bluff Street)
Lincoln Building (8'" and Locust Streets)
Central Engine House (9" and Iowa streets)
Rider, Burden and Rider Building (7'" and Locust streets)
Bell Bros. Building (4'" and Locust streets)
John Emsdorff Sons Company (Main and Jones streets)
C. H. Gregories House (109 Alpine Street)
Fred Bell House (968 W. 3" Street)
D. J. Lenehan House (41 Cornell Street)
G. W. Healey House (701 Bluff Street)
Harris House (349 Hill Street)
Clemonson House (575 W. 3" Street)
W. H. Day Jr. House (66 Highland Place)
C. Mathis House (118 Broadway Street)
J. Lenihan Double House (5'" and Hill streets)
Second National Bank
William Lawther Building
Bell Brothers Building
Presbyterian Convent
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Heer, Fridolin 1. Sr. (1834-1910), Jr. (?-?), Fridolin J. Heer & Son:
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Like many European architects, Heer started as a stonecutter in Switzerland. His father was a builder. He came to the
United States in 1865 and Dubuque three years later. He started his architectural fIrm in 1870 and was joined in the practice by his
son in 1887. His son, of the same name, was trained in architecture in the School of Architecture in Stuttgart, Germany. The son
practiced until 1934. Pridolin Heer Sr. is rated as being one of the city's leading architects and it is important that the city was the
point where he opened his practice and received the majority of his design efforts. The importance of his son as a designer needs to
be evaluated (Sommer, pp. 159-60; Oldt, pp. 597-60 I).
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Works:
I
Second City Clock and tower (1873, Clock Tower Plaza)
Jesse P. Farley House (1879, 6" and Bluff streets)
W. J. Knight House (1397 Main)
William Bradley House (1268 Locust Street)
CoL William Henderson House (1433 Main)
J. Van Duzee House (1471 Main)
Alex. Young House (1879, now Behr Funeral Home, 1491 Main)
William Andrew House (1135 Locust Street)
A. Tredway House (1182 Locust Street)
Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church and School (1885, 635 West 22"' Street)
Dubuque County Courthouse (1891, 7'" and Central streets)
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I
NPS form 10-900.a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
25
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and Staten-nn
Mt. St. Joseph Academy Building (Clarke College)
First Security Building (190 I, 8" and Main streets)
M. M. Hoffman Funeral Home (1890, 15" and Clay streets)
H. L. Stout House (1145 Locust Street)
L. Gonner House (1295 Alta Vista Street)
N. J. Schrup House (14" and Main streets)
W. S. Malo House (16" and Main (?) streets)
F. A. Rumpf House (West 11" Street)
Alphonse Matthews House (1335 Locust Street)
A. F. Heeb House (15 Jefferson Street)
Telegraph-Herald Building (7" and Main streets)
Sunnycrest Sanatorium (1919, Roosevelt Avenue_
St. Joseph Academy (1894, 13" and Main streets)
J. L. Hancock House (11 Highland Place)
Dubuque Brewing & Malting Company (supervision architect)
Jones, David (?-?), Architect:
Works:
First Congregational Church (1857,10" and Locust streets)
Mullany, John, Architect (1812-1884):
Mullany was somewhat of a rarity, given that he was an Irish-born architect. He was also, like Rague, from an earlier
generation of designers. His son John I. Mullany (1847-?) was a noted Dubuque lawyer. The family emigrated to America in 1849
(Oldt, p. 624).
Works:
Cathedral of Saint Raphael (1852, Second and Bluff streets)
St. Mary's German Catholic Church (1864)
Rague, John F., Architect (1799- ?):
Rague was born in New York and carne to Dubuque in 1854. He is clearly regionally significant for his design/construction
supervosion with the first Iowa capitol building in Iowa City and the first Illinois capital building to be built in Springfield, as well as
for his employment of the Egyptian style. Many of his pre-Civil War designs survive which is remarkable in and of itself (Sommer,
p.159).
Works:
Dubuque City Hall, 13" and Central streets
Dubuque County Jail, 8" and Central streets
F. E. Bissell House (II" bet. Bluff and Locust streets)
Goodrich-Wilson-Ryan House (1243 Locust Street)
Edward Langworthy Octagon House (1095 W. 3" Street)
(three schools-extant?)
Rogers, Robert, (?-?) Architect:
Works:
I
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
I
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number E
Page
26
I
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Frederick Weigel House (1854, 1192 Locust Street) attribution only
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Spencer, John (1856-?), Architect:
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Spencer was English-born and was an 1877 graduate of the South Kensington Art Institute. He emigrated to America after
10 years of practice in England. He partnered briefly with W. W. Boynton and Company (designers of the Bank and Insurance
Building, Dubuque). He worked two years in Chicago but returned to Dubuque. His clients were not limited to Dubuque (Oldt, pp.
688-89).
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Works:
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Iowa Trust and Savings Bank
German Trust and Savings Bank
y Dung Women' 5 Christian Association Building
Carnegie-Stout Library
Iowa Telephone Building
Eagle Point Park Pavilion
Pavilion at Tri-State Fair
Glover and Company Warehouses and Offices
German Presbyterian Church
Carr-Ryder and Adams Factory, Warehouses and Offices
St. Luke's Parsonage
F. D. Stout Residence
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Dubuaue Camenters and Builders:
Bell, John, (1827-"):
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Scotish-born Bell came to Canada in 1844 and to Dubuque in 1853. He worked in the city for 30 years (Sommer, p. 161).
Brunkow, Ferdinand W. (1861-?) IF. W. Brunkow Sons & Company:
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Brunkow was born in Wisconsin of German-born parents and came to Dubuque in 1892. He had worked as a teacher and
to\VTI clerk but immediately entered into contracting work. BegiIllling in 1907 he was general agent for the German-American
Equation Premium Life Association and was at one time president of the local contractors' association (Oldt, p. 837).
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Works:
I
Lincoln School
"many of the best residences of which the city boasts"
Burdt, Frederick C. (1872-?)IC. Burdt & Son Contracting Company:
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He was born in Dubuque and was the son of noted contractor Christian Burdt (?-"). His German-born father came to
America in 1859 and to Dubuque the same year. He built the public school and bank buildings in East Dubuque, the Carr, Ryder &
Adams factory, Couler Avenue car barns, Dubuque Club, (first) Sacred Heart Church, Holy Ghost Convent, the Thill double store
building and "numerous public and parochial school edifices and score of imposing buildings." He built buildings throughout the
region. Frederick worked with his father, saw brief Spanish-American war service, and was a city contractor as late as 1911 (Oldt, p.
846).
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Gregory, E. James (1872-"), Carpenter Contractor:
I
NPS Form 10.900-a
IRev.8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
I
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number E
Page
28
I
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and Statem----
I
Joseph was born in Dubuque and was of German parentage (his father was also a contractor). He was the senior partner in a
two-brother contracting fIrm. They were noted for their perfectionism and artistry. He was Catholic and was a member of the Sacred
Heart Church. He was also a member of the Shooters Club (Oldt, p. 505).
Works:
I
St. Francis Convent (2105 Washington Street)
St. Mary's Casino (Nicholas Street)
Immaculate Conception Academy
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Luchterhand, Fred L. M., (1869-?):
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Born in Germany, his family emigrated to America c.1876 and came directly to Dubuque. He learned contracting under the
tutleage of Christ Burdt over a seven-year period. He then partnered with _ Keller as Keller & Luchterhaod. By 1911 they were
"regarded as one of the best firms in their line ofhusiness in the city, and have erected many fine buildings, public and private..." His
residence was at 579 Windsor Avenue (as of 1911) (Oldt, p. 709).
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Works:
I
Home for the Aged
The Casino
N. J. Schrup House
Mihm, John 1. (1860-?), Stone Mason Contractor:
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Mihm was born in Dubuque of Germao parents. His father, Peter Mihm (1824-1902) was also a Dubuque stone mason
contractor and the two partnered after 1884. The firm contracted foundation work for the most part (Oldt, pp. 717-18).
I
Works (foundations only):
Sacred Heart Church
St. Matthew's Church
Third Presbyterian Church
Home for the Aged
I
Nicks, N. P., (1846-?):
Nicks was born in Dubuque and had his own firm beginning in 1882 (Sommer, p. 161).
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O'Farrell, James (1850- ?):
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O'Farrell was Irish-born and came with his family the same year as his birth. They reached Dubuque in 1856. James
apprenticed as a stonecutter with Schulte & Wagner. He partnered with John P. Dorgan in 1871 and ceased the partnership when he
was appointed city street commissioner. He served in that position for two years and was in partnership with Charles Steuck from
1889-1897 specializing in streets, sewers and concrete work. His partner went off to the Alaskan gold fields and O'Farrell remained
behind. His "O'Farrell Contracting Company" operated a large stone quarry and employed 75 hands (Oldt, pp. 832-33).
Rebman, William, ("-?):
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Rebman was born in Pennsylvania and came to Dubuque in 1837. He worked as a blacksmith until 1850 when he started
contracting and real estate ventures. He built many downtown buildings and did streetwork. He graded Vi ashington Park when it was
finally improved (Sommer, p. 161).
I
Schulte, Bernard (1832-1900), cut stone contracting:
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number E
Page
29
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Schulte was German-born and came to America in 1854, locating to Dunleith, Illinois, but relocated to Dubuque in 1867. He
was in the stone contracting trade there for 22 years, an early contract was for the Cathedral Parochial Residence. The firm was called
"8. Schulte & Son." Sons John J. Schulte (1861-7) and George G. Schulte (1871-7) continued the business. By 1911 the fIrm was
"one of the able and substantial houses of the city, and many fIne homes and substantial public buildings have been erected by them."
This fIrm in particular serviced a broader Iowa and Illinois building market (Oldt, pp. 756-758).
Works (Dubuque only)
First National Bank of Dubuque
Conservatory of Music, St. Joseph's
Dubuque InfIrmary
F. D. Stout House
N. J. Schrup House
Skemp, Charles W. (1848-7):
Skemp was English-born and came to America in 1859. He was in Dubuque by 1876. He was a journeyman until 1897 but
then turned to contracting (Oldt, pp. 608-09).
Works:
Mercy Hospital
Presbyterian Seminary
Lawther's Candy Factory
St. Joseph's College (part, 14m Street)
Couler A venue School
Burlington Freight House
McDonand Manufacturing Company (addition, 13'h Street)
St. Anthony's Catholic Church, West Dubuque
Orphan's Home (addition, north of Linwood)
Power House at Finley Hospital
Carr, Ryder and Adams Company (addition)
"numerous residences"
Steuck, Carl A. (1848-7):
Steuck was German-born and emigrated to America in 1873, locating that same spring in Dubuque. He worked several years
in local stone quarries and then became a contractor. He "macadamized most all the streets of Dubuque and has also bricked most of
the sewers of the city." He was noted for his honesty and thorouglmess. He was a veteran of the Franco-Prussian War and resided
(1911) at 58 Francis Street (Oldt, p. 854).
Taylor, Thomas J. (1865-7), General Contracting and Building:
His parents came to Dubuque in 1832, 1837. His mother came fIrst and was among those who were driven back to Illinois
by federal soldiers. His father was a millwright. Taylor was born at Asbury in Dubuque County. He was an 1883 graduate from
Epworth Seminary. He was a grocer for four years before entering into contracting (Oldt, pp. 830-31).
Trexler, John, (1825- 7):
Trexler was born in Bavaria where he was a woodcarver and carpenter. He emigrated to America in 1852 and arrived in
Dubuque three years later (Sommer, p. 161)
Tuttle, L 8., (?- ?):
I
NPS Form 10-900-a
I Rev. 8-8 6~
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
I
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number E
Page
30
I
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State---nn
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Tuttle was born in Connecticut and arrived in Dubuque in 1858. He learned his trade locally (Sommer, p. 161).
Weaver, Gassoway S. (1846-?):
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He was rated a contractor "possessing rare skill and ability, who devotes himself principally to the erection of fine
residences." His father Benjamin Weaver was a contractor in an Eastern state. Weaver came to Dubuque in 1868, partnered for eight
years with B. W. Jones and two years with S. Alexander. He had his own fmn by 1892 and by 1911 had worked as a contractor in the
city for an impressive 43 years (Oldt, p. 503-04).
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Works:
W. Dubuque Schoolhouse
Senator N. J. Schrup House
Willy, Ulrich (1857-?):
I
Willy was born in Switzerland where his father Otto worked as a conttactor. He came to Dubuque in 1881 and had his own
firm by 1894 (Oldt, pp. 506-07).
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Works:
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German Presbyterian Church
17'h Street Presbyterian Church
Dubuque Club
School of the Presbyterian Sisters
Glover Factory
Lutheran Church
I Develooers:
Hammond, William A., (1859-?):
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Hammon was of Dutch ancestry and was born in Illinois. He came to Dubuque in 1890 and worked as a real estate dealer,
loan and mortgage broker. He belonged to St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal Church (Oldt, pp. 528-29).
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Lightcap, Leonard L. (1853-?):
Lightcap was born in Wisconsin and came to the city by 1906 when he entered into real estate trading (Oldt, pp. 702-03).
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Norton, Patrick (1821-1868), Teaming and Real Estate:
I
Nortou was born in Ireland and his family emigrated to America in 1832. Norton came to Dubuque in 1837. He first
operated a drayage and "later dealt extensively in real estate, building and renting homes and selling same on time payments" (Oldt,
pp. 854-55).
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I
NPS Form 10-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
31
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State---m-
Vernacular and Stylisticly Influenced House/Cottage Sub-Types/Styles:
This typology of residential styles and types is based primarily upon Virginia and Lee McAlesters' A
Field Guide To American Houses (New York: Alfred. A. Knopf, Inc., 1984). Theirs is a generally accepted
comprehensive stylistic typology. They also simplify the number and range of accepted styles and some styles
will not appear separately but have been consolidated into a larger stylistic category.
This typology attempts to distinguish type and style. The same property can frequently be analyzed
from the perspective of type and/or style and this can cause confusion. Some house types are treated as styles by
some typologies. The Cape Cod cottage for example is frequently subsumed under Colonial Revival style and
is not separately defined as a recognizable type. This approach is used here. This typological approach assumes
that style will be emphasized when there is a predominance of stylistic attributes present in a property and
vernacular or type related attributes will be stressed absent a strong stylistic presence.
Some properties will fall through the cracks, failing to fit any category in the typology. Alterations since
construction explain some of these. Idiosyncratic design and building tastes likely explain most. These
exceptions are not unimportant and they might represent the work of a particular builder/designer or my hint at
interesting local building patterns and traditions. Care must be taken before these "outlyers" are simply
combined into other categories and are consequently lost.
Residential, commercial and industrial stylistic examples will be considered under each category.
A great many of the Dubuque residential example properties were first architecturally categorized by
Lawrence Sommer in his 1975 Dubuque study titled The Heritage of Dubuque. Sommer's work still stands the
test of time and plans are underway for a reprinting of this book. Sommer was particularly sensitive to the
importance of Dubuque's vernacular architecture at a time when such an interest was fairly in its infancy.
Sommer in fact noted "Perhaps more important than different styles in establishing the city's character, were the
unifying elements of similar scale, mass, color and materials found on hundreds oflocal buildings." Sommer's
examples will be shamelessly copied in this typology and any substantial supplement to his good labors will be
made in the vernacular categories (Sommer, p. 113).
RomanticStyle Houses, 1820-1880:
The romantic styles represented a conscious avoidance of things English following a hard-won
independence. The Greek Revival style was the first of several romantic styles and it enjoyed the most enduring
popularity. Beginning c.1840 other styles with Medieval and Italian origins were introduced and successively
rose and fell in popular esteem. Both the Gothic and Italianate styles persisted beyond the Civil War years and
would be reinterpreted as Victorian era styles during the 1880s (McAlester, p. 178).
Adam/Federal Style. 1780-c.1840:
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
32
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-mm
This national style had largely receded in popularity by the time of Dubuque's founding but McAlester
states that it continued to be built as late as 1840. Most commonly this style utilized a two or three-story
rectangular core with a centered entrance on its long dimension, and a side gablelhip roof form. A simple
formal entryway, usually with elliptical arch and fanlight highlighting and classical surround or portico was the
only variation of an otherwise plain and symmetrical fayade.
Six variations of this style occur:
1. Side-gabled/roof: This subtype is the most commonplace with four of six examples representing it.
,
Ii'I
1~f
In
.-....
IiI ill
'"
*""""".\;0..
888 Yale Court (*date) (photo Sommer, p. 135).
Herancourt House (888 Yale Court, *date, self-built) combines Georgian symmetry with ltalianate
influences. Window lintels are either of stone or cast iron (photo Sommer, p. 135).
2 Hipped roof, two-story: Primarily a New England subtype.
690 Fenelon Place (c.1865) (photo, Sommer, p. 135)
Cunningham House (690 Fenelon Place, c.1865, unidentified architect) features a notable cut stone lintel
above its entryway and rectangular transom lights (photo, Sommer, p. 135).
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
33
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name ofPraperty
Dubuaue Countv. Iowa
County and Statemnn
-""';""-
..... -.
H: -I';;
.....It.;::., '!II
'.:_--,-~:-;"';'...~--
c-.._..._.....~
H i
~,,: "
710 Fenelon Place (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 135)
Cox House (710 Fenelon Place, *date, unidentified architect) is a pure example of the style. The
classical porch if original warrants further investigation (photo, Sommer, p. 135)
3 Hipped roof, three-story: Primarily a New England subtype.
4 Centered Gable: One often examples has this feature, either set flush with the fai(ade or projecting in
pavilion form.
5 Town House:
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NPS Form 10-900-a
IRe'll. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
34
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
1129-31 White Street (*date) is a vernacular double house version of the Adams townhouse subtype
(Sommer, p.79).
.....
--,- ;or
~.:..-. Jiii
- l...:i" -
~J ..r";-::'-- ,....:."' -
~f?!?:': ~"- "q--" i
~<::"'<__ ~~C7.~ ~ g"';"'
--'c . 'f r' ,.. ill .,-
/t;lJt'~ [; I. "IF E~~
.fl'(': :;;oj,~l ;; I - '6",;' t.<=. J'. "
. ~~.~~ _._~~~:~~~'~..,~~_.
-
,
_..__--=--.~
1100-34 Locust Street (*date) (photo, Downtown Walking Tour)
1100-34 Locust Street (*date) said to comprise three separately constructed houses following the same
design. 1132 Locust was the residence of notable U.S. Senator William B. Allison, veteran of 46 years
of service in the Senate (Downtown Walking Tour).
1215 Washington Street (*date) contains three houses in a single rowhouse massing. Only the center
unit retains its twin dormers.
General Warner Lewis-John T. Adams House (325 Alpine Street, 1854, c.1904, unidentified
architects,*get original photo) represents a post-1900 Italianate Revival recasting of what was originally
a Federal design. The alterations are so substantial as to preclude consideration of the house as an
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
35
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State----m
example of this much earlier style. A full-width porch (sidewings added to a central portico), balcony
and cross gable, and large square hipped belvedere were all added. The chimney (or chimneys) are now
located on the endwalls. Most northern Federal examples utilized central interior chimneys although the
remodeling could have changed the chimney location(s). See under Italianate, below (Sommer, pp. 63,
65).
Greek Revival Stvle. 1825-60:
The Greek Revival style was nationally dominant from 1830-50 and it was also called the "National
Style" accordingly. It persists as late as 1860 in areas which enjoyed rapid development in the pre-Civil War
years. It died out with the economic downturn of the late l850s and the coming of the war (Ibid., p. 182).
This style employed a low-pitched gable or hip roof in either a side gable or front gable orientation.
Greek temple design is reflected in a two-part broad band which runs beneath the eavesline and substantial
round or square columns which support a centered entry or full-width front porch. The trim band consists of a
frieze (top) and an architrave (lower). Columns are usually Doric in style. The front door is commonly
highlighted by flanking sidelights and a transom light Transoms are rectangular (not in the Georgian fanlight
form).
There are six subtypes of the Greek Revival style (Ibid., pp. 178-79):
1. Side gable/hip with less than full-width entry porch. Full height examples are treated separately in subtype
#2 below.
It
/I/d
L;'
Ii ~ <.
io U
liil' 1-..'1 + w.Cl..".III..'-J .~.:
~_,_ J .l!!: lit "
1204 Mount Loretta (photo, Sommer, p. 50)
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NPS Form 1 Q.900-a
(Rev.a-B61
OMS AppfOVfJI No. 1024-ooT8
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
36
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
1204 Mount Loretta Avenue (***date) is a porchless example of this subtype although McAlester does
not allow for the absence of a porch. This plan combines Italianate rounded window arches with Greek
Revival returned eaves and a rectangular entrance transom light (Sommer, p. 50-51).
2. Side gablelhip with full-height entry porch.
.'- -,---=::::::
Solon Langworthy House (1856) (drawing by Carl H. Johnson, Sommer, p. 48)
Solon Langworthy House (264 Alpine Street, 1856) is an excellent example of this subtype. The plan is
oriented not to the street address but rather towards the river. A wing has been added but the core house
retains its design integrity.
3. Side gablelhip with full width and full height front porch. There is no pediment above the porch. The porch
roof is either a flat separate extension from the fayade or it is integral to the main roof. The porch can wrap
around the plan. This subtype is more common in the South.
Joseph A. Rhomberg House (508 West 7"; Street, 1856) originally featured wrap-around porches and a
roof top belvedere. The house was colonialized probably prior to World War I and four full-height
tapered round columns and a bracketted eaves line were substituted for its Greek Revival elements.
Consequently this prominent bluff top residence no longer represents its original style (Sommer, p. 46).
Welbas House, 2615 Hillcrest Road (***date) and 3035 Pennsylvania Avenue (***date) offer similar
porch replacements (Sommer, p. 51).
4. Front gable with optional full-width colonnaded porch or a centered entry porch. This subtype is
particularly common in the Northeast and Midwest
5. Gable front with subordinant side wing or wings. This subtype is rare in the Midwest
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NPS Form 1 Q-90Q-a
IRev.8-86)
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
38
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque Countv Iowa
County and State-------
863 West 5th Street (*date?
1207 Prairie Street (date) (photo, Sommer, p. 57)
1206 Prairie Street (*date?). This house has been resided with either a masonite or asbestos shingle
siding but its windows and perforated bargeboards remain intact (Sommers, p. 57).
5. Flat roof with castellated or parapeted wall treatment. More truly Medieval in derivation, churches more
commonly utilized this subtype.
Dubuque Female College (*address, 1854) is a considerably altered example of this subtype. The
building is an amazing surviver and it has successively housed the college (founded as a result of
funding by the noted Beecher family of New England), a public high school (1862+), the Episcopalian
Lee Female Seminary (1864+), the Presbyterian Theological School (1872+), Catholic Immaculate
Conception School (1907+) and Lady of Lourdes Nursing Home. The towers lost their onion domes and
the pointed windows were infilled and Romanized. The castleated parapet walls have also been lost.
NPS Form 1 Q-9QQ.a
(Rev, 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No, 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
39
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and State-------
Originally the side wings were single story in height so the overall massing stepped up from the ends to
the center of the plan (Sommer, pp. 54-55).
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Cathedral of Saint Raphael (1857-59,1878) (photo, Tourist Guide afDubuque, p. 31)
Cathedral of San Raphael (231 Bluff Street, 1857-59, 1878, architect John Mullany) is in Sommer's
opinion, one of the state's best Gothic Revival examples and the most important Dubuque building
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NPS Form 10-90Q-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
40
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
constructed during the 1850s. The tower was originally intended to stand 300 feet above ground but
these plans were scaled down when construction began, the finished tower being completed in 1876.
Stained glass windows followed in 1886, four bells in 1897, and the replacement organ, said to be the
largest in Iowa, were installed in 1919. Gebhard noted the lancet window at the tower base as being a
most unusual component This is the third cathedral of this name. The stain glass windows were
installed in 1866 and were imported from England. The cathedral occupies a special location at the west
end ofthe broad 2"d Street (Sommer, pp. 51-52; Gebhard, p. 84).
Loras Academy (Loras Avenue, 1854, unidentified architect) was built for use as a marine hospital, the
first in the city. Gebhard sees range of styles from Victorian Gothic to Second Empire with the latter
being visually dominant (Sommer, p. 89; Gebhard, p. 91).
6. Polychromed examples which utilize any of the above forms. This use of contrasting horizontal bands was
most common in examples built after 1865.
Italianate Style. 1840-85:
The popularity of this style coincided with the explosive new growth of Midwestern urban centers and
the style is consequently well represented in that region. Like the Gothic Revival, this picturesque style was
developed first in England and was an attempt to emulate the rambling Italian farmhouse/villa. The earliest
American examples date to the late 1830s. Architect Andrew Downing also promoted this style nationally and
the Italianate was dominant over the Gothic Revival by 1860. It reigned nationally until the financial panic of
1873. Two sub-phases have been distinquished. A simpler plain phase lasted until the late 1850s and what is
termed "High Victorian Italianate," a much more elaborated range of designs, closed out the style (Ibid., p. 212).
This style was rarely a single story in height, but commonly had two or three stories. The usually hipped
roof has a low profile and broad overhanging eaves and the eaves are supported by exaggerated and ornate
brackets. Windows are narrow and are commonly arched with stylized hoods. Cupolas or square towers are
also frequently incorporated (Ibid., p. 211).
Six subtypes are differentiated within this style:
1. Square or rectangular box shape with uninterrupted hip roof with optional cupola (half of examples) and a
centered front entrance (usually three or five bays). This is the most common subtype form.
NPS Form 1 Q-900-a
lRev.8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
41
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
~
1192 Locust (1854-55,1860) (photo, Sommers, p. 66)
Frederick Weigel House (1192 Locust Street, 1854-55, 1860, architect possibly Robert Rogers,
contractor Rufus Rittenhouse). Five generations of the same family have occupied this property. A
simple brick addition with low profile hip roof and a belvedere was added to an earlier residence
(Sommer, pp. 65-66).
1453-55 Main (*date, unidentified architect) represents a number of Dubuque Italianate style double
houses. These have hip or gable roofs. Other excellent examples are found at 324-26 Locust Street and
1257 Locust Street. Like their Second Empire counterparts, the latter designs employ flanking broad
full-height bays which project around a shared bracketted portico (Sommer, pp. 90-91).
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NPS Form lQ-9oo-a
(Rev.a-S6)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 7024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
42
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubUQue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue Countv Iowa
County and 8tate-------
597 Loras Boulevard (1855-60, unidentified architect) is a more elaborate and larger frame example of
this subtype. Fenestration is symmetrical and side windows are paired and set above five-sided single-
story bay windows. The porch is full-width with an enclosed solarium (Ibid., p. 66; Gebhard, p. 91).
389 Hill Street (*date, unidentified architect) is classified by Sommer as Georgian Revival but it
combines Georgian symmetry with Italianate features including a belvedere atop a hip roof. Windows
are rectangular without decorative hoods, which is a Georgian feature (Sommer, p. 137).
2441 Broadway Street (*date, unidentified architect) is also termed Georgian Revival by Sommer but it
likely had a belvedere and its window hoods are Italianate dervived. The classical portico is likely a
Neoclassical alteration (Sommer, p. 137).
Scott-Wilson House (732 Fenelon, 1857, unidentified architect, *need photo) combines a broader
Georgian fayade with Italianate brackets and a belvedere (Downtown Walking Tour).
CoL D. E. Lyon House (10th and Bluff streets, *date) is three stories high and has distinctive cast or
carved window hoods. The porch is not original and there is an indication that the windows have been
shortened or that one second floor window was once a door (Downtown Walking Tour)
2. The centered gable subtype is based upon a hip or side gable core. Commonly the cross gable is
incorporated into a shallow central wing.
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325 Alpine Street (1854/1900+) (photo, Sommer, p, 65)
General Warner Lewis-John T. Adams House (325 Alpine Street, 1854, 1904, unidentified architects)
represents a very late post-l 900 Italianate Revival make over of a Federal design. The alterations make
this an Italianate rather than a Federal design and they likely coincided with John Adam's purchase in
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
43
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
1904. Adams was president of Carr, Ryder and Adams Company, a nationally significant millwork firm
but he was nationally important as a Republican Party leader during the early 20th century. This example
is exception given its very late date and its evoking of the Italianate theme. There are some minimal
hints of the Colonial Revival in the porch lines and the bulls-eye window and Gebhard interprets
remodeling as a Colonial reinterpretation (Sommer, pp. 63, 65; Gebhard, p. 91).
'.:.~...,.~--':;':
.',-~',.- ',-
Mathias Ham House (1839, 1857) (Carl Johnson drawing, Sommer, p. 64)
Mathias Ham House (2241 Lincoln Avenue, 1839, 1857, unidentified architect) represents a stone
Italianate style addition to a much smaller 1839 side gable Greek Revival style stone house. The two-
story front with attic and octagonal belvedere was built oflimestone brought north from Nauvoo,
Illinois. Purportedly it saw its first use in the famous Nauvoo Mormon Temple. The Ham house design
presents multiple centered gables. Separate Gothic porches are centered beneath each gable. The angles
dormer was a 1920s alteration (Sommer, p. 63; Gebhard, pp. 88-89).
890 West Third (date 1860s) (photo, A Walking Tour.. .South Dubuque)
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NPS Form 10-9oo-a
IRev.8-86)
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
44
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County Iowa
County and 5tate-------
Jacob K. Rich-Spahn House (890 West Third, date l860s, unidentified architect) has lost its full-width
front verandah (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque)
3. Asymmetrical L or U plan with hip or cross gable roof form. Towers are not employed.
* ....
1163 Highland Place (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 83)
1295, 1245, 1163 Highland Place (*dates?, unidentified architect(s)) are three very similar L-plan
examples of this subtype. All front towards the city and river from the bluff front Each has a
bracketted eavesline, the most elaborate of which is found on 1163 Highland Place. The three plans all
have wrap-around porches but the 1163 Highland Place porch is of classical derivation with Ionic
columns. Sommer sees a multitude of vernacular, Second Empire, Queen Anne and Italianate design
influences in these plans but Italianate predominates. Construction dates will clarify the Queen Anne
role. Porches might represent replacements and stylistic updates (Sommer, pp. 79, 83).
St Raphael Cathedral Parish House (231 Bluff, 1858, unidentified architect) presents a symmetrical
main fayade but two successive south-facing wings make the overall plan asymmetrical (A Walking
Tour.. .South Dubuque).
4. Subset #3 with a tower placed on the front or side of the plan. Most commonly it marks the juncture point
of core and wing.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev.8-86l
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Page
45
Section number F
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State--m--
........-...-- - . '\"r'"--
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Ryan Houses, 1375 (left, 1866) and 1389 (1870) Locust Street
(drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p. 73)
~
What are now termed the "Ryan Houses" are probably the most recognized historic homes in the city.
They certainly represent the best of the Italianate style in Dubuque. They have received constant
promotion particularly in the most recent decades, especially following the establishment of the Ryan
House restaurant (*date). These properties are respectively the William Ryan and John Thompson
houses and each is described below.
William Ryan House (1389 Locust Street, c.1870, John M. Van Osdell architect) represents the
successful meat packing industry which Ryan established in Dubuque during the Civil War. This house
is less elaborate than its next-door neighbor. The roof is low-pitched and combines hip and gable forms
(Sommer, pp. 71-72; Gebhard, pp. 85-86).
John Thompson House (1375 Locust Street, 1866, John M. Van Osdel architect) was built by a city
mayor and embodies the most ornate and purest design elements of the Italianate style. It also borrows
from the then popular Second Empire in its use of a Mansard roof attic treatment with dormers. This
house is larger in plan, is taller due to the Mansard cap, and employs window groupings, overstated
window hoods, elaborate bays and highly decorated and glassed porches. The Ryan family purchased it
in 1888 and owned it until the 1860s. It has recently served as a noted restaurant (Sommer, pp. 71-72;
Gebhard, p. 85).
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NPS Form 10-9oo-a
{Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
46
The Architectura] and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa ]837-]955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State--m--
~i!.:-
~~-
~~.~ ."
581 Clarke Drive (1872-75) (photo Sommer, p. 102)
Dr. Ernest M. Porter House (581 Clarke Drive, 1872-75, unidentified architect) is of some historical
interest because its construction was greatly delayed by the financial panic of 1873. It represents of the
the later examples of a purer Italianate style in Dubuque. Note the paired windows with rounded hoods
and the elaborate attic dormers. Like many plans this one incorporates a Second Empire mansard attic
treatment. The tower too is surely one of the most elaborate to be found in the city, it too utilizes the
"s" profile of the mansard roof (Sommer, pp. 102-03).
1133 Highland Place (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 106)
1133 Highland Place (*date) combines an Italianate core with Queen Anne bays. It most likely
represents a substantial remodeling (Sommer, p. 106).
Joseph J. Steil House (541 West Third Street, 1870s, unidentified architect) was constructed to house the
Ladies' Episcopal Seminary. The plan has a gabled roof, L-shaped plan and a corner tower. The bluff
NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
47
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
Caunty and State-------
front location offers an overview of river and city. It was built for use as the Ladies Episcopal Seminary
(Sommer, pp. 71-72).
1330 Locust Street (***date, unidentified architect) (Sommer, p. 72)
1871 North Main, *get photo, (Sommer, p. 72)
333 Villa Street *get photo, (Sommer, p. 72)
5. Front gable with detailing.
1221 University Avenue (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 78)
1221 University Avenue (*date) presents a vernacular Italianate design. Only the narrow windows with
their decorative stone hoods classify it as Italianate. The double door has rectangular transom lights set
above it (photo, Sommer, p. 78)
Dubuque City Hall (southwest comer Iowa and 13th streets, 1857-58, architect John F. Rague, building,
John D. Aubry, Second Empire bell tower) is a rare commercial example of the Italianate style. This
three story edifice features elongated windows, bracketted eaves, and an ornate cupola (top removed in
1954, restored in ****). Typical of many mid-century commercial buildings, this one employs a
projecting structural column and broad round arch wall plane with recessed brick/window recessed panel
inserts. This effect lightens the massing of the building and places emphasis on its vertical detailing.
This effect was originally heightened by the presence of six chimneys which were spaced along each
sidewall (Sommer, p. 59; Gebhard, pp. 87-88).
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NPS Form 10-S00-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
48
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and Statennm
-~.~-
City Hall (1857-58) original appearance (photo, Sommer, p. 59)
NPS Form 10.900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
49
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State----m
Bishop's Block (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 90)
Bishop's Block (First and Main streets,*date, unidentified architect) represents an massive late date
Italianate commercial design. Like City Hall, brick pilasters and paired window arches frame recessed
wall panels within each vertical bay. The corner turret is particularly impressive as are the surviving
finials which cap each pilaster (photo, Sommer, p. 90-91).
6. Town house with straight bracketted pediment, flat or low pitched roof form. Window treatments identify
this subset
975 Locust Street (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 91)
975 Locust Street (*date, unidentified architect) is actually a grouping of three double houses with end
pediments and crestings which highlight the bays (Sommer, p. 91).
340 Wartburg Place (*date, unidentified architect) is classed by Sommer as Georgian Revival but its
twin bays, and semi-elliptical stone arches and bracketted eaves argue for the Italianate. It is side-gabled
and has the same townhouse plan as the examples above although it is a single family planJts entryway
has been altered and a Neoclassical rounded dormer has been added (Sommer, p. 137).
Commercial Italianate Examples:
401 Locust Street (pre-1884, *need photo) housed the city's first permanent fire station. Thin round arched 2/2
windows reflect this style. The cornice line is formed with an arcade of brick piers and rounded arches (A
Walking Tour,.South Dubuque).
169-85 Main Street (*dates) comprises several separate buildings which retain ornate'cornice lines and window
hoods (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque).
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NPS Form 10-S00-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
50
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue Countv. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
Commercial Building (second north from southeast corner 9th and Central streets, *date, unidentified
architect) with Italianate "flavor" (Gebhard, p. 82).
Exotic Revivals. El!VDtian. Oriental and Swiss Chalet. 1835-c.1890:
These three uncommon styles are all contemporaneous picturesque styles but otherwise were distinct
styles (Ibid., pp. 230-232).
The Egyptian style derived its popularity from Napoleon's late 18th century invasion of Egypt. It was
very rarely applied to domestic designs but is more common in public building design. The style is most
commonly reflected in the use of massive flared "bundled" columns and in the use of flared corners and
elaborate window surrounds.
The Oriental is commonly a decorative theme applied to an Italianate villa core. Ogee arches on porches
or Turkish onion domes identifY the stylistic influence.
The very rare Swiss Chalet style utilized a broad front gable core and a second floor balustrade or
balcony. Greek or Gothic Revival decorative influences intermized with Swiss stickwork.
Egvotian Stvle. 1830-50:
-
Dubuque County Jail (1857-58) fayade to left, view southeast
(photo, Horton, Early Architecture in Dubuque, p. 141)
Dubuque County Jail (southeast corner Central and 8th streets, 1857-58, John F. Rague architect) is said
to be the last example of this style built in the nation. The construction ofthis'public building coincides
with the national financial panic of 1857 -58 so this design and the building represent the highest
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
51
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
aspirations for the city's growth during what suddenly became a period of financial retrenchment. Its
rarity of style makes this the city's most significant building design overalL This is Iowa's only
example of this style in ajail form (Sommer, p. 58; Gephard, pp. 81-2).
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County Jail Door Detail (photo, Horton, Ibid.)
Octal!on Tvoe/Stvle. 1850-1870:
This style employed an eight-sided form and most commonly a two-story core with centered cupola.
The form utilzed all of the contemporary stylistic influences in its ornamentation. New Yorker Oren S. Fowler
single-handedly promoted the type in a series of plan books beginning in 1849. He advocated the form for its
additional living space, improved light and ventilation. He also promoted pounded earth or concrete
construction in conjunction with his house form (Ibid., 235-37).
The Edward Langworthy Octagon House (1095 Third Street, 1857, architect John Rague) is one ofa
handful of surviving Iowa examples of this rare house type. It is unusual in that is built of locally produced soft
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NPS Form 10-900-a
lRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
52
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and State-------
red brick. This was Dubuque's second octagon, its predecessor fell to the wrecking ball in 1932. The
Langworthy house has been documented by the Historic American Building Survey (1934) and is National
Register listed. Octagon forms were deficient in their interior room layouts. The Langworthy example utilized
a full-length central hall and parlor which filled half of the main floor (Sommer, p. 60; Gebhard, pp. 91-92).
The Mathias Ham house at Eagle Point (1857) employed an octagonal belvedere. Another unusual,
though much later, octagonal structure is the octagonal tower base found on the First United Presbyterian
Church (17'" and Iowa streets, 1880s) which is otherwise of a later Gothic design (Sommers, pp. 63, 87, 89).
Victorian Era House, 1860-1900;
The Second Empire, Victorian Gothic, Queen Anne, and Richardsonian
Romanesque styles.
This architectural era was largely based upon Medieval designs but classical influences were also
strongly represented. Designs celebrated textural and color variations and asymmetry of form. Stylistic
influences were freely intermixed and consequently stylistic categories are less meaningful than they were for
the Romantic era. After 1876 there was a resurgence of interest in the Federal/Adams and Georgian styles and
these would set the stage for the successor styles which appeared c.1900 (McAlester, p 239).
Second Emoire Stvle. 1855-1885:
This style enjoys the visual dominance of the Mansard roof form, a French-derived attic treatment which
allowed for livable upper level space. No other Victorian style as so singular an identifier. The roofform is
accompanied by molded cornice lines and decorative brackets set beneath the eaves.
This largely urban style was particularly popular during the 1870s and leant itself to rowhouse and multi
unit residential buildings. Hotels and other commercial buildings greatly favored the style during these years.
Simply defined, this style placed a mansard roof on an Italianate base, effectively adding a full floor. The style
appears along the Mississippi River by the early 1850s but reached its greatest popularity during the middle
1870s in the Midwest.
The first Victorian era style, the Second Empire found its inspiration in the rebuilding of Paris which
followed the restoration of the French monarchy. McAlester note that in America it coincided with the first
post-Civil War administration and was known as the "General Grant" style. The style is purported to have
developed in Paris as a tax avoidance practice, the Mansard attic space not being counted as livable and
therefore taxable space. Accordingly this mansard level is usually well lighted with richly ornamented
windows. The style was a victim of the economic panic of 1873 although it appears to have persisted as a
domestic style into the next decade (McAlester, p. 241).
NPS Form 1 Q-900-a
{Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
53
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubuQue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
DubuQue County. Iowa
County and State-------
This style is particularly prone to loss due to remodeling if only because its combination flat and steep
side roof is hard to maintain and because its examples are frequently multi unit or late date conversions.
There are five subtypes for this style although Dubuque appears to favor one that McAlester fails to
identify. This is a twin-full-height bay plan without a tower. It is particularly favored for the Townhouse
variant (see 1100-1150 Main and 1631-33 Main) but it also is found in a free-standing house plan, the best
example being 1491 Main Street, the Behr Funeral Home (*date, unidentified architect) (Sommer, p. 97).
1 i.. '~..,/2.... _i ~.
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1491 Main Street (c.1875) (photo, Sommer, p. 97)
Young House (1491 Main Street, c.1875, Fridolin Heer Sr. architect) has a Indiana limestone fayade and
a splendidly carved 15th Street frontage (photo, Sommer, p. 97; Gebhard, p. 86).
L Simple uniterrupted mansard roof form on a rectangular or square core form. Fenestration is symmetrical
and utilizes a three or five-bay cadence with centered openings. Centered cupolas also appear in some
examples.
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Nf'S Form 1Q-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
54
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County Iowa
County and Statem----
652 Needham Place (*date) is a cottage example of the style and ofthis subtype. Its narrow rectangular
plan is fronted to the street. There is a separate full-width front porch and a bay/dormer wing on the
south sidewall (Sommer, p. 99).
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1025 Walnut Street (*date) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p. 109)
1025 Walnut Street (*date) actually incorporates a tower base onto a rectangular plan. The design is
notable for its delicate porch detailing (Sommer, p. 107).
Dennis Cooley House (1394 Locust Street, c.1866, unidentified architect) has strong historical
associations with city women's organizations. Cooley was its second owner. The house has lost its
centered belvedere or tower, rooftop iron cresting, and its full-width front porch (Downtown Walking
Tour...).
Alfred Tredway House (1182 Locust Street, late l870s, Fridolin Heer architect) is associated with the
Iowa Iron Works and Dubuque Boat and Building Works. It likely has gained front porches, bays and a
side solarium (Downtown Walking Tour. ..).
NPS Form 10-900-a
{Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
55
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County. Iowa
County and State---nn
-
757 West Third Street (1850) (photo, A Walking Tour. ..South Dubuque).
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John King-Banneier House (757 West Third Street, 1850, unidentified architect) has historical
associations with the state's first newspaper editor. The house contains 16 rooms and three fireplaces (A
Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque).
2. As above with a centered wing/gable set above the entrance. The wing repeats the mansard form.
3. Assymmetrical plan without a tower.
Robinson-Lacy House (1878) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommers, p. 88)
Robinson-Lacy House (1640 Main Street, 1878, Fridolin Heer Sr. architect) is the premier Dubuque
Second Empire design. This massively built house exemplifies all of the attributes of this style
(Sommer, p. 92; Gebhard, p. 86).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
{Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
56
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
Jesse P. Farley House (605 Bluff Street, 1879, architect Franklin D. Hyde) survives today as the
southernmost portion of the Mary of the Angels Home. The house has lost its original Moorish porch
but it is otherwise clearly recognizable. Farley was three-time city mayor, was the capitalist partner in
the Farley & Loetscher Millwork Company and was a railroad promoter. He finally was bankrupted by
his loss of a Supreme Court ruling that went against him in 1892. Three additions (1899, 1911, 1929)
designed by two other architects, (Guido Beck, Fridolin Heer) all continued to honor the original style
(Ibid., pp. 94, 96; Gebhard, p. 83).
1611 Main Street (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 99)
1611 Main Street (*date, unidentified architect) is another elaborate and well preserved example of this
subtype.
563 West Eleventh Street (*date, unidentified architect) (Sommer, p. 98).
Bethany House (original portion is the Christian Loetscher House) (1005 Lincoln Street, *date,
unidentified architect) has a single off-center bay/wing and a full-width front porch (Sommer, p. 98).
Hattie Scott House (788 Fenelon, 1880, unidentified architect) is an unsual Second Empire design. Its
narrow end of an L-plan is fronted to the street and there is an elongated side porch. The front features a
two-story bay and dormer tower base (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque).
4. Any of the above with a centered or offset square tower. Three often examples are of this subtype.
NPS Form 10-900-a
{Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
57
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and 8tale-------
;"
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1651 White Street (*date, photo Sommer, p. 97)
-:----
,.
1651 White Street (*date, unidentified architect) is a smaller example of the style. It is noteworthy for
its corner tower and belvedere (Sommer, p. 97).
One tower survives without its building. The second city clock (1873, architect Fridolin Heer Sr.) was
set atop a three-story "Ruskinan Gothic" building at the corner of Eighth and Ninth streets. The remnant
incluses the tower base, the clock component and the only standing seam metal mansard tower roof with
round windows in the city. In 1967 it was moved to Clock Tower Plaza and has occupied its present
tower site since 1971. Gebhard identifies Barton and Aschman Associates as the replacement tower
designers. He also notes that the clock's weather vane cast iron key, now lost, read "key to the city"
(Sommer, p. 99,107; Gebhard, p. 84).
5. The townhouse subtype with mansard roofin lieu ofa pediment front.
1631-33 Main Street
Immaculate Conception School, Davis Street, in conjunction with the St. Francis Convent constitute one
of the largest examples of the style in Dubuque (Sommer, p. 97)
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NPS Form lO-900.a
(Rev. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number r
Page
58
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and State-------
1100-1150 Main (*date) (photo, Sommer, p.98)
1100-1150 Main Street (*date, unidentified architect) comprises a three-part assemblage of six
rowhouses. Two of the projecting bays feature mansard towers while four do not (Sommer, p. 98).
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1025-37 Locust Street (*date, unidentified architect) combines three rowhouses in a single unified
frontage with vertical differentiations present only at the mansard attic level. Each house frontage
exhibits twin elaborate attic dormers (Downtown Walking Tour).
Double house examples are found on Clarke Drive, Rhomberg, Central, Jackson, Washington and White
streets (Sommer, p. 97).
701 Bluff Street (*date, Thomas T. Carkeek architect) was built by George W. Healey (see drawing p.
95) (Sommer, p. 96).
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
59
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Other examples (not classified pending evaluation of photos)
St. Columbkille's School, Rush Street (older portion)
St. Francis Convent, Davis Street
1450 Iowa
1552 Locust Street
489 Loras Avenue
Loras Academy (Loras Avenue, 1878-82)
II-B. Victorian Gothic (1860-1890):
This style is distinguished by the presence ofpolychrowatic horizontal bandings which are formed by
the use of contrasting materials and colors in the building exterlbr finish. For residences plain stucco is used in
addition to the more common brick. The same Gothic trimwork of the Gothic Revival persists but straight
headed windows are used along with the pointed arch form.
This style leant itself to the design of many picturesque churches especially those of frame construction.
Institutional (armories, public buildings) and commercial structures also favored the style. The style's elements
are also commonly found in vernacular house types.
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1207 Grove Terrace (1890) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p. 56)
Benton M. Harger House (1207 Grove Terrace, 1890, unidentified architect). Built too late to exemplify
the Gothic Revival, there is no question that this late example utilizes that style's form as well as its
ornamentation. It would otherwise be termed "Steamboat Gothic" or perhaps an early Tudor Revival
example (Sommer, pp. 55-56; Gebhard, p. 85).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev.a-a6)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
60
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
St. Mary's German Catholic Church (northeast corner 15th and White streets, 1864-67, architect John
Mullany) exemplifies the "High Victorian Gothic. Its design is more vertical and employs a variety of
colors and materials. Its organ dates from 1870 (Sommer, p. 84; Gebhard, p. 88).
Dubuque's churches adopted the High Victorian Gothic in the construction of an array of spectacular
first substantial replacement edifices, all of which survive intact.
NPS Form 10-900.a
lRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
61
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue Iowa 1837-1955
Name af Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-mm
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First Congregational Church (1857-60, 1880s), note octagonal tower at right-hand corner
(photo, Horton, Early Architecture..., p. 146)
.
First Congregational Church (lOth and Locust streets, 1857-60, completed 1880s, David Jones architect)
might properly represent the earlier Gothic style but this requires further investigation. The decoration
was enhanced by a later generation in the forms of a 13' diameter rose window (1895) and Tiffany
windows (Sommer, p. 89).
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First United Presbyterian Church (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 86)
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First United Presbyterian Church (17'h and Iowa streets, *date, unidentified architect) also has a
cruciform plan but the special feature is a rear octagonal tower (Sommer, p. 86)
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev.S-S6)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No, 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
62
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and Slatem----
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St. John's Episcopal Church (1875-78)(Photo, Sommer, p. 86)
S1. John's Episcopal Church (1410 Main Street, 1875-78, Henry Martyn Conger architect) was designed
in a cruciform plan. Walls are ofrough finished local limestone with smooth finished window surrounds
and belt courses. The architect was a national specialist in Episcopal church design (Sommer, p. 86;
Gebhard, p. 86).
II-C. Queen Anne (1880-1910):
The Queen Anne style built upon the visual busyness of the Stick Style and this longest enduring style
(unless one counts the Colonial Revival which really consisted of a series of distinct reinter-pretations of the
Colonial) sought out and utilized any structural or decorative trick to achieve exterior variety. Over time the
style utilized any asymmetrical form and this asymmetry was greatly facilitated by balloon frame construction.
Over half of all Queen Anne houses used the hip roof form nationally, although Rock Island's Queen Anne
houses used the front gable set above and behind subordinated off-center gabled wings of varying depth.
Porches were thin and delicate in their ornamentation and the wrap-around porch is a certain indicator of the
style. Few original porches survive however, and Classical Revival era replacements are usually in place.
While the Stick Style aggressively infilled any wall surface, the Queen Anne tended to be ornamental in
gable ends and porch pediments, usually mixing wooden shingle shapes. Queen Anne plain wall areas are
minimized by the complexity of the exterior shell and varied wall coverings (shingles, brick, wood) are
frequently used to break up these wall panels.
Like the Italianate, the Queen Anne was visually a very vertically inclined expression. Much of this
feeling has been lost due to the removal of tall and ornate chimneys, roof crestings and finials.
The Queen Anne style, like its Italianate and Second Empire antecedents, is comprised of four subtypes
which employ three basic core shapes. The first two subtypes share a common core shape. The longevity of
NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Page
63
Section number F'
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue, Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
this style and its coincidence with large scale urban growth make it a very common one amongst the Victorian-
era styles. It accounts for the vast majority of designed houses in most communities,
Four decorative treatments further distinguish Queen Anne houses, Spindlework encompasses Eastlake
or detailing classes of turned decorative posts and friezes. Free Classic ornament substitutes classical columns,
Palladian windows, dentils, and bay windows. Half timbered examples use early Tudor derived half timbering
and window groupings. Patterned masonry elaborates stone and brick work and can use terra cotta inserts and
decorative panels, "Eastlake Style" and "Shingle Style" decorative motifs are not treated as a styles in this
typology but are regarded as part of the Queen Anne style,
There are four Queen Anne subtypes:
I. Hipped Roof With Lower Cross Gables: Half of all Queen Anne houses present a dominant front gable with
one or more subordinated cross gables, Most common is an L-shaped plan with front facing and side facing
gable ends, Hipped examples differ from the norm by running the ridge front to back on the plan rather than
from side to side (see Italianate), Towers occur at a front comer.
1145 Locust Street (1892) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p, 105)
H. L Stout House (1145 Locust Street, 1892, Fridolin Heer Sr. and Fridolin Heer Jr. architects) is to the
Queen Anne what the Ryan House is to the Italianate. This is the most ornate example of this style in
the city and it represents the conscious intermixing of stylistic influences, the Romanesque, Oriental,
Byzantine being the most obvious. Stout built this house for his daughter Fannie, It is presently used as
a funeral home (Sommer, pp. 101-02; Gebhard, p, 85),
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NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
64
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
-.
900 West Third Street (1891) (photo, A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque)
Lester C. Bissell House (900 West Third Street, 1891, F. D. Hyde architect) contains I 0 rooms and a
three-story open interior stairway and an attic ballroom. The foundation is of brownstone (A Walking
Tour.. . South Dubuque)
Charles H. Eighmey House (1337 Main Street, c.1892, unidentified architect) was one of Dubuque's
most elaborate Queen Anne residential designs but it has been compromised by a Neo-Classical
updating. Originally the plan consisted of a broad gable front on the hip roof core, with flanking comer
turrets, the lesser one pointed and the dominant one onion domed. A classical temple front with
pediment and two story columned porch and balcony and a matching south-facing side porch were
superimposed on the plan during the early 1900s. The resulting hybrid while illustrative of both styles,
really represents neither style well (Sommer, pp. 101-02; Gebhard, p. 87).
300 Central Avenue (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 102)
3000 Central Avenue (*date, unidentified architect) combines Romanesque arid Queen Anne features.
The design combines an angled square tower, cross gables and a subordinate sidewing to create a
NPS Form 10-9oo-a
(Rev. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
65
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
visually busy Queen Anne house. Heavy stone lintels and sills give the design a vernacular touch
(Sommer, p. 102).
.
1921 Madison Street (*date, unidentified architect) represents a moderate size frame interpretation of the
style. The design is based on a hip roof square core. A corner turret and a square cut gabled bay are
cantilevered from the second floor to balance the fa<;ade. A wrap-around porch unifies the fayade and
south-facing wing and solarium (Sommer, p. 106).
1105 Grove Terrace (*date, unidentified architect) presents a substantial frame interpretation of the
Queen Anne style and this subtype. Two broadly projecting gabled wings disguise the fact that the plan
core is a two-story hip. A full-height round tower with cone roof is centered between the two wings and
a wrap-around porch unifies the whole plan. Shingle Style influences might by indicated by the
generous use of wood shingles to surface the entire upper level and gable fronts. This property enjoys
one of the most impressive vistas in the city (Sommer, p. 106).
1045 West Third Street (*date, unidentified architect) is a fairly compact yet strikingly tall brick
interpretation of the style. A massive round corner turret and cone roof dominates the two shallowly
projecting wings or bays and a rounded wrap-around porch interconnects the whole plan. Pediments
with classical features hint at the emerging Neoclassical style while rusticated stone trim reflects the
Romanesque Style (Sommer, p. 107).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
{Rev, 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 7024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
66
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State----m
1
~
,.
2955 Jackson Street (*date) is a vernacular interpretation of the style and it is an anomaly with regard to
the four subtypes. Clearly the core structure is side-gabled and a hip wing with offset six-sided tower
projects from that core (photo, Sommer, p. 78).
2. Cross Gabled Roof: This is the gabled variation of the above subtype. Towers occur on a front corner.
-
August A. Cooper House/"Redstone" (1888) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p. 104)
August A. Cooper House/"Redstone" (504 Bluff Streets, 1888, Thomas T. Carkeek architect) is another
very well known Dubuque Queen Anne style residence. A corner Romanesque style tower dominates
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
68
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
-
1492 Locust Street (1883) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p. 93)
Benjamin B. Richards-T. Ellsworth House (1492 Locust Street, 1883, unidentified architect) is
Dubuques best example of what many term the "Stick Style." Its extensive use of wood shingles on the
upper floor also evokes a "Shingle Style" feel as well. The stick style (treated as a Queen Anne subset
here) emphasized steeply pitched gable roofs, decorative trusses which cap gable fronts, overhanging
eaves and exposed rafter ends. The interior decoration is equally profuse with seven fireplaces and a
broad range of wood trim types. This house has been occupied by the same family since its construction
(Sommer, p. 91).
3. Front Gabled Roof: A single full width front gable caps the fairly symmetrical rectangular plan.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev.8-86l
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number r
Page
69
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State--mn
Loras Avenue and Main Street (*date, unidentified architect) is a massive polychromatic example of the
Queen Anne with Neoclassical Revival style influences. The core form is that of a front gable rectangle.
The dominant steep pitched front gable is balanced between the comer tower and the projecting bay.
The comer location allows ffor a wrap-around porch and a side entrance (Sommer, p. 107).
3087 Central Avenue (*date, unidentified architect) almost matches the above example except in scale
and elevation. Frame and brick are intermixed and the wrap-around porch is oflight frame and turned
post construction (Sommer, p. 103).
4. Town House: Detached houses are gabled, while row houses employ flat or gabled roofs.
-.,..,....--- '- ...
Comer 2nd and Bluff Streets (1880s) (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque).
Hennesey House (Comer 2nd and Bluff Streets, 1880s, unidentified architect) js an elaborate comer
interpretation of a Queen Anne style rowhouse. A comer turret is cantilevered from the base of the
second floor and an elaborate pattern of broad and narrow dormers, a central cross gable, and varied
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024.0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
70
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
porch lenghts combine to visually enhance the longer dimension of the plan (A Walking Tour. ..South
Dubuque).
Fifth and Bluff Streets (c.1890s, unidentified architect) offers a more substantial example of the same
corner design lines exhibited in the above case with a complete corner tower, substantial stone
foundation and two complete frontages (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque).
Unassigned:
Richards House (1392 Locust Street, 1882-1883, Franklin D. Hyde architect) is an example of the
Eastlake style. The multiple gable ends feature exposed medieval timberwork (Gebhard, p. 86). *get
photo and assign
Richardsonian Romanesque (1880-1900):
The subtypes of this style are based not upon basic form, but rather on roof type. Three components
identify the style. These are the use of round topped arches, rough faced stonework and the presence of round
conical capped towers (75% of properties according to McAlester). Dark red brick with thin colored mortar
lines and rubbed brick arches, as well as the application of decorative terra cotta panel inserts, are also
associated with this style. While the brickwork seeks to minimize surface texturing, stone walls seek a varied
and rusticated visual surface effect but avoided applied ornament.
This style being ill suited to smaller residences and restricted to brick ones, there is but one fairly pure
example to be found in Dubuque although numerous Queen Anne residential designs betray a Romanesque
influence. Two-thirds of all residential examples employ a hipped roof with cross gable form.
It was this style which coincided with another intense church building phase and numerous religious
properties represent its influence.
Unlike other Victorian era styles, this one, while still evocative of the Romanesque era, was uniquely
American in its inception, being largely credited to Boston Architect Henry H. Richardson. His work directly
influenced the forthcoming Sullivanesque and Prairie styles, also American generated styles and a conscious
result of an architectural search for an American derived style that did not come from European sources
(Blumenson, p. 47).
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
71
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State--m--
;;.
------
~'?:-----
1105 Locust Street (1890-91) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p. 125)
F. D. Stout House (1105 Locust Street, 1890-91, unidentified architect) is Dubuque's only Romanesque
residential design and its original cost ($300,000) perhaps explains why others weren't built
Lumberman Stout built the house and it serves as a monument for an industry that was already fading
when construction was begun. The rectangular plan incorporates a hexagonal comer tower and the
broad low stone upper level arch is particularly impressive. It is constructed of red sandstone and the
interior features rosewood and mahogany trimwork. The Archdiocese of Dubuque has owned the house
since 1911 and has served as its agent ofpreservati'on. There is a matching carriage house on the
property (Sommer, p. 124; Gebhard, p. 84).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
72
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
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Sacred Heart Catholic Church (635 East 22nd Street, 1885-87, Fridolin Heer architect) represents the
city's earliest Romanesque edifice. Its uneven and contrasting towers continue the Dubuque tradition of
a single dominant comer tower (Sommers, pp. 113, 115),
---
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
73
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue. Iowa 1837- 1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue Countv. Iowa
County and State-mm
Holy Trinity Catholic Church (1910) (photo, Sommer, p. 115)
Holy Trinity Catholic Church (Rhomberg Avenue, 1910, unidentified architect) follows the same design
lines as Sacred Heart but it hugs the ground more closely. The rose window is shifted to the upper
reaches of the main tower and a multi-light rounded main window is substituted for the traditional rose
window setting. Paired entrances are substituted for separated triple entrances as at Sacred Heard
(photo, Sommer, p. 116).
Villa Raphael Motherhouse (1909) (photo, Sommer, p. 115)
Villa Raphael Motherhouse (1235 Mt. Loretta, 1909, unidentified architect)features an elongated
rectangular hip core with flanking hexagonal towers, and a central classical portico with a cupola set
above it. Heavy pilasters terminate in three-story high rounded arches and a dormer caps each bay above
the facade (Sommer, p. 116; Gebhard, p. 90).
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Saint Luke's United Methodist Church (1199 Main Street, 1896-97, George W. Kramer architect)
originally served as a design counterpart to Central High School which has been lost. Rusticated
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
74
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Bedford Indiana limestone was used as an exterior cladding. A single square tower dominates the plan
and an enlarged rounded arch window substitutes for a rose window. A full-width Italian loggia of
rounded openings surmounts the broad front steps. This church is justifiably notable for its
ornamentation. It contains the state's best array of actual Tiffany dedicatory windows and chandeliers
and Tiffany Company designed the church interior. Architect Kramer was nationally known for his
church designs. This is Dubuque's fourth Methodist church and replaced an 1853 Gothic Revival design
(Downtown Walking Tour, Sommer, pp. 118,120; Gebhard, p. 87).
Lo.
Mount Carmel Motherhouse (1893-94) (photo, Sommer, p. 123)
Mount Carmel Motherhouse (south end Grandview Avenue, 1893-94, John J. Egan, Chicago
architect) was the nation's largest convent when it was built on the most commanding site in the
city. It is more a complex than a single buildng. Brick and Bedford limestone trim comprise the
exterior materials. Total construction cost equalled that of the Stout House at 1105 Locust
Street' (Sommer, p. 123).
Commercial/Industrial Examples:
NF'S Form 10-90o-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number r
Page
75
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and Statem----
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Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company (3000 Jackson Street, 1894-95, Louis Lehle, Chicago
architect, Fridolin Reer construction supervision) is a complex of from three to seven stories which fills
an entire three acre industrial site. The facility was one of the nation's largest brewery plants and was
regionally famous for its product Note the massive Romanesque towers. The ground level is faced
with stone, and brick above that point (Sommer, pp. 120- 122; Gebhard, p. 88).
'..
Dubuque Star Brewery Company (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 120)
Dubuque Star Brewery Company (*address, *date, unidentified architect) is a smaller brewery facility
designed in the Romanesque style. Note that the multi-light windows and the round lights are also
found in the several church designs discussed previously. Note also the decorative finials, the central
tower, and the integration of the smokestack into the overall design (Sommer, p. 120).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
76
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
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Bank and Insurance Building (1890s) original photo (photo, Sommer, p. 127)
Bank and Insurance Building (*address, 1890s, unidentified architect) is one of two Sullivanesque (flat
parapet or roofline and exaggerated cornice line) commercial designs and one of the "skyscrapers" of
Dubuque. The building has gained an aluminum covered additional floor that replaced its original
cornice line detailing. This change along with the obliteration of the lower story/mezzanine has
destroyed the architectural integrity of this once grand building (Sommer, p, 126),
Security Building-I. F. Stampfer Building (*address, 1896, unidentified architect) is the second
Sullivanesque influenced commercial design in Dubuque and it is well preserved (Sommer, pp. 126-27),
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Aev.8.86l
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
77
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubuQue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
DubuQue County. Iowa
County and State--m--
Grand Opera House (1889-90) (photo, Sommer, p. 132)
Grand Opera House (8th Street, 1889-90, unidentified architect) has only recently had its Romanesque
brick fayade uncovered after many years and the building is undergoing a restoration. The ground floor
of the fayade consists of truly massive "Richardsonian" brick arches. Successively smaller rounded
arches infill the mezzanine level and a Palladian-like band of square cut short windows traces the attic
level.
1000 Main Street (1894, unidentified architect, *get photo) is a three-story commercial block with a
comer location. It was built as commercial rental property and long housed the Dubuque Electric
Company (1924-?). Its first tenant was Richard Herrman Furniture (Downtown Walking Tour..).
Commercial Building (southeast comer Central and 9th streets, *date, unidentified architect) said to be
Richardsonian Romanesque by Gephard, well preserved example (Gephard, p. 82).
Eclectic House Styles, 1880-1940:
McAlester groups these styles under three general sub-categories, the Anglo-American, English and
French Period Houses (includes the Colonial Revival, Neoclassical, Tudor, Chateauesque, Beaux Arts and
French Eclectic styles), Mediterranean Period Houses (includes the Italian Renaissance, Mission, and Spanish
Eclectic styles) and Modem Houses (includes the Prairie, Craftsman, Modernistic, and International styles).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
78
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque Countv Iowa
County and State-------
Until the end of World War I, eclectic influences were largely limited to the larger house. After the war,
economical brick and stone veneers extended these styles to the small tract house as well.
Anglo-American, English and French Period Houses:
This subgroup of the numerous eclectic styles can be distinguished by the common effort of its several
styles to more accurately replicate various European and New World building traditions.
Colonial RevivallDutch Colonial Revival 0880-1955):
The first twenty years of the Colonial Revival saw the emergence ofan amalgam of Queen Anne basic
forms with so called Colonial and even Classical ornamentation. It wasn't until c.191 0 that the style first
clearly focused on faithfully replicating original American Colonial house plans. The Colonial, even in its
earliest expressions, represented the emergence of the first American-generated architectural style (Labine,
McAlester, pp. 321-341).
These houses differed fundamentally from their Neo-Colonial predecessors because they actually
attempted to replicate actual upperclass late 18th Century Colonial plans. The house footprint was rectangular
and the facade was symmetrically arranged. The decorative components differed from those of the Neo-
Colonial; and included scrolled pediments, dentil bands, modillions, fanlights over doorways, and formal porch
columns (Clem Labine, 'The Neo-Colonial House, The Old House Journal, May 1984, pp. 73-77).
Even the more accurate designs departed from the Georgian and Adam originals by adding window
groupings, side wings, dormers, broken pediments and various window hood treatments. The gambrel roof
form was completely reinvented to serve the needs of taller residences. The Colonial Style is unified through its
common linkage to a true Colonial architecture. The higher end examples of each subtype shared the same
range of window and decorative treatments. The earliest style examples can be distinguished from Free Classic
Queen Anne precursors only with great difficulty. Colonial inspired elements are simply overlaid on the same
asymmetrical house core. Hipped roof subtypes accounted for one third of Colonial Revival houses in the years
leading up to World War I.
Later examples of this style employ a centered entrance on the long side of the house plan, and the
entryway is a point of particular design attention. Porches or hoods are minimized for all but the second
described subtype. Brick and stone exteriors are associated with early high-end style examples. Brick veneers
on tract house examples appear in the post- World War I years. There are nine subtypes of the Colonial Revival
Style:
Schweitzer and Davis identify a transitional Colonial Revival that endured through 1925, peaking in its
popularity between 1905 and 1917. This sub-style slightly predated 1900, but unlike the Queen Anne and
Georgian carryover styles, it did not enter the century at a flourishing state, achieving hoad acceptance only by
c.1905. This style represented the move to reduced and simpler ornamentation. It typically employed grouped
NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
79
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
porch columns, dentil moldings, returned cornices in their ornamentation. The houses stood one and a half to
two stories tall, occupied a narrow core plan and had a front-facing gable with high-pitched roof. A full-width
front porch was considered by the authors to represent a Queen Anne holdover. If cross-gable wings are
present, their roof ridges are subordinated to the main roofline. The main entrance is centered (although early
examples use a side entrance on the facade with side hall) as are side wings and bays. The later examples also
employ the living room that runs the full width of the house (Schweitzer and Davis, p. 131).
Schweitzer and Davis note that the Dutch Colonial Revival was the only holdover that was influenced
by the Arts and Crafts movement. The gambrel roof on this two-story house came in three varieties, with front,
side and cross gable versions. The front-gables came first, side-gables appearing by the 1920's. The gambrel
roof form offered more second floor interior space and used shorter pieces of lumber for its rafters. The front
gambrel subtype disappeared by 1919, but was succeeded by a new form side-gable subtype at about the same
time, c.1918-19. This subtype peaked in its popularity c.1932-40 (Schweitzer, pp. 134-37).
They similarly observe that the "Neo-Colonial" house design represents a "Colonialized Victorian"
house and as such it epitomizes what they describe as a "carry-over" style from the late 19th century. The house
shape is still Victorian while the decoration is ColoniaL These houses were not reproductions of the actual
Colonial housep1ans, this difference distinguishing these from the 20th Century Colonial Revivals that came
later. The marriage of Victorian and Colonial was an effort to produce a unique American style, a "National"
style. Shingles were commonly used for this style, combined with clapboard. Decorative elements included
classical columns, Paladin windows, oval windows, pedimented dormers and porches. Distinguishing any
demarcation between Neo-Colonial and the Colonial Revival, the latter developing between 1895 and 1910, is
no easy task. By 1910 Colonial Revival house plans were accurately replicating actual Colonial houses
(Schweitzer, pp. 119, 121; Clem Labine, "The Neo-Colonial House, The Old House Journal, May 1984, pp. 73-
77).
Schweitzer and Davis distinguish.a Williamsburg subtype, which they say was introduced in 1928 and
peaked in popularity between 1935 and 1940. Their "Modem Georgian Revival" similarly is said to have
appeared in 1920, flourishing between 1925 and 1940.
Subtvoes:
1. Asymmetrical, 1880-1900, c.1930s: Usually central entry and interior hall, entry with pediment, frequently
combines a front wing or full height bay with asymmetrical fenestration. Later examples are asymmetrical due
to addition of an attached garage.
2. Hipped Roof With Full Width Porch, 1880-1915, and post World War II into the 1950s:
3. Hipped Roof Without Full Width Porch: Most popular nationally after 1910, this subtype uses an elongated
hipped roof plan with central or off-center entrance, a small entry hood, porch, or no porch at all, with more
extensive Colonial detailing.
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NPS Form 10-900.a
IRev.8-S6)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024.0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
80
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
4. Side Gabled Roof: This subtype follows the same ground rules specified for the subtype described above, but
substitutes side gabled roof. The resulting footprint tends more toward the rectangular as opposed to the square
(which favors the hip roof form). This subtype can be as narrow as two bays (and as a result squarish in its
footprint) but it most commonly occurs in a three or five bay plan, with either an off-center or center hall entry
scheme. The center hall plans favor a symmetrical fenestration scheme and a vertical line of central components
is commonly employed, based upon the alignment of the porch or hood, entry, a smaller upper floor window set
or decorative window, and a rooftop dormer. Additional subordinated side extensions are common in later
examples. Solariums, porte-cochere's, garages, and entire wings are stepped back from the core front wall plane
and have separate lower roofs.
5. Centered Gable: Either of the two examples described above with an added subordinated front cross gable
usually superimposed on an entrance pavilion.
Jay Farwell House (514 Fenelon Street, c.1910, unidentified architect) is associated with a noted
inventor (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque).
6. Gambrel Roof: Pre- W.W.I examples combined front and side gable gambrel wings. The postwar Dutch
Colonial runs a steeply pitched gambrel roof parallel to the front. The key characteristic of this Colonial
Revival subtype is the use of the gambrel roof form. When wall dormers are employed the subtype very nearly
becomes the full two-story house. Like the Cape Cod, twin dormers can peer out from the gambrel roof surface.
Confusion comes when all things gambrel are simply lumped together as Dutch Colonial RevivaL
Front gable gambrels were the earliest, and side gable versions began to appear only by 1919. It is
thought that the gambrel roof form maximized second floor interior space while still conserving on the length of
lumber required to frame the roof Gambrel roof cottages are not a full two stories high. The reappearance of
the style in the 1920s is a distinctly different Colonial manifestation, however. These houses do not commonly
employ the cross gable and the gambrel ends run parallel to the street. Increasingly a unified shed roofed
NPS Form 1 Q-900-a
(Rev. 8,86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
81
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue Countv. Iowa
County and State-------
dormer fills most of the front and rear roof plane. The gambrel roof form is increasingly marginalized in an
effort to make the upper level more fully a second story.
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512 Fenelon Street (1897) (photo, A Walking Tour...South Dubuque)
Trewin-Huntoon House (512 Fenelon Street, 1897, Thomas T. Carkeek, architect) (A Walking
Tour.. . South Dubuque)
7. Second Story Overhang (post 1930): "Garrison Colonial" with side gabled, central entrance, second-floor
cantilevers beyond lower one.
8. Cape Cod (1920s-1950s):
Numerically the Cape Cod cottage was the most popular small house type in America for over 30 years,
an honor previously and much more briefly bestowed upon the bungalow, and subsequently by the ranch house
and split level. Unlike the bungalow with its multitude offorms and styles, the Cape Cod had a precise and
unchanging basic appearance and form. This form was that of a story and a half side gabled cottage with steep
roof pitch, with twin dormers set atop its front roof plane. Colonial Revival style by definition, it employed a
symmetrical facade with centered entryway, double hung light sash windows with various Colonial multi-light
patterns, Colonial detailing around the entrance, window shutters, a broad clapboard covered exterior, and the
occasional use of stone or brick as supplemental building materials.
Even the Cape Cod form could evolve and more expensive house plans tended to elongate, spacing the
dormers across a broader roof plane (or rarely adding a third middle dormer, more commonly broadening the
two dormers) or adding subordinated side wings, particularly breezeway/ garage combinations. Schweitzer and
Davis date the introduction of the type to 1929 and its zenith in popularity to 1935-40.
The frequency of the Cape Cod style is underestimated because the form is defined by the presence of
dormer windows. Architect Charles Keefe, writing in late 1930, called for the recognition of the styles
"inherent characteristics." These elements included a clapboard/shingle exterior, a recessed front entryway with
flush-set pilasters and transoms, low design lines (with eaveslines close to the tops of windows and doors), no
front porch (usually a lattice surround on the entryway), a massive central chimney, and a 39x30 overall
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NPS Form 1 Q-900-a
IRev.8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
82
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue, Iowa, 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and Statem-m
footprint Keefe makes no reference to the use of dormers, Of course it can be argued that the popular or
idealized Cape Cod form is the twin-dormer plan, but caution is urged that earlier examples might have more
closely approximated Keefe's standards and these are likely classified as colonial bungalows in contemporary
surveys (Keefe, pp, 9-11, 66-67),
Elongated Cape Cod Plan (66x36), 1938:
Unfinished second floor, six rooms on main floor. The
architect "kept close to the Cape Cod theme, making it
authentic in many respects,"
(American Builder, December 1938, p, 38)
Classical RevivallNeo-Classical (1895-1950);
This style reinterpreted the Early Classical
Revival and Greek Revival homes of America, The style
was first applied to monumental governmental buildings,
The new style's appearance coincided with the United
States emergence as a world naval and colonial power,
the product of the Spanish American War, The hallmark of the Neo-Classical style is an ornately formal two
story front porch, Otherwise the Classical Revival employs a one and two story porch that are centered on or
covers the front of a hipped or side gabled rectangular core form, The style focused attention on a central
entryway and a symmetrical facade composition was mandatory, there are no asymmetrical subtypes under this
heading,
Examples of this style up until the mid-I920s exhibit the hipped roof form most commonly along with
ornate Corinthian or Ionic fluted columns, From then on into the 1950s the side gable and square plane
columns were the norm, with the full width porch dominating, Like the Colonial Revival many components
including the rounded flat-topped portico, side extensions, combination one and two story porches, and grouped
windows were not found on the original houses which were being emulated, The style lends itself to high end
designed houses, Many earlier small houses were given Classical Revival porch replacements as original
porches wore out or were considered outdated,
Subtvoes:
L Full Height Entry Porch: Like its earlier (Greek Revival and Early Classical Revival) counterparts, the
classical porch does not cover the broad (from three to five or more bays wide) facade,
NPS Form lQ-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024.0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
83
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County. Iowa
County and 8tate-------
1090 Langworthy Avenue (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 136)
Joseph Garland House (1090 Langworthy Avenue,*date, unidentified architect) has a rusticated concrete
block exterior and a classical Greek two-story portico. Open terraces flank the porch (photo, Sommer,
p. 136).
1005 Locust Street (*date) (photo, Downtown Walking Tour...)
Dr. James Guthrie House (1005 Locust Street, *date, unidentified architect) presents contrasting dormers
including one with a rounded vault roof, paired columned two-level porch and twin contrasting full-
height bays (Downtown Walking Tour.. .).
2. Full Height Entry Porch With Lower Full width Porch: This subtype takes the above example and adds
flanking subordinated front side porches to the central porch.
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NPS Form 10-900-a
IAev, 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
84
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue Countv Iowa
County and 8tate-------
:-:~:
f'(I
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1595 Montrose Terrace (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 136)
1595 Montrose Terrace (*date) interweaves two separate porches. The plan has a stone porch and house
foundation and a stucco exterior (Sommer, p. 136).
541 Fenelon Street (c.1909) (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque)
Peter 1. Seippel House (541 Fenelon Street, c.1909, unidentified architect) reflects the city wealth
derived from lumbering as well as the rich array of wood types expected in the house of a lumber dealer
(A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque).
NPS Form 10-90o-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
85
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and 8tate-------
First Church of Christ Scientist (1911) (photo, Sommer, p. 134)
First Church of Christ Scientist (Ninth and Bluff streets, 1911, unidentified architect) combines a Roman
temple front "porch" which projects beneath an open pediment building front. This example fits none of
McAlester's subtypes because the portico is technically not full-height, but is of even height with the
sidewings (Sommer, p. 134).
3. Front Gabled Roof: This full height and full width front porch covers the entirety ofthis gabled front house
type.
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NPS Form 10-S00-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number r
Page
86
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue County Iowa
County and 8tate-------
Carnegie-Stout Public Library (1901) (drawing by Carl Johnson, Sommer, p. 133)
Carnegie-Stout Public Library (southeast corner Eleventh and Bluff streets, 1901, Williamson and
Spenser, Chicago architects) offers a perfect example of the style and subtype. Six Corinthian columns
support a formal temple front. The new addition on the east side dates to 1979-81 (Sommer, p. 134;
Downtown Walking Tour; Gebhard, p. 84).
4. Full Facade Porch: Like the above, this type substitutes a side gable roofform for the front gable form. The
porch usually has a flat roof. There is a full-width colonade but the main roof or an extension of that roof
covers the porch area.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
87
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
DubuQue Countv. Iowa
County and State-------
7'-'0-:0--
342 Main Street (upper two stories) (c.1900342 Main Street (c.1900) (photo, A Walking Tour...South
Dubuque)
German Bank (342 Main Street, c.1900, unidentified architect) features four engaged Corinthian
columns on a commercial front. The columns are uniquely patterned with layers of smooth and
rusticated stone (A Walking Tour...South Dubuque)
i..-
. ._....:v'__---i:..'.
372 Main Street (c.1910) (photo, A Walking Tour. ..South Dubuque)
Henry H. Mehlhop Company (372 Main Street, c.191 0, unidentified architect) is a dimuative
Neoclassical design with an elaborate stone fayade and cornice (A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque)
5. One Story: This one story subtype encompasses a broad range of hipped roof variants with a variety of
recessed and projecting porches.
Tudor Revival 0890-1940):
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
88
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubuQue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
DubuQue County. Iowa
County and State-------
This style loosely evoked late medieval English houses rather than anything specifically Tudor. Unlike
the Colonial Revival, earlier formal Tudor designs tended to be more accurate while later ones were more
generalized. The style found popular acceptance for both more modest and tract house applications beginning
in the middle 1920s and this popularity, rivaling the Colonial Revival, persisted until World War II. The abrupt
demise of the Tudor style, in the years right before the outbreak of the war, is a research topic that is yet to be
explored. The Tudor would rebound in suburbia during the early 1970s and remains a part of that stylistic range
today.
The Tudor Revival had its inception with the showing of the "Victoria House" at the British Exhibit at
the Chicago Columbian Exposition in 1893. For the most part the houses were too large to be included in early
plan books and they are more represented in the field than in those sources.
Like the earliest bungalow form, the Tudor Revival house was dominated by a steeply pitched roof. A
massive and elaborate chimney was also central to the type. The style could also be incorporated onto a
simplified Queen Anne foundation. These transitional house plans tended to have central halls and entrances,
and elaborate applications of dormers, oriels and bays. The houses ranged from the small house to the great
country house (Bruce Lynch, "The Popular English Revival Style," The Old-House Journal, July 1983, pp. 117-
20).
An asymmetric facade was the hallmark of this style with no preferred core form save for a decided
preference for the side gabled roof form. Roofs are steeply pitched and are set behind one or more prominent
cross gables or gable/dormer combinations that cluster or are distributed across the facade. Half of the style's
examples employ a non-structural half timbering usually in the gable areas. Bands of tall narrow windows and
tall chimneys with chimney pot caps give these buildings a vertical visual sense.
Schweitzer and Davis define a two phase Tudor Revival, the whole lasting from 1875 through 1940.
The Arts and Crafts-influenced phase peaked from 1909 through 1917. These authors credit this style with
bringing the Arts and Crafts influence into this present century. The style or type is represented by half
timbering, plaster infill between the exposed structural members, steep multiple gable roofs, and bands of small
windows. Twin front gables frequently linked by a long shed-roofed dormer, fronted side gables and rounded
entry hoods over the main entrance. They see the so called Shingle Style as essentially Tudor and lump a
number oflate 19th Century styles, including English, Elizabethean, Jacobean, Norman, "Old Country Farm",
and the Picturesque as being representative of the Tudor, which they collectively term "Tuderbeathean"
(Schweitzer, pp. 126-29).
In its tract house application this style favored the use of a rectangular core with a very shallow side
wmg. The steep roof form produced a story and a half cottage. Frequently a dormer balances an in-wall cross
gable. There are four types to this style, all of which are defined by the choice of exterior cladding materials:
Modern Tudor Revival, Introduced 1920, Flourished 1925-40
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev, 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
89
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State---m-
Bruce Lynch distinguishes what he terms "the English Revival," a subtype that differed from its
predecessor English/Tudor Revival by virtue of its post-war symbolic association with the victorious and now
unified "English heritage and its public acceptance was directly linked with the architectural development of the
small house, as a competing house form with the bungalow (Bruce Lynch, p.l20).
Subtypes:
1. Stucco Wall Cladding.
2. Brick Wall Cladding:
The vast majority of area examples have brick veneered exteriors, commonly accented with decorative
stone inlays around the entrance, at comers, and in the chimney construction. A randomn intermixing of stone
or other insterted materials is frequently found. Late-1930s examples commonly use a polychrome brick.
1130 South Grandview Avenue (c.1928, unidentified architect) combines an entrance gable chimney
with the core roof, brick construction with diagonal patterning (Gebhard, p. 90).
3. Stone Wall Cladding. No local examples have been found.
John G. Kuehnle House, (1924) (photo, Sommer, p. 138)
John G. Kuehnle House, (northwest comer Kirkwood and Alta Vista streets, 1924) is a rare stone Tudor
Revival design. It was featured as a model house in 1924 and was Dubuque's first "all electric" house.
At the time of its construction it was termed "English Style"and Sommer categorizes it as "Bungaloid."
The cottage has an ususual "thatched" roof of an undetermined material (Sommer, p. 138; Gebhard, p.
91)
4. Frame Wall Cladding:
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
90
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and 5tate-------
Unassigned:
Wartburg Theological Seminary (333 Wartburg Street, 1914-16, Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton,
architects) is interpreted by Gebhard as an example of "English medieval" or "modernized Gothic." The
building has a U-plan and a six-story crenellated tower. The exterior is of stone. Brown, Healy and
Block Architects of Cedar Rapids designed the 1981-82 addition (Gebhard, pp. 90-91).
Chapel, Univesity of Dubuque (University Avenue past Algona Street, 1907, unidentified architect) is
said to represent a "Gothic Revival" design using brick with stone trim (Gebhard, p. 91).
Beaux Arts (1885-1930):
This style was employed in public buildings and great house designs. Symmetrical stone-faced plans
featured rusticated first floor exteriors and smoothed stone on the upper levels. The exteriors were richly
adorned with Ionic or Corinthian columns, quoins, decorative garlands, floral patterns, and pilasters. There
were two very different subtypes:
L Flat or Low-Pitched Hip Roof: This subtype derives from Italian or Northern European Renaissance
examples and is readily confused with the Neoclassical Style. Paired columns identity the Beaux Arts. The
latter has lower roof profiles and the more distinctive vertical division of detailing.
~~
!.'l
~
"
--
(Third) Dubuque County Courthouse (720 Central Street, 1891-93, Fridolin Heer, Fridolin Heer Jr.,
architects) is said by Sommer to represent the Beaux Arts Style but also reflects Romanesque and
Neoclassical (Gephard says French Classicism) influences. This was one of the first National Register
NPS Form 10-9oo-a
lRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
91
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and Statenmn
of Historic Places listed properties in the city. The first courthouse (1836) was of two-story log
construction. A two-story brick replacement (1839, 1857) was Greek Revival in style. The building has
had its original segmented tower dome replaced and four massive comer statues were lost to a World
War I scrap drive. The building was proposed for demolition in 1932 but the Depression saved it (photo,
Sommer, p. 116; Gephard, p. 81).
2. Mansard Roof: This subtype brought a revival of the Second Empire stylistic elements but the scale is
greater, the exteriors are of stone and the range of Beau Arts ornamentation is distinctively different.
Fourth and Main streets (1910) (photo, A Walking Tour. ..South Dubuque)
Majestic Orpheum Theater (northwest comer Fourth and Main streets, 1910, Cornelius W. and George
L. Rapp; architects) was the first known commission completed by its designers and is described by
some as "Flemish Renaissance" in style. Gebhard says Second Empire with Beaux Arts fa<;:ade.
Restored 1974 and became part of the Five Flags Center (A Walking Tour. ..South Dubuque; Gephard,
pp. 82-83).
Unassigned:
German Trust and Savings Bank (southeast comer Central Street and Loras Boulevard, unidentified
architect) is now the Dubuque Bank and Trust Company and represents this style in its fluted pilasters
and its cream colored terracotta fa<;:ade. Italian marble covers the interior walls (Gebhard, p. 87).
French Eclectic 0915-1945):
The visual hallmark of this style is the steeply pitched hipped roof or roof combination on a rectangular
or asymmetrical core. Exterior cladding is in stone, brick, stucco (or half timbering). As loosely defined as the
Tudor Revival, this style offers endless variety of form and detailing, given that it mimics no particular era in
French domestic architecture. This style consists of three subtypes:
Subtvues:
I. Symmetrical: Uses the large hipped roof which parallels the house front The fenestration is symmetricaL
McCoy House (1160 S. Grandview Avenue, 1928-30, Karl F. Saaur architect) represents a French
Provincial revival design according to Gebhard. The design combines dark brick and a light tan brickwork
(Gebhard, p. 90).
2. Asymmetrical: This most common variant offers varied roofline elevations and an asymmetrical fenestration
and range of varied facades. .
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NPS Form 10-9oo-a
(Rev.8-86l
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
92
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
3. Towered: Adds a dominant tower, usually including the entryway, to either the straight or ell shaped plan.
Mediterranean Period Houses:
Italian Renaissance Revival 0890-1935):
This late Victorian-era style sought to represent the original inspirations for the Italianate style in a more
accurate manner. It retained the basic square or rectangular core form, the low-pitched hipped roof, and the
horizontal differentiation between base (the foundation), column (the walls) and the capital (the attic/roof). The
first floor dominates the facade with its column flanked or arcaded central entryway and the longer, frequently
arched windows. The second floor is often distinguished by a string course that runs along the sill level of the
upper floor. The style favors the use of tile roofs. There are four residential subtypes of this style:
Subtypes:
I. Simple Hipped Roof: This subtype accounts for half of all style examples. A straight front, sometimes with
a full width front porch (an arcade or series of heavy piers) (pre-I920 examples) has central entrance and hall,
rectangular plan and low hipped roof which runs the length of the plan.
2. Hipped Roof With Projecting Wings: The same basic subtype described above is augmented with a recessed
or l'rojecting wing/porch with flanking side wings, either integral to the core structure or subordinated as lower
and separate wings.
3. Asymmetrical: The same basic subtypes described above feature asymmetrical fenestration, ell shaped
wings, short towers, front chimneys, side porches or angled wings.
4. Flat Roof: These architect designed urban examples have flat roofs, additional floors and a three part
horizontal division of the facade.
Mission 0890-1920)/SDanish Colonial Revival 0915-1940):
The presence of a Mission shaped dormer or roof parapet places a Mediterranean influenced house
design within this stylistic camp. Other secondary signature elements are a red tile roof, white stucco exterior,
heavy porch support piers or an arcade. Like the bungalow and later the ranch house, the Mission style was
perfected in California and accepted nationally. Like the bungalow, its popularity had waned by the end of
World War L Schweitzer and Davis distinguish between the onset of the Spanish Colonial Revival, c.19l5-16
and its most popular period, 1929-34, by explaining that it's comparatively early introduction was made through
the bungalow as a medium.
Subtypes:
NPS Form 10-900-a
lRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
93
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
1. Symmetrical: The house massing is square or rectangular with a hipped roof and a symmetrical facade with
regard to both elements and fenestration.
, '..;:~;
1105 Highland Place (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 140)
1105 Highland Place (*date) represents what McAlester would term a Mission Style inspired design
(photo, Sommer, p. 140).
2. Asymmetrical: The same basic form is elaborated with asymmetrical components such as towers, porches,
entrances, porch arcades and chimn~. ~.
~
.;s;.;;~.- ":'"
999 Kirkwood Street (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 140)
999 Kirkwood Street (*date) represents what McAlester would term a Spanish Eclectic design (Sommer,
p. 140).
Modern Houses:
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8.861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
94
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Prairie Style (1900-1920):
The Prairie School of design is both an American as well as a Midwestern architectural style. It enjoyed
a comparatively brief popularity, losing out to period designs, and never achieved broad public acceptance in its
purest forms. Its influences left their long-range mark on a broad range of houses, most commonly in the form
of window treatments and Prairie style ornamentation.
In its ultimate form, interior walls were virtually eliminated as wings of the house merged at a central
point (the two story portion ofthe plan and the site ofthe massive fireplace) inside the house, the whole lighted
by banks of glass walls which were formed by bands of windows. The house exterior, capped with a low-
pitched hip roof blended into the horizontal prairie landscape and the particular setting of the house.
In popular design applications Prairie style motifs and forms were frequently adapted to the basic
isolated cube form that Frank Lloyd Wright had tried to transcend. These house designs utilized a basic two
story broad basic form with low-pitched hipped roof. There is frequently as much ifnot more vertical flow in
the design than there is horizontal emphasis. Narrow casement window bands, tall chimneys, pilasters and bays
all conspire to draw the eye upward (Foley, p. 227).
There is no middle ground when the significance and success of the Prairie Style are debated. To its
advocates, the style spawned or greatly influenced the bungalow form as well as the ranch house and was
therefore integral to much that followed it. On the other hand, Schweitzer and Davis echo the majority of
historical architectural scholars when they state that the Prairie School or style never really caught on with the
general public. To the extent that it left a broader imprint on the built landscape, other types and styles
attempted to interpret its basic principles, for the most part without success. The authors don't think that the
style had much of any influence on house plan books or ready-cut house plans, being relegated for the most part
to the higher-end catalogues such as William Radford. "Prairiesque" features are to be found on bungalows and
foursquares, in the form of contrasting trim and main body colors, window bands, decorative linear motifs, low-
pitched roofs, broad overhanging eaves, and the use of stucco and brick veneers. H. Allen Brooks believes that
the Prairie Style was actually popularized by the more popular bungalow, which "extended its aura of
respectability to the prairie house." Mass public acceptance was prevented by the high cost, the fact that a
Prairie house couldn't even begin to fit on a narrow urban lot, and the fact that non-standard construction
materials and designs were employed. Scholars attribute both the bungalow and the Prairie School as being the
precursors of the modern ranch house (Ibid., pp. 138-29; Brooks, p. 25; Ames, pp. 22, 71).
The Prairie Style or school receives surprisingly little press coverage in the several house journals, and
this term is rarely employed when example house plans are offered. The exception was the Chicago based
House Beautiful that carried some 20 Prairie School articles between 1905 and 1909. A unique instance in
another journal is Peter B. Wright's "Country House Architecture in the Middle West" from the Architectural
Record of 1915-16. That article is interest for two reasons; the first being the Prairie Style coverage and
examples, and the second is the the author's atypically more generous definition of the what consituted the
"Middle West." Wright went beyond Ohio and included the entire area between Western New York and the
NPS Form 1 Q-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024.0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
95
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
Rocky Mountains! Wright actually used true Midwest house examples, including the E. C. Crossett House in
Davenport, a Prairie design by Architects Temple and Burrows, and the a Delevan Lake, Wisconsin side-gable
bungalow. The author suggested that the Prairie style was "so well fitted to the natural conditions of the
strenuous liberty of the [Middle] West." The majority of house plans which feature a Prairie Style influence
feature square houses with no Prairie reference (Brooks, p. 24; "Country House Architecture in the Middle
West," Architectural Record, 1915-16, Vol. 38, pp. 385-421, and VoL 40, pp. 290-321).
Gustav Stickley, editor of the Craftsman Magazine, thoroughly ignored the Prairie School despite the
fact that both the Craftsman Prairie movements derived inspiration from the Arts and Crafts movement
Richard Wilson and Sidney Robinson suggest that the greatest cross fertilization took place between the
bungalow and the Prairie School, and note that some scholars see the Prairie School as representing "the
regionalization of the bungalow." H. Allen Brooks offers the "high-end" example of the Harold C. Bradley
bungalow, which was constructed as a surnrnerresidence at Wood's Hole, Massachusetts 1911-12. It was
designed by architects Purcell, Feick and Elmslie and represents, in Brook's opinion, an example of the
convergence ofthis style and the bungalow house type (Brooks, 206; Robinson, The Prairie School In Iowa,
LS.U. Press, Ames, 1977, p. 8).
Subtvoes:
Hipped Roof Symmetrical With Front Entry: Square or rectangular plans with low pitched hipped roof and a
prominent centered front entryway. Single story wings or appendages can be present but core structure is
symmetricaL
~4i;~:-~:._~~~> \,;,::'." .:(
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Eagle Point Park Pavilion (1934-36) (photo, Tourist Guide of Dubuque, p. 25).
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NPS Form 1 Q-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
96
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
Eagle Point Park Pavilion (1934-36, Alfred Caldwell landscape architect and designer) is one of
Dubuque's most significant architectural designs. It represents an extraordinary blending of site, natural
materials and style. Gebhard rates this as one of two of the best Iowa Prairie designs (the other being the
Rock Glen neighborhood in Mason City, designed by Walter Burley Griffin. He also credits Wendell
Reffenberger with design input but offers no explanation. Caldwell's work was an interpretation of
Wrights Taliesin design, set in what he termed "The City in a Garden" and the landscape architecture of
Jens Jensen. (Sommer, p. 142; Gebhard, pp. 89-90).
Eagle Point Park Bandstand (1957, Rossiter and Ham architects) is a later interpretation ofthe Prairie
Style (Gebhard, p. 90).
.,
1761 Plymouth Court (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 142)
<Co
1761 Plymouth Court (*date, unidentified architect) represents a faithful application of the
Prairie Style. Note that the core of the house is a full two stories high however (photo, Sommer,
p. 142).
Ward Donovan House (1721 Plymouth Court, 1941, Alfred Caldwell landscape architect) is a
two-story Prairie style plan (Gebhard, p. 89).
Gabled Roof: Front and side gables can intersect or can step down along the ridgeline.
Arts and Crafts/Craftsman 0905-1930):
The Craftsman Style is a fairly recently generated term. Today the term embodies the more stylized
range of bungalow and foursquare exterior treatments. In its own time, this style was best represented by the
house and interior furnishing designs of Gustav Stickley, founder of the Craftsman movement. Stickley's house
designs were substantial in size and were uniformly executed in concrete, stucco, and wood, and used Arts and
Crafts detailing. Schweitzer and Davis distinguish between a Craftsman house type and the bungalow type.
NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
97
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuoue Countv. Iowa
County and State-------
They define the former as a two-story house being either more substantial in their massing or more complex in
their design than the bungalow. They identify three regional subtypes of the Craftsman style, the
Colonial/Adirondack (East Coast), the Prairie (Midwest), and the Oriental (West Coast). Stickley considered
the bungalow house form to be appropriate only for seasonal occupation, as a summerhouse, and his year round
designs were rarely bungalows. He was strongly influenced by the Mission, Spanish Colonial and his own
"Craftsman" values. A good house exterior included sloping roofs, verandahs, pergolas, the use of rough
timbers, overhanging eaves, and exposed construction (Craftsman, June 1908).
The Craftsman design aesthetic sought to integrate the house and site. The interior and exterior were
integrated by the use of windows and multiple entries. No room was to be buried within the house without
windows and nearby egress. Building materials were to retain their natural untreated qualities to the greatest
extent possible, and major structural members were to remain exposed and visible. Stucco and shingle exteriors
were favored. Structural members, such as rafter tails, knee braces, tie beams, and tapered or battered porch
posts are purposely exposed. Craftsman windows, with multi-light upper sash (usually with vertical divisions)
were commonly used in many other styles of the time.
This style had its roots in the Arts and Crafts movement, which in turn derived largely from the writings
of Englishmen John Ruskin (1819-1900) and designer William Morris (1834-96). It was both a reaction against
industrialized society and an effort to unify art and architecture with morality, politics and science. The
movement celebrated individual craftsmanship over mass produced repetition and sought to achieve societal
improvement through its design concepts and its teaching of the basic crafts. Stickley was one ofthe leading
American adherents of the Arts and Crafts movement. By the early 20th century the architectural and design
aspects of the movement focused upon integrating the house with nature and the particular house setting, as well
as celebrating the exposed usage of minimally processed natural building materials. Thus structural columns
and beams are prominently displayed and cladding materials favored the use stucco, cobblestone, shingles
wood. Asymmetry of design was celebrated, favoring complex roofing schemes and visual variety in
fenestration, patterns of materials, porch lines, and the overall house plan. Favored structural expressions
include the exposed knee brace and rafter tails, extra stickwork, and the common use of battered or sloped porch
columns, of varying lengths, in combination with heavy pier bases.
Schweitzer and Davis credit seven different house types or styles as being directly influenced by the Arts
and Crafts Movement, these being the Tudor Revival, the Transitional Colonial Revival, the Dutch Colonial
Revival, the Prairie School, the Gustav Stickley Craftsman, the Bungalow and the FoursquarelBox. Schweitzer
and Davis reserve the style to Stickley but many other designers produced what were termed Craftsman or Arts
and Crafts houses (Schweitzer, p. 125).
Alan Weissman in his introduction to Craftsman Bungalows (1988), a compilation (1903-16) of
bungalow articles from Gustav Stickley's The Craftsman Magazine, states that "the American Arts and Crafts
movement unofficially adopted [the bungalow] as the ideal Craftsman house." The vast majority of American
bungalows are best described as being most strongly influenced by this style. The "high-end" bungalows
therefore are equally bungalow house types and represent the Arts and Crafts style in Weissman's opinion.
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NPS Form 1 Q-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
98
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Stylistic terminology is particularly problematic in this case. Today the title "Arts and Crafts" is the
generally preferred one for anything not purely Stickley derived, and is accepted one for use in describing the
majority of residential housing of the period c.1905-25, although these words were not historically applied to
houses. Today many prefer that the term "Craftsman" be reserved for that range of house designs which was the
work of Stickley or his architects. The problem is that "Craftsman" is the historical term and then-
contemporary society would have used it to refer to these houses.
Schweitzer and Davis define and distinguish a separate range of Arts and Crafts houses (they call them
Craftsman), these being two story houses, being either more substantial in their massing or more complex than
their bungalow counterparts. The two house types share common characteristics including the avoidance of
adornment, a functional nature, the use of natural materials, a strong and direct link with the immediate setting
and environment, a low roof pitch, tapered porch columns, pergolas and porches, earth-tone colors, the use of
built-in interior furniture, and the common use of a "living room." Three regional variations are identified;
Colonial/Adirondack in the East, the Prairie in the Midwest, and the Oriental in the West (Ibid., pp. 142-48).
Schweitzer and Davis suggest that the Craftsman style followed the earlier trends, including the
bungalow. The style incorporated the attributes of those antecedents. They themselves are not always certain
what is Craftsman. Several of their pattern book examples are Georgian Colonial or front-gable square plans
(Ibid., pp. 144,148).
One would be hard pressed to develop a consensus list of Arts and Crafts or Craftsman influenced house
examples. For the most part craftsman stylistic features are overlaid on the other period house types. The same
house could be rightfully termed an Arts and Crafts house, with reference to style, or a bungalow, with reference
to its type. Stubblebine that only Stickley house designs can properly termed "Craftsman" houses and
anything close had to be labeled Arts and Crafts examples. Using the Stickley design authorship relieved
Stubblebine from even attempting to set any stylistic guidelines apart from setting, materials uses and
treatments and relatively open interior plan. The author wams that many builders eschewed Stickley's fairly
expensive interior appointments and chose to cut construction costs, thereby compromising even the Stickley
designs (Old House Journal, July August, 1996, pp. 26-31).
H. Allen Brooks notes that Gustav Stickley, like most of his peers, chose to publish few Midwestern
house plans. Brooks was not enamored with what was published, judging that "Craftsman houses [were] boxy
in plan and utterly devoid of any artistic sensitivity" (Brooks, p. 22).
One effect of the Arts and Crafts movement was to reinvigorate craftsmanship in house building.
Carpentry & Building observed in January 1907 that
There are indications pointing to a renaissance of genuine hand work in America, voiced chiefly
through the arts and crafts movement, which, from an artistic fad, is rapidly approaching the
stage of practical utility. It now appears probable that handicraft will speedily' come again into
its own, bringing with it a new development of the best as well as the simplest type of domestic
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
99
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
art. In this development will be opened up a new avocation for the mechanic who has a natural
tendency toward the artistic side.
Key here, and in keeping with the growing rejection of the overly and purposefully ornate and impractical
Victorian artistic ethos, was the point that in this new age, the artistic had to be functional, natural and subtle
(Carpentry & Building, January 1907, p. 6).
Art ModernelModernistic (1925-1940):
The style encompasses two subtypes, the Art Moderne and the Art Deco. Both subtypes employ the
same basic flat roofed (less commonly gable or hip) square or rectangular core. The Art Moderne rounded
corners and streamlined the whole through the use of horizontal lines and patterns. Art Deco imparted a largely
vertical emphasis by adding towers and other vertical elements, and ornate detailing. Both styles disappeared
with the coming of World War II.
~~~:
~~ IW~~
120 South Grandview Avenue (c.1939) (photo, Sommer, p. 141)
120 South Grandview Avenue (c.1939, unidentified architect)is an Art Moderne design with a matching
attached garage! This example is likely from the late 1930s given the use of block glass and corner
windows. This design is safely moderne and is the only Dubuque example with a rounded corner, but it
does clearly reflect International Style design influences in its window treatments. Gebhard sees as
almost identical to 535 South Grandview Avenue (see below) (photo, Sommer, p. 141; Gebhard, p. 90).
155 South Grandview Avenue (*date, unidentified architect) is an L-plan with tuck-under double garage,
and liner window bands (Sommer, p. 141).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMBAppfovafNo.1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
100
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955 Dubuaue County Iowa
Name of Property County and 8tate-------
iii II
1144 South Grandview Avenue (c.1935) (photo, Sommer, p. 141)
1144 South Grandview Avenue (c.1935, unidentified architect) combines classical proportions, a very
unusual rounded bay and landscaping to produce a marvelous overall effect. Gebhard interprets the
design as combining "Regency Revival" and Modeme elements (photo, Sommer, p. 141; Gebhard, p.
90).
tl1 i I!
United States Post Office and Federal Building (1932-34) (photo, Sommer, p. 144)
United States Post Office and Federal Building (350 West 6th Street, 1932-34, Proudfoot, Rawson,
Souers, and Thomas; Herbert A. Kennison, architects) is the only Dubuque Art Deco design. It was
built by the Public Works Administration. The design is centered on a four story central pavilion. There
are two Grant Wood murals inside. This was the only one of three public buildings proposed for a
Modeme style government center by designer John Noland in 1932 (photo, Sommer, p. 144; Gebhard, p.
83).
Masonic Temple (southwest comer Locust and 12th streets, 1931-32, Raymond E. Moore architect) is
considered by Gebhard to exemplify an "abstracted medievalism" with an Art Deco overlay (Gebhard, p.
85).
NPS Form lo.900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
101
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State--m--
Red Cross Building (1200 Main Street, c.1941, unidentified architect) is an example of the later-date and
less exuberant Streamline Moderne with yellow tile, stainless steel facing on the marquee (Gebhard, p.
87).
House, 535 South Grandview Avenue (c.1939) is another streamline Moderne example according to
Gebhard. The exterior combines glass block and light cream-colored brick (Gebhard, p. 90).
Strand Theater (southeast corner Main and 12th streets, unidentified architect) combines a Moderne
design on a late 19th century Baptist church. Black and cream vitro lite are combined on the fal(ade
(Gebhard, p. 87).
International Style (I92S-present):
This style combined a flat roof form, smooth and uninterrupted wall planes, large window masses and
proj ecting balconies or upper levels. Eaves are nonexistent or boxed using the same surface covering materiaL
Vernacular Cottage/House Types:
Vernacular architecture is defined in this typology as "nonacademic architecture." This range of
recognized house types was most strongly influenced in its design by the realities of regional climates, the
availability of (or the processing of) building materials, and by ethnic or other cultural/traditional values.
Certain house types emerged to dominate regional and even national architecture and examples of these
commonly accepted types are found in most communities. These local applications of type are commonly
reinterpreted by those who built them. As a class or type, these house/cottage forms largely address the working
class spectrum of residences although this is not exclusively the case.
Hall and Parlor/Double Pen (c.1817-c.1870):
This double pen cottage form is basically a two-room side gabled single story plan. There is no hall but
one larger room (the "hall") is the more public room on the ground level and this larger room has the only front
entryway. John Jakie terms this form the "Pre Classic" I House or the "Early I House") (Jakie, Common
Houses, p. 216).
Pyramidal Cottage or Pyramidal Hip Cottage (c.186S-c.1920):
This story or story and a half-square plan (two rooms deep and two rooms wide) is covered by a hip roof
and the roof commonly extends forward to cover a recessed front full width porch. This form is possibly of
Southern derivation. The peak of the pyramid is sometimes flattened. The later forms ofthis cottage type blend
into the Bungalow era and these types are distinguished only with some difficulty. This earlier type is
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NPS Form 10-S00-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
102
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State--m--
sometimes modified using a Craftsman style porch to approximate a bungalow form. Usually the resulting
porch is not recessed under the roof
Gable Front (pre-1850-1930+):
Also termed the "Open Gable," or "Gambrel Front" The two defining characteristics are a front gable
roof (as opposed to a side gable) and a gable end house entrance. The type ranges from one room and a side hall
in width to two rooms and a central hall (three to five bays). Generally the overall plan is a rectangle with its
shorter dimension fronted to the street.
The housing literature is silent with regard to this commonplace type and even Schweitzer and Davis fail
to identifY to acknowledge it The dimunitive size and early date of these cottages (c.1890-l920) hints that this
very small cottage form was already well established in the public's tastes when the bungalow form appeared.
These cottages were too small to attract the attention of house designers and these carpenter-built single
and one and a half story cottages therefore never appeared in plan books and those authors naturally would not
have covered this range of houses. Often only familiarity with the broader neighborhood housing context is the
best arbiter for knowing whether to count houses with the same general characteristics as being vernacular
cottages or bungalows.
The one and a half story front-gable cottage is especially common on the East Side, particularly in the
Grandview College area and around the Fairgrounds. Many of these houses have gambrel roofs. Commonly
diamond, triangular or even round lights are found above the porch roof in either lower corner of the gable/attic
front The above figure depicts several front-gable cottages with flared eaves lines. This vernacular class
includes a very broad range of house types ranging from the lowly shack or "shotgun" up to square house plans
that were not quite two stories high.
Shotgun (c.1860-70):
In its pure form, this Southern house requires that all rooms interconnect via centrally placed doors,
thereby blending public and private areas in the cottage. One could in theory fire a shotgun to the back of the
house with the load passing through those open doors without injury. The true shotgun has no side hall but
aligns its interior doors along the center line of the plan. Its northern counterpart assumes the general form but
likely adds a side halL Identification requires floor plan inspection. Actual examples that date from c.1860-70
are rare and are difficult to document The most rudimentary temporary narrow lot linear plan shacks assume a
shotgun-like form. These are not true shotgun cottages and the vast majority of shotgun look-alikes are best
categorized as gable fronts however. Some three dozen examples were documented in the city. Many of these
house forms were included in the bungalow survey because they could not be readily distinguished from the
bungalow. '
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NPS Form 1Q-900-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
104
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Kelly House (274 Southern Avenue, c.1855) is described by Gebhard as reflecting Greek Revival (general form)
and Gothic (bargeboard usage) influences. It has a rectangular plan and a two-story porch. The ground floor is
of stone, the second board and batten. *get photo (Gebhard, p. 90).
Asymmetrical Side Gable Plan:
I..
304 West Fifth Street (c.1855) (photo, A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque)
J. H. Thedinga House (304 West Fifth Street, c.1855) superimposes an asymmetical fenestration upon an
Adams style fayade. The door has sidelights. Lintels are flat and of stone (A Walking Tour.. . South
Dubuque)
"Dubuque German" House Type:
"
iiB1tl
::,<; .
572 West Fourth Street (1860) (photo, A Walking Tour.. . South Dubuque)
'-
~ ~'" "17 ~
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.-. , ~.
, " . .r,1 ' i" 'I,' !
r.' 1-'-. .\ .', .
,,' ,.,- 't>;;;, ': "
'or u:..
. . ,-:-
, ' ,. . I
. . , -
. .'
Charles Markle House (572 West Fourth Street, 1860, self built) is one of the best preserved examples of
this once extensive vernacular type (A Walking Tour. ..South Dubuque).
NPS Form 10.S00'a
[Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval Ne. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
105
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and State-------
1212 Elm Street (*date) shown above has 2/2 lights and semi-elliptical rounded window arches
(Sommer, p. 78).
504 22nd Street (*date) represents a more traditional orientation to the street front. This example is
strongly influenced by the Italianate Style in its window treatment and the classical porch is of much
later date (Sommer, p. 80).
Story and a half Side-Gable:
2509 Broadway Street (*date) appears to represent a side-gable cottage set sideways on a narrow
Dubuque lot. While the house has an elaborate Victorian-era porch, it is still vernacular in its origins
(Sommer, p. 80).
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
106
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Gabled Ell (c.1850-1920):
This subtype requires that its two wing components possess roof ridges of equal height. Commonly a
"T" form is the result when a shallow bay or wing carries the dominant wing beyond the junction point, but the
core structure is an L-form. The respective wings can vary in their comparative widths but their roof ridge
elevations must be even. Porches commonly infill the reentrant angle and two entrances, one from each wing,
open to the porch. The subtype is generally dated to c.1865-l9l5. Like many vernacular types it fades with the
approach of World War L Central to truly understanding how these houses worked is determining how the
subtype effected the room arrangement and flow within the house. Which interior spaces are shared across the
two wings for example?
I-House (c.1850-1890):
Off Bluff Street (1850s) (photo, A Walking Tour of South Dubuque)
Dennis Mahoney House (off Bluff Street, l850s) is a three-bay surviving example of this subtype. The
plan has a central chimney. The property was directly associated with 1862 local military suppression of
the "Copperhead" newspaper the Dubuque Herald (A Walking Tour of South Dubuque).
This two-story type is defined as a side gabled house although it does occur as a story and a half.
Associated particularly with the states of Illinois, Indiana and Iowa, the plan is two rooms and a central hall
across and a single room in depth, so it is basically two rooms over two rooms. The type can range from three
to five bays, substituting a side front entry for the central one in the shorter versions.
L-Plan (1850-1900):
This subtype covers L plans that have varied roof heights on their core form and a front ell or wing, or
one of the wings having a roofform that is not a gable. This L-plan type must have this roofform or height
difference and the interior rooms must divide at the junction point of the core and wing. Frequently the cross
gable is then balanced with a dormer on the subordinate main wing. This type lends itself to stylistic
applications, particularly Tudor and Colonial.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
107
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuoue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State----m
T-Plan (c.1860-1920):
This type is defined by it's "T" footprint rather than its roof elevations. The roof ridges of its parts can
be uneven. The "T" is sometimes symmetrical with a wrap around porch on the three exposed sides of the stem
of the "T" infill the plan, or it is asymmetrical with a L-shaped porch along the front and one side of the
projecting wing. The plan can orient with its projecting wing being set either towards or parallel to the street
Cross Plan (c.1900-1920):
This type adds a fourth wing component to the "T" plan, resulting in a cross plan. The intersecting
wings must be of comparable size. Commonly the rear wing, set away from (and out of sight) the street, is a
subordinated service wing. The purer cross plan form has wings of the same scale and exposure. This type is
identified by it's footprint and not its roofform (four intersecting roof ridges set above wall dormers for
example). .
Popular Cottage/House Types:
The Bungalow (1910-1930):
The bungalow emerged as a popular house type c.1908 and by 1916 was the house of choice across the
country for the middle and working class. The type however defies ready definition because it includes
subtypes with diametrically conflicting characteristics. There are three generally accepted bungalow subtypes:
(1) the single story front gable; (2) the aeroplane and (3) the side gable. A fourth subtype, (4) the Chicago
Bungalow, is defined in this study. The aeroplane subtype might be considered a variant of the first one, given
that it simply adds an extra room or rooms onto a single story plan. The side gable subtype can be more than
two stories high, but that fact is hidden beneath the broad roof planes that descend to the street front Few hard
and fast design rules can encompass these three varied subtypes but it can be generally said that the bungalow
form is either a single story small form or if it is higher, the roof form is used to disguise the presence of
additional floors. Ideally it is a single story seasonal retreat, being largely open to the outside. In the Midwest
the bungalow most commonly has a basement, a steeper roof, reduced overhanging eaves, and a reduced amount
of porch and exterior exposure, in contrast with its West Coast precursors. In its tract house form it occupies a
narrow urban lot with front and rear porch, and a rear lot garage. The majority of bungalows have no Craftsman
affectations to speak of and only rarely employ very exotic building materials such as cobblestones. Even
stucco is rarely employed in the Quad-Cities area. It is the general finding that bungalows as a subtype are for
whatever reason fairly under represented in this area. At the same time, the term bungalow endured well into
the 1950s and early 1960s here and many a cottage and ranch house was marketed as a bungalow well after
World War II. The aeroplane was simply not found at all. Especially rare is the straightforward front gable
subtype. A front gabled cottage is more likely a bungalow if the porch is not separate from the house core, and
forms an extension of the core roof plane. The bungalow finds expression in the following subtypes:
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NP$ Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
108
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubuQue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Subtypes:
I. Gable FrontlNarrow Front Bungalow:
This group of bungalows, primarily consisting of gable front variations, includes bungalow plans that
present their narrow dimension to the street. Hip roofed bungalows are included in this type. Variations include
a facade wide gable front, with separate porch or a recessed porch, and plans that project off-center porches or
side porches from a gable front core.
2. Aeroplane/Airplane Bungalow:
This bungalow type is a variant of the gable front/narrow front type. The aeroplane plan simply adds
another room as a second floor. This level is then separately roofed with matching projecting eaves and
detailing.
.,{ .
~
95 South Grandview Avenue (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 139)
95 South Grandview Avenue (*date) is an aeroplane bungalow and an unusual one in that it is placed atop a side
gable bungalow plan. The design is heavily Craftsman influenced and the large solarium gabled bay centered
on the second floor is particularly interesting (photo, Sommer, p. 139).
3. Side Gable Bungalow:
This general type includes side gable plans, most of which present their broader dimension to the street
front. The roof form can have a single roofPlane which continues forward to cover a recessed porch, or it can
have two roof pitches, and the lower reduced pitch roofPlane projects above the porch. Dormers commonly are
set into the front roofPlane and these can be very large relative to the volume of the roofPlane. This type can be
further categorized in terms of the use of a full width or partial width porch.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
109
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State--m--
1781 Plymouth Street (*date) (photo, Sommer, p. 139)
1781 Plymouth Street (*date) is a complex example of the side gable subtype. The house has matching end
chimneys which is very unusuaL The fayade is a careful balance of a shed roof bay and dormer on the left side
with ajerkinhead roof cross gable and an offset entry porch on the right side. The tile roof features decorative
finials on its peaks and the front porch roof is wrapped around projecting pilaster tops (photo, Sommer, p. 138).
125 South Grandview Avenue (*date) is a more dimunitive brick bungalow design. It has a tile roof and
multiple chimneys however. The fayade has a centered cross gable and an offset bracketted entry porch. It is
probable that the same designerlbuilder was respoJ;lsible for this house and 1781 Plymouth Street (Sommer, p.
138-39).
Foursquare (1904-1940):
The foursquare term is a recently crafted one, coined to identify an accepted two-story house with square
plan and hipped roof The type has an interior floor plan of four rooms on each of the two floors. There is no
central haIL
The square house was long touted as the most economical house, it being the nearest thing to an a
theoretical frame sphere that could be readily built It delivered the maximal interior space for the lowest cost
per square foot At the same time it was derided in the period architectural journals for its resulting boxy look.
Despite this element of disfavor the house type persisted and designers strove to remedy the limitations of its
core form. Its origin remains undetermined. In some manner the near square late
Victorian house with its irregular interior plan and assemblage of bays was, like the bungalow, replaced by an
economical eight roomed cube plan, with four rooms per floor. The type is defined by the near square footprint,
an elevated foundation line, the absence of a central entry and hall and the use of a four room .over four room
interior plan, and the use of a plain hip roof, with from one to four dormers. This has been termed the
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NPS Form 10-900-a
IRev.8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No, 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
110
The Architectura] and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. ]837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and State----m
"foursquare" or the "Prairie Cube" and a host of similar other names. It has Midwest regional roots and was for
a generation the farmhouse model of choice along with the bungalow.
3418 Middle Road, Davenport, Iowa:
A late foursquare derivative, built in 1940 for $6,000.
(Davenport Democrat-Leader, December 31, 1942)
This house type appears to have almost
instantly appeared on the national building
scene in the years 1904-06. While squarish
forms of similar scale preceded the foursquare,
it was the simplification of both exterior form
and the interior layout that resulted in the
foursquare. The shell divested itself of bays,
side wings, equal height rear extensions,
resulting in the square or very near square
footprint. Inside, the floor plan eliminated the
central hall and stairway, and embraced the
living room concept. The first floor was divided roughly into four square rooms, as was the second floor. A
side stair, centered on one side wall became the standard feature.
The type adopted the full width single story front porch, employed a raised foundation, and added from
one to four roof dormers to finalize the basic form. The type could still take on stylistic features and found
expression in most of the eclectic house styles.
The foursquare was a very popular house type, particularly during the years 1904-1925. Its rise to
popularity paralleled that of the bungalow. The foursquare persisted in popularity after that of the bungalow
waned, but after the mid-I920s it appears to have been used mostly to add a vertical variety to housing
developments. Whole developments consisting on only foursquare houses are not common but they do occur.
Front-Gabled Square Plan House, 1940:
(Davenport Chamber of Commerce News)
Beginning in the mid-I 920s the type was further refined,
losing its signature front porch and finally gaining side extensions
in the forms of solariums, garages and connecting wings, or side
wings. The eavesline was sharply cut back in these later houses
and the dormers largely disappeared. Inside, the living room
expanded to fully occupy half of the main floor plan. The raised
foundation disappeared along with the front porch. To many, these
houses are not foursquares given these changes. Instead they are
categorized as two story Colonial Revival house. This author suggests that there is at least a symbolic link
NPS Form 10-9oo-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
111
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubuQue. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
DubuQue CQuntv Iowa
County and Statem-m
between the square houses of the 1930s and 1940s. The interior floor plan changes, away from the standard
four over four room arrangement, was forced by the reduction of the house size. Further research of the design
origins of these later square houses and their interior plans will help to determine to what extent they can be
called foursquares.
Minimal Traditional Cottage (c.1931-55):
This title, coined by Virginia and Lee McAlester, is thought to represent a dilution of the Tudor Revival
cottage. They date the onset of the subtype to c.1935. The type was produced by minimizing the size,
complexity and style of the then popular eclectic house or cottage. The type is described by McAlester as
follows:
With the economic Depression of the 1930s came this compromise style which reflects the form
of traditional Eclectic houses, but lacks their decorative detailing. Roofpitches are low or
intermediate, rather than steep as in the preceding Tudor style. Eaves and rake are close, rather
than overhanging as in the succeeding Ranch style. Usually, but not always, there is a large
chimney and at least one front facing gable, both echoing Tudor features (McAlester, p. 478).
Architectural historian Mary Mix Foley terms the type the "builder's economic house." Foley dates its
emergence with the Great Depression. Foley greatly simplifies the type by presenting a simple and very basic
rectangular plan. The McAlester definition, noted above, allows for a broader and more useful inclusiveness.
The McAlester examples all depict elongated side gabled plans but also allow for a front off-center gabled wing.
The entryway is usually into or adjacent to this short projecting front wing. All of the examples are single story
although some steeper roof pitches hint that some livable attic space is present The McAlester examples also
portray plans with side wings, breezeways and attached garages to one side (Foley, p. 220).
The minimal traditional cottage:
(Foley, p. 220, drawing by Madelain Thatcher)
Following the broader McAlester definition, the
minimal traditional type encompasses any single story tract
house that was built between the Great Depression and the
mid-1950s that cannot be categorized by either style or
another accepted type. The later date counterpart of this
type is the ranch house. The difficulty then is
distinguishing the two forms (refer to ranch house type, defined below).
A very broad range of single story cottage forms fall under the minimal traditional heading in field
surveys and this is no surprise given that the minimal traditional was the dominant cottage form for a 25 year
period. This construction era coincided with historical events and economic cycles that combined to favor the
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NPS Form 1 Q.900-a
(Rev. 8.86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
112
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
mass construction of these very small homes. The square minimal traditional, found in association with 1940-
44 and 1945-47 housing developments, was not addressed either by McAlester or Foley. The 24x28 foot
standard plan is credited to Robert L Davison, research director for the John B. Pierce Foundation. It is the
square or near square form which dominates the large plat developments of the early 1940s (Mason, p. 27).
Three subtypes are defined for the purpose of this survey project These are the (I) square, (2) linear,
and (3) L-plan. The (I) square subtype is a squarish single story variant The gable end can be oriented to the
front or side of the plan and a hip roof can also be used. The linear and L-plan subtypes are of a later date. The
linear subtype most commonly is side gabled and it presents the longer dimension of its rectangular plan to the
street front The L-plan takes this same form and orientation and adds an off-center front wing or a shallower
cross gable to the facade. The cross gable can project slightly in a shallow pavilion form (most commonly) or it
can be room sized and form an L-plan. As the ranch house period approaches in the late I 940s, the L-plan
becomes the most common of the three subtypes. Further research into floor plans will help distinguish
between these subtypes.
One characteristic of the minimal traditional type, unlike the ranch, is that the windows on the facade are
of the double hung sash type, and these tend to retain their full length. This reflects the increased proportion of
window glass that is put into the ever-shrinking small house. More light disguised the small size of the rooms
inside. Windows, particularly picture windows, ran closer to the floor level to maximize interior light The
porch by this time has atrophied to a covered entryway. and there are no dormers, the roof pitch being too
shallow to allow for any upper level livable space.
The Lustron pre- fabricated all steel house is the preeminent example of the minimal traditional type.
The Lustron franchise holders were beset by the refusal of FHA to underwrite the full cost of the structures and
by the initial inability oflocal crews to achieve the 350 man-hours target promised by the company to complete
a house assemblage. The company ceased production in mid-1950 as growing debt and steel shortages impeded
output ("Problems ofIndependent Small Business Lustron Dealers," 1950, pp. 20-21, 65).
Lustron House (Cottage) (887 W. Locust Street, c.1950) is turquoise and cream colored (Gebhard, p.
88).
The Ranch (1938-present):
The ranch type is another California derived house. All call it the "ranch house" but it technically is a
cottage, being just one story high. It first manifests itself in the very late 1930s but it took another decade
before the type is built in any numbers and its name has public recognition. Its origins are linked by some to Ihe
Spanish ColoniaL The ranch shares many attributes with its bungalow antecedent. Both types originated in
California and both were in their own time associated with a modem popular lifestyle. The ranch offered an
untraditional form and plan, one disassociated from war and the Depression. Both were low profile types and
the ranch, originally lacking a raised basement/foundation was particularly low in profile. Both utilized a broad
projecting eavesline although the ranch exhibited no structural supports. Both types were strongly oriented to
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
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the nature and the out-of-doors. Later ranches utilized rear patios and sliding door access points just as the
bungalow used porches, side gardens and terraces accessed by multiple exit points.
To some the ranch is the direct successor to the bungalow and it embodies the same basic principles.
John Jakie states "the ranch movement was rooted in the bungalow craze" and early in its history there was the
"ranch bungalow" that evidenced a direct California derivation. The fundamental difference was that the ranch
glorified self-indulgence, replacing style with convenience, and comfort in lieu of beauty. Previously the family
fit itself to the house. Now the house was planned around the needs and tastes of the family. The ranch, unlike
its predecessor types, was a home for the affluent suburbanite. Consequently it has to be sufficiently large (Jakie
says six rooms minimum) (Jakie, Common Houses. p. 183, 186, Clifford, p. 216).
The term "ranch" was not accepted as the dominant name for this house form until c.1950 according to
Jakie. It was otherwise termed "western," "California bungalow," "contractor modem" or "contemporary" in
the interim years (Jakie, pp. 183-84).
Defining the ranch today is as problematic as tying down the bungalow. Like the bungalow in and after
its day, everything gabled and rectangular is lab led a ranch. Realtors love the term. Consequently the minimal
traditional cottage is lumped into the ranch category. John Jakie has developed what appears to be a very useful
basic ranch typology. The "standard ranch" consists of a strict rectangular footprint with an attached or
integrated garage. It meets Jakie's six-room minimal test. On a narrow lot, the plan is commonly turned
sideways and joined on the streetface with an attached garage or carport. Commonly the form is employed on a
wider lot in an effort to differentiate the repeated use of the same plan. Jakie terms this sub-type the "ranch
bungalow." The "minimal ranch" is Jakie's term for the minimal traditional. While rectangular in plan, the
garage is not attached and the plan offers five or fewer rooms. The "composite ranch" utilizes an irregular plan
(L or T variants of the rectangular) and a more complicated roof form. A garage or carport is integrated into the
plan. Jakie treats the split-level as a ranch house subset. Finally he defines the raised ranch or "split entry" or
"bi-Ievel" subtype. Jakie states that it is a variation on the split-level sub-type although he acknowledges that
there are only two living levels in the plan (the split-level has three such levels). This sub-type centers an
entryway between a raised upper level and a raised and exposed basement. Stairs descend and ascend to the two
levels. Jakie terms the sub-type a story and a half (Ibid., pp. 183-94).
The ranch is certainly a single story house with low roof pitch and broad overhanging eaves. Gable
roofs tend to be of earlier date and are more associated with the minimal traditional type. Hip roofs are a
signature roof form for the ranch. One very common feature in early ranch houses is the use of a half-high
window in the private portions of the house. Later designs tend to employ these half-length windows all across
the facade. The earlier houses use a composite picture window, formed by a band (usually three sets) of multi
paned lights. JakIe adds a long, wide porch to the ranch criteria, but many ranch porches use a long but very
narrow porch form.
A common early descriptor that was associated with this type was the term "rambler." The word means
lacking plan or system. The earliest ranches had single pile room plans and these rambled off in any direction,
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8.861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F'
Page
114
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County and State-n----
frequently covering several sides of a rear patio area. The earliest ranch examples exhibit this rambling nature.
Spanish architectural influences and the concept of a full or partially enclosed central patio played a central role
in the emergence of the ranch type.
Some early ranch plans present a series of individually roofed segments, almost a rowhouse-like profile.
This ranch form has a taller roof pitch and more closely approximates traditional Colonial Revival form and
style. These plans can have the profile of a story and a half cottage.
The ranch interior plan consisted of three zones, these being for housework, living activities and private
areas. The housework core combined kitchen, bathrooms and laundry. Multi-functional rooms were the rage.
The hygienic kitchen was transformed into combination play areas, laundry rooms, and project rooms. The
living room family room and dining room merged. The study or office doubled as a guest bedroom. The
emergence of a."teen culture" and improved television and record playing technologies meant that there were
quieter parental activities in the living room and the need to segregate teens to a separate recreation playroom in
the basement. Additional half bathrooms guaranteed that the private zone ofthe house could stay private
(Clifford, pp. 211-216).
The ranch house was largely employed by wealthier homeowners between its initial emergence in the
late 1930s and its post-1945 gradual rise to dominance by the middle-I 950s. Its mass adoption is said to have
been in response to a popular demand for a larger house. The type coincided with the trend towards wider and
shallower lots and a growing public interest in greater privacy from adjoining neighbors. Clifford Clark
believes that the ranch house popularity was rootyd more in a public perception of a Southwestern relaxed and
comfortable lifestyle as much as it was in the house type itself. This fashion was directly reflected in the
massive westward migration that followed the war but which had its roots in wartime industrial worker
displacement to that region. New heating technologies would allow for transplanting the type to colder climates
(Ibid., pp. 210-213).
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
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California Ranch House, 1938:
(American Builder, July 1938, p. 44)
The ranch houses were first introduced c.1938-40 but failed to achieve any immediate public acceptance.
The first house plans were noted for their "rambling" designs and many consisted of strings of single rooms.
The double pile ranch plan was less capable of rambling. During the final years of World War II the housing
literature focused on future house building (given that relatively little building was then going on) and the
public, with its accumulated savings and its pent-up demand, anxiously awaited what was promised in postwar
house building. Most homebuyers had dreams that exceeded their means. Public opinion polls taken between
1945 and 1955 still recorded a majority opinion in favor of the traditional house. Public interest in
contemporary design increased as one went west in the country. Potential homebuyers expressed little interest
in style per se but there was a strong interest in "a ranch house or a rambler...which probably means little else
than a one story building." In the North Central and East Central regions about 41 percent of the potential
house buyers favored either the traditional or the contemporary house. The national average was 37 percent for
a Cape Cod (27 percent) or Colonial, and 42 percent for a ranch (24 percent) or contemporary (18 percent).
Fully 21 percent favored an unspecified other house type. Potential buyers wanted broader lots although the
vast majority oflots were 40-60 feet wide. A quarter of all lots measured 60 to 80 feet wide. An apparent
casualty to fashion was the demise of the Tudor Revival style. The ranch would take on surviving Colonial
Revival manifestations. As early as 1946, it was reported that the modern contemporary house had "gained in
popularity in recent years" ("What People Want When They Buy A House," 1955).
The Split Level (1938-present):
Most house types had an initial appearance that predated the emergence of a popular mass-appeal variant
of the type. The earliest split-level plans appeared in 1939 and 1940. The first known large scale builder of the
type was Leonard W. Besinger & Associates, of Oak Park, Illinois. In 1939 that firm bult 58 "economy three-
level" houses in the Clarendon Hills Addition, a Chicago suburb. Besinger had previously built only the more
expensive class of residences. While he is not necessarily credited with developing the type, he adapted it to the
rolling topography. The ground level housed a garage and utility room, the main floor dining room, kitchen,
and the two bedrooms and bath on the upper level. The basic house footprint was a near square with a side-gable
roof (American Builder, February 1940, pp. 76-77).1
1940 Davenport split level:
(Davenport Chamber of Commerce News)
The mass produced split-level was derived from the
"builder's economic house" of the 1950s. It provided more
living space than did the ranch and it was mass marketed once
I Fort Dodge gained a five-level split-level in 1940 (Register, December 29,1940).
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NPS Form 10-90Q.a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number F
Page
116
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuoue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
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County and State--m--
the market demand for economical smaller houses was satiated. The combination one and two-story form
performed the still necessary role of varying the vertical profile of the streetscape. The form itself was built in
Iowa as early as 1940 (see the Davenport example above) but its mass popularity developed as house buyers
sought larger houses during the middle 1950s. John Jakie dates its mass-appearance to c.l950. The split-level
was particularly appropriate for hillside developments and made some uneven land parcels suddenly attractive
for house building. The split-level, like the ranch added more interior space, sectioned off the second living
room (the "family room") from the rest of the house (Jakie, p. 191, Foley, pp. 220-21).
John Jakie considers the split-level to be a ranch subset The plan reflects the theory that a family
required three distinct areas, quiet living areas, noisy living/service areas and sleeping areas. Thus the split-
level combines three levels, a junction of a two-story component with a raised single story wing. He also
suggests that the house is better represented in the period building literature than it is in actual subdivisions
(Jakie, p. 191).
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Page
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Name of Property
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(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number H
Page
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0078
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number
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Bi bl iography:
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History Department, c.1980
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Callahan, Thomas J., "A History ofSt. Raphael's Church," B.A. Thesis, Loras College, 1965.
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Childs, _' The Historv of Dubuque County Iowa, Chicago; Western Historical Company, 1880.
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Commercial Club, Dubuque Iowa On The Mississippi, Dubuque; n.p., 1913 (photocopy, gray box series, Center for Dubuque History,
original in possession of Leslie Sawvel, 1253 Washington Street)
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Datisman, Elsie, Dubuque, Its History and Background, Dubuque: Dubuque Historical Society, 1969.
Descriptive Survey of Dubuque, 1911. Need complete citation.
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I
NPS Form 10-900-a
{Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
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National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
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Section number
Page
120
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County and State-------
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Dubuque, City of, The City of Dubuque-Showing the Spirit, Comprehensive Plan, Phase I, March 21, 1994.
Dubuque, City of, Creating The Future-A Guide to the Dubuque Comprehensive Plan,Dubuque, n.p., n.d.
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Dubuque Brewing and Malting Company, Greater Dubuque, Dubuque; Times Journal, 1911 (County Historical Museum)
"Dubuque Building On A Proud Heritage," The Iowan Magazine, Summer 1979, pp. 3-19.
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Dubuque Enterprise Magazine, Volumes 1-4, 1901-05
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"Dubuque Facets and Facts 1964; Iowa's Second Largest City On The Mississippi: An Economic Opportunity Survey," Dubuque;
n.p., 1964
Dubuque Industrial Bureau, Presenting The New Dubuque-Iowa's 6" Largest City, Dubuque, n.p., April 1964.
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Dubuque of Todav. the Kev City. Historical. Descriotive And BiograohicaL Commercial And Industrial. Dubuque; Press of the
Telegraph Job Printing Company, 1897.
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Dubuque of Todav the Kev City. A City of Immense Industries Magnificent Public Buildings. Schools. Colleges. Churches and
Manv Fine Residences.. ., Dubuque; n.p., n.d. (same as above? Center for Dubuque History)
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"Dubuque-Past, Present and Future," Dubuque; The Key City Gas Company, Apri11930
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Dubuque Planning and Zoning Commission, Comprehensive City Plan Prepared for the City of Dubuque, Iowa, Dubuque; n.p.,
September 1936.
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Dubuque's Highlights of Historical Landmarks, Dubuque; Dubuque County Historical Society, n.d.
Elstner, J. M., & Company, The Industries of Dubuque: Historical Descriotive and Statistical, Dubuque; J. M. Elstner & Company,
Publishers, 1887
I
Farnan, Thornton J., "Dubuque Newspapers from 1836-1861," typed manuscript, Iowa State Department of History and Archives,
Des Moines.
I
Flint, Jerry, "True Grit In The Heartland," Forbes Magazine, March 28, 1983, pp. 130-137.
I
Forbish, John, "Civil War Barracks and Hospitals of Dubuque," Dubuque; n.p., typed manuscript, 1970 (Center for Dubuque History,
Civil War, F-2)
Geroux, Charles, The Historv of Theaters and Related Theatrical Activity in Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1877, Detroit; Wayne State
University, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1973
I
Greenstein, Mrs. Saul, The Flavor of Dubuque, Dubuque; Women's Auxiliary of the Dubuque Symphony Orchestra, 1971
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Gruen, Victor, Associates and Larry Smith Company, Dubuaue Develooment ProQ:ram, Prepared For The City of Dubuque Iowa And
The Dubuque Chamber of Commerce, Dubuque; n.p., 1965.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. S-S6)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number
Page
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The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Haefner, Marie, "Rivalry Among The River Towns," Palimpsest, Vol. 18 (May 1937),pp. 160-74.
Hennagir, Richard, "Dubuque Chamber of Commerce," Dubuque; Loras College, typed manuscript, March23, 1955
"History of Banking in Dubuque," Dubuque; typed manuscript (County Historical Society)
Hoffman, Mathias M., Antique Dubuque. 1673-1933. Dubuque, n.p., 1933 (Carnegie-Stout Library).
Hoffman, Mathias M., "John Francis Rague-Pioneer Architect ofIowa," Dubuque; n.p., typed manuscript, n.d. (Center for Dubuque
History, Architecture, F-I)
Hoffman, Mathias M., The StOry of Loras College 1839-1939, Dubuque; Loras College Press, 1939 (Carnegie-Stout Library).
Hoffman, Mathias M., Centennial Historv of the Archdiocese of Dubuque, Dubuque: Columbia College Press, 1938 (Carnegie-Stout
Library).
Horton, Loren, "Early Architecture In Dubuque," Palimpsest, September-October 1974, pp. 130-37.
Horton, Loren, "The Urbanization Process in Early Iowa: Town Planning And Growth in Dubuque, 1833-1861," Iowa City; Research
Paper, Fall Semester 1972
The Inter-State Trace, Special Convention Edition, February 24-26, 1891, Marshalltown; State Business Mens Association ofIowa
(County Historical Society)
Inventorv of the County Archives ofIowa. No. 31. Dubuque County, Des Moines: The Historic Records Survey, Division of
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ofIowa, Vol. 55, No.3, Summer 1996, pp. 207-38
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NPS Form 1 Q-9QO-a
(Rev. 8-861
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
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National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
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Name of Property
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Krivisky, Bruce M., "Summary Memorandum: Dubuque Architectural Survey/Historic Preservation Planning Project 1978-1979,
Dubuque; Bruce M. Krivisky, April I, 1980.
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Kwasky, Albert, The Old Ladv in Dubuque's Other Son, New York: Vantage Press, 1984.
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Langworthy, Lucius Hart, Dubuque. Its Historv. Mines Indian Le"ends. etc., Dubuque; n.p., 1855 (Carnegie-Stout Library).
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"The Langworthys of Early Dubuque and Their Contributions to Local History," Iowa Journal of History and Politics, 1910, pp. 315-
464
Lyon, Randolph W., Dubuque' The Encvclooedia, Dubuque; First National Bank of Dubuque, 1991.
I
McCauley, Sylvester, "Employment and Unemployment in Dubuque Since 1917," Dubuque; Loras College, College Spokesman
Magazine, Vol. 20, No. II, pp. 215-16,1922-23
I
McFarlane, Jim, "Camp Union And Camp Franklin," Dubuque; n.p., typed manuscript, English 2-N, April 10, 1959 (Center for
Dubuque History, Civil War, F-2)
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Meyer, Marie E., "River Towns," Palimpsest, Vol. 7 (December 1926), pp. 381-89.
Munsel, A., Dubuque Business Annual and Trade Review, Dubuque, n.p., 1885.
I
Oldt, Franklin T., and P. J. Quigley, Historv of Dubuque County. Iowa, Chicago: Goodspeed Historical Association, 1911.
O'Meara and Hills, Catholic Churches and Institutions, St. Louis; 0 'Meara and Hills Architects, 1928
I
"One Hundredth Anniversary, First Congregational Church," Dubuque; n.p., 1939
Peterson, William J., "Dubuque-the Key City ofIowa," Palimpsest, Vol. XLV, No. II, November 1964.
I
Peterson, William J., Steamboating on the UDDer Mississiooi, Iowa City; State Historical Society ofIowa, 1968
Pickard, Josiah 1., "Dubuque in Territorial Days," Iowa Historical Record, Vol. 15 (October 1899), pp. 542-55
I
Planning And Zoning Commission, "Urban Growth Forecast: Annexation Feasibility Analysis," Dubuque; City of Duhuque, May
1976
I
Portrait and Bio"raohical Record of Dubuque, Chicago: Chapman Publishing Company, 1894 (Center for Dubuque History)
I
Portrait and Biograohical Record of Dubuque Jones and Clayton Counties.lowa, Chicago: Chapman Publishing Company, 1894
(Carnegie-Stout Library)
Price, Eliphalut, "Dubuque in Early Times," Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II (Spring 1968), pp. 225-31
I
Report City of Dubuque 1924, Dubuque; n.p., 1924 (Center for Dubuque History, Dubuque City, Reports and Studies, F-1)
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Page
123
Section number
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Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-------
Rider, Linda, Architecture in Dubuque, Dubuque: Dubuque High School Authors Club, 1923
Roberts, Paul, City of Dubuque Population Charts (Center for Dubuque History, Census, F-1)
Robinson, Charles Mulford, ReDort On The ImDrovement of the City of Dubuque. Iowa, Dubuque; n.p., October 1, 1907
Semper, Isadore 1., Pioneer Dubuque Through the Eyes of Visitors, Dubuque: Loras College Press, 1954 (Center for Dubuque
History)
Shaffer, James, "Victorian Masterpiece Restored," The Iowan, Vol. 16 (Spring 1968), pp. 17-22,54)
Shaffer, James, "Mississippi Mansion," The Iowan, (Fall, 1973), pp. 27-33
Sigworth, Rev. A., "The Story of St. Mary's in Pictures and Words," Dubuque; St. Mary's Church, 1967
Simp1ot, Alexander, Souvenir of Dubuque. Iowa, Dubuque: Alex Simplot, 1891.
Smith, Larry, And Company, "Community Renewal Program Dubuque, Iowa," Chicago; Larry Smith & Company, December 31,
1963
Sommer, Lawrence J., The Herita"e of Dubuque: An Architectural View, Dubuque: First National Bank, 1975.
"Special Census of Dubuque Iowa October 7, 1966," Dubuque, n.p., December 5, 1966
State Historical Society ofIowa, Architects In Iowa, Frank D. Hyde File
Steele, Mrs. Robert and Dale Nederhoff, "A History of St. Luke's United Methodist Church, 1833-1975, Dubuque; n.p., 1975
Sullivan, Roger A. and J. A. Swisher, "Dubuque Shot Tower," The Palimpsest, December 1949
"Tales of Dubuqueland," Dubuque; Souvenir Publishing Company, 1956
Telegraph-Herald, Dubuque The Birtholace ofIowa, Dubuque; Telegraph-Herald, 1998 (Center for Dubuque History).
Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal, "Many Well Known Buildings And Residences in Dubuque Planned by Swiss Architect,"
Dubuque; April 23, 1933
"The Treasures ofSt. Luke's Church, Dubuque," Dubuque; The Friends of St. Luke's Methodist Church, 1975
United States Department of Commerce, Metropolitan Housing Characteristics: Dubuque,Jowa Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area, Washington; Bureau of the Census, 1980
University of Dubuque, Desi"n For Dubuoue, Dubuque; privately printed, 1952
Wilkie, William E., Dubuque On The MississiDoi. 1877-1988, Dubuque; Loras College Press, 1987 (Carnegie-Stout Library).
Wulkow, Helen, Dubuque In The Civil War Period, Evanston, Northwestern University, M.A. Thesis, 1941 (Center for Dubuque
History)
I
NPS Form 10.90Q-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
I
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number
Page
124
I
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Dubuque Maps:
I Atlas of Dubuque County. Iowa, Clinton; Harrison and Warner, 1874.
I
Atlas of Dubuque. Iowa, Rockford, Illinois; W. W. Hixson Company, n.d.
Atlas of Dubuque Iowa, Peoria, Illinois; Austin Engineering Company, Inc., for the Des Moines Real Estate Board, n.d.
I
Atlas of Dubuque. Iowa, Davenport: The Iowa Publishing Company, 1906 (Camegie-Stout Library).
Sanborn Map Company, Sanborn Fire Insurance Map 1909 (updated to 1959), New York; Sanborn Map Company, 1909-59
I
Dubuque Brochures. Phamp1ets. Minutea:
Arbogast, David, "A Sense of Place; The Architectural Heritage of Dubuque," Dubuqlle; Julien's Journal, March 1997, pp. 59-60
I
"Business Proclamation Edition," Dubuque; n.p., newspaper supplement, August 10, 1906 (County Historical Society)
I
Chamber of Commerce, Dubuque, Iowa, Dubuque; Hellman Design Associates, 1981.
Chamber of Commerce, "Discover IT in Dubuque-Visitor's Guide," Dubuque; n.p., n.d.
I
Chamber of Commerce, "Dubuque A Place to Live, Dubuque For Your Vacation, Dubuque for Industry," Dubuque; n.p., n.d.
Chamber of Commerce, "Why We Like Dubuque," Dubuque; n.p., c.I925
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Chamber of Commerce, "Golden Jubilee Annual Banquet," Dubuque; n.p., December 7,1965
Datisman, Elsie, "Dubuque-Its History and Background," Dubuque; The Dubuque County Historical Society, 1969.
I
Dubuque Bank and Trust, "This is Dubuque," Dubuque; n.p., 1979
I
Dubuque Community Development Department, "Downtown Dubuque, Iowa-Retail Center Development Data," Dubuque; n.p., n.d.
"Dubuque For Your Vacation," D.p., n.d. (several versions under this same title)
I
"Dubuque Iowa-A Walking Tour to Points of Interest in Historic South Dubuque," Dubuque; Dubuque County Historical Society,
n.d.
"Dubuque Iowa-A Walking Tour of Architectural and Historic Sites," Dubuque; Dubuque County Historical Society, n.d.
I
First National Bank, "The First National Bank of Dubuque Welcomes You to Dubuque, Iowa," Dubuque; n.p., n.d.
Kehl, Robert 1., , Dubuque; n.p., 1976.
I Kehl, Robert 1., "Tourist Guide of Dubuque," Dubuque; n.p. 1976
League of Women Voters, "Know Dubuque," Dubuque; D.p., 1982
I "LetDubuque Call Your Bluff, 1979 Visitor's Directory" Dubuque; n.p., 1979 (several editions)
NPS Form 10.g00-a
(Rev.8-B6)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number
Page
125
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuque. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuque County. Iowa
County and State-mm
Main Street Ltd. Main Street Dubuque, Dubuque;, Gartner Printing Company, n.d.
Park and Recreation Department, "Dubuque: Enjoy Its Parks, Dubuque; n.p., n.d.
Plat Book, Dubuque County, Iowa, Rockford; Derr Map Studio, 1960
Simplot, Alex, Map of the City of Dubuque, Dubuque; Alex Simp lot Publisher, 1894
Telegraph-Herald, "A Report To The People," Dubuque; Telegraph-Herald, May 24, 1957
Telegraph-Herald, "Dubuque's Victorian Architecture," Dubuque; Telegraph-Herald, June 13, 1976 (Center for Dubuque History,
Architecture, F-2).
Telegraph-Herald, "Supplement--A Decade of Progress," Dubuque; Telegraph-Herald, April 5, 1970 (Center for Dubuque History,
Business Surveys, F -4).
Telegraph-Herald, "Building On The Past," Dubuque; Telegraph-Herald, December 8, 1991 (Center for Dubuque History,
Architecture, F-2).
Telegraph-Herald, "Retail Market Guide-Dubuque, Iowa," Telegraph-Herald, c.1945
Telegraph-Herald, "What Makes Dubuque Unique? Look At Its Architecture," Dubuque; n.d.
Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal, The Dubuque Marke!..., Dubuque; Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal, 1932
Iowa/Regional Sources:
Andreas, A. T., A. T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State ofIowa. 1875, Chicago: Chicago Lithographic Company, 1875.
Bettis, E. Arthur, III, "History of the Upper Mississippi Valley," Iowa Geology 1987, pp. 12-15.
Costello, Mary Charlotte Aubry, Climbin. The Mississippi River Brid.e Bv Brid.e, VoL I, Louisiana to Minnesota, n.p., 1995
(Carnegie-Stout Library).
]836-1880 Census ofIowa For 1880, Des Moines; F. M. Mills and George E. Roberts, State Printers, 1883
Dikis, William Melvin, "Iowa's Architecture: An Historical Overview and Guide to Certain Cities," M.A. Thesis, Iowa State
University, 1967.
Fryman, James F., Comparative Atlas of Urban Iowa, Cedar Falls: University of Northern Iowa, Department of Geography, March
1986 (Carnegie-Stout Library).
Gebhard, David and Gerald Mansheim, Buildin.s ofIowa, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
GraIUlis, Marjory, Visitin!! the Midwest' Historic Preservation Sites, Ottawa, Illinois; Jameson Books, Inc., 1991
Iowa State Planning Board, Report on Housin.. Dubuque 1936, Des Moines, 1936.
Kempker, Rev. Jolm F., Historv of the Catholic Church in Iowa, Iowa City; Republican Publishing Company, 1887
I
NPS Form 10-900-<1
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
I
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
I
Section number
Page
126
I
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
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Newhall, J. B., A Glimnse ofIowa in 1846: or The Emi~rant's Guide and State Directorv, Burlington; W. B. Skillman, p. 1846
Parker, Nathan H., The Iowa Handbook for 1856, Boston; John P. Jewett and Company, 1856
I
Architectural Sources:
American Builder Magazine, 1936-44
I Architects' & Builders' Magazine, 1893-1912.
Aronovici, Carol and Elizabeth McCalmont, Catchin~ Un With Housin~. Newark: Beneficial Management Corporation, 1936.
I
Belasco, James Warren, Americans On The Road: From Autocamn to Motel. 1910-1945 (Cambridge; M.LT. Press, 1981)
I
Blumenson, John J. G., Identifvin~ American Architecture: A Pictorial Guide to SlYles and Terms. 1600-1945, Nashville: American
Association for State and Local History, 1981.
I
Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Llovd Wri~ht and His Midwest Contemnoraries, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1972.
Carpentry & Building Magazine (later known as Building Age), 1903-04.
I
Clark, Clifford Edward, Jr., The American Familv Home 1800-1960, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
CuffJey, Peter, Australian Houses of the '20's & '30s, Fitz~oy, Australia: 5 Mile Press, 1989.
I
Daniel, John, "The Trail House," North American Review, Vol. 276, (June 1991), pp. 4-7.
I
Foley, Mary Mix, The American House, New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1980.
Gephard, David and Gerald Mansheim, Buildin~s ofIowa, New York; Oxford University Press, 1993.
I
Gowans, Alan, The Comfortable House: North American Architecture 1890-1930, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1986.
I
Gowans, Alan, SlYles and Tvoes of North American Architecture. Social Functions and Cultural Exoression, New York: Harper
Collins Publishers, 1991. (Icon Editions)
Gries, JOM Mansfield, The President's rHerbert Hooverl Conference On Home Buildim! And Home Ownershio, Washington:
National Capitol Press, 1932 (eleven volumes, Vol. IV-Home Ownership, Income and Types of Dwellings; Vol. V-House Design,
Construction and Equipment; Vol. VIII-Housing and the Community-Home Repair and Remodeling).
I
Handlin, David P., The American Home: Architecture and SocielY. 1815-1915, Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown & Co., 1979.
I
Hibbard, Don J., "Domestic Architecture In Boise, 1904-1912: A Study In Styles," Idaho Yesterdays, Vol. 22, No.3, pp. 2-18.
I
Housin. Problems In America, Proceedings of the National Housing Association, Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1912-1916,
Washington: National Housing Association, 1917-23, and New York: National Housing Association, 1929, ten volumes, 1912-29.
NPS Form 10.900-a
(Rev.8.86l
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024.0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number
Page
127
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County Iowa
County and State-------
JakIe, John A., "A Glossary of Structural Forms For The Study of Common Houses," unpublished MS, Urbana, IL: University of
Illinois, 1983.
JakIe, John A., "American Common Houses: A Selected Bibliography of Vernacular Architecture," Unpublished MS, Urbana, IL:
University of Illinois, c. 1981.
McAlester, Virginia and Lee, A Field Guide To American Houses, New York: Alfred A. KnopfInc., 1984.
McLennan, Marshall Seaton, "Identifying House Types, Unpublished MS, 1987.
Marsh, Margaret, "From Separation to Togetherness: The Social Construction of Domestic Space in American Suburbs, 1840-1915,"
Journal of American Historv, Vol. 76, No.2 (September 1989), pp. 506-27.
Moore, Charles W., et aI, Home Sweet Home (New York: Rizzoli International Publishers, Inc., 1983).
National Real Estate Journal, 1924-34
Phillips, Steven 1., Old House Dictionarv: An Illustrated Guide to American Domestic Architecture (]600-1940), Lakewood, CO:
American Source Books, 1989.
Poore, Patricia, "Post-Victorian Houses," The Old-House Journal, Vol. XVI, No. I, (January-February 1986), pp. 24-6.
Schweitzer, Robert, and Davis, Michael W. R., American's Favorite Homes: Mail-Order Catalogues As A Guide To Pooular 20th-
Century Houses, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990.
Shortridge, James R., "Some Relationships Between External Housing Characteristics and House Types," Pioneer America, Vol. 13,
NO.2 (1981), pp. 1-28.
Stilgoe, JohnR., "The Suburbs," American Heritage, Vol. 35, No.2 (February-March, 1984), pp. 21-37.
Swendsen, Marlys A., "Historical and Architectural Survey Report for CDBG Neighborhoods, Cedar Rapids, lA," (survey and
contextual report developed under contract with the City of Cedar Rapids, 1995).
Veillor, Lawrence, The Housing Problem In The United States, New York: National Housing Association, 1930.
Walker, Lester, American Shelter: An Illustrated Encvclooedia of the American Home, Woodstock, New York; The Overlock Press,
1981.
Waugh, Alice, Planning The Little House, New York: McGraw Hill Co., Inc., 1939.
Weaver, James B. "Comprehensive City Planning Follows Piecemeal Process in Des Moines, The American City Magazine, October
1925, Vol. XXXJII, No.4, pp. 349-355.
Whiffen, Marcus, American Architecture Since 1780: A Guide To The Styles, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969.
White, Charles E., Jr., Successful Houses And How To Build Them, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914.
Wilson, Richard Guy, aud Robinson, Sidney K., The Prairie School in Iowa, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977.
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number I
Page
128
The Architectural and Historical Resources ofDubuaue. Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue County. Iowa
County and State-------
Wyatt, Barbara, "Surveying And Evaluating Vernacular Architecture, National Register Bulletin 31, United States Departtnent of the
Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division (Draft c. 1988).
NPS Form 1 Q-90Q-a
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMS Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number
Page
129
The Architectural and Historical Resources of Dubuaue Iowa. 1837-1955
Name of Property
Dubuaue CounlY. Iowa
County and State--m--
Appendix A: Major Dubuque Plats, 1848-1857
Name Date Owner/Deyelooer Size/nature Location
L. H. Langworthy's 6-17-1848 Same Couler Village
Town of Eagle Point 7-7-1849 Thomas McCraney
John L. Cook's 12-26-1850 Same
Matthew Hoooer's 9-6-1852 Same
C. D. Wicke's Same Same
Thomas McCraney's 11-8-1852 Same
Martin Dreibelbis' 6-28-1853 Same
Mt. Pleasant 7-1-1853 M. 1. Sulliyan
L. H. Langworthy'S 7-7-1853 Includes earlier plat same name
Davis Farm 7-13-1853 Langworthy bros.
And Dayid G. Scott
East Dubuque 7-13-1853 J. L. and E.
Langworthy
Thos. McCraney's 20' 12-30-1853 Same
John King's 2-11-1854 Same
Charlotte Coriell's 6-7-1854 Same
Ernst Fenoler's 6-8-1854 Same
G. R. West's 6-10-1854 Same
Finley-Waples-Burton 6-24-1854 John W. Finley
, WilliamD. Waples
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Geo. W. Burton
William Blake's 7-18-1854 Same
Samuel Y. Bradstreet's 1-1-1855 Same
Mathias Hamm's Eagle 2-1-1855 Same
Point
John W. Finley's 2-17-1855 Same
Frederic S. Jesup's 2-20-1855 Same
Prospect Hill
George Martin's 4-14-1855 Same
M. Mobley's 4-30-1855 Same
South Park Hill 5-19-1855 Platt Smith, James
M. McKinley
John Breakey's 5-25-1855 Same
George W. Burton's 6-22-1855 Same
Langworthy Hollow
A. D. Wood's 12-17-1855 Same
F. E. Bissell's 3-7-1856 Same
Julien Addition 4-7-1856 Dennis A. Mahony
James M. McKinley
Mathias Ham
William Lawther
Smith, McKinley &
Poor
Thomas S. Nairn's 4-8-1856 Same
John Simpson's 4-29-1856 Same
I NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(Rev. 8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
I National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
I Continuation Sheet
Section number I Page 130
I
The Architectural and Historical Resources of DubuQue. Iowa. 1837-1955 DubuQue County. Iowa
I Name of Property County and State-------
S. M. Lan~worthv's 5-15-1856 Same
I Thomas Leven's 5-26-1856 Same i
E. Lan~worthv's 8-7-1856 Same
Park Hill 8-9-1856 John M. McDanold
Philio G. Merhiser's 1-14-1857 Same
I Henrv A. Wiltse's 1-17-1857 Same
J. P. Porter's 5-7-1857 Same
E. C. Lawrence's 6-21-1857 same
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